大面积烧伤患者经瘢痕外周静脉置管中磺胺嘧啶银脂质水胶敷料的应用效果研究

目的:研究磺胺嘧啶银脂质水胶敷料在大面积烧伤患者经瘢痕外周静脉置管的临床应用效果。方法:选取笔者医院2014年6月-2017年10月收治的326例大面积烧伤恢复期行二期手术治疗患者,按随机数表法分为两组,两组均行经瘢痕外周静脉置管,置管后观察组(174例)应用磺胺嘧啶银脂质水胶敷料覆盖,再以普通套管贴膜固定置管;对照组(152例)仅应用普通套管贴膜覆盖周围皮肤及置管。观察两组患者局部感染率、皮肤损伤率、贴膜更换次数及更换时疼痛评分情况。结果:观察组局部感染率(10.34%)、皮肤损伤率(8.05%)均显著低于对照组(29.61%,34.21%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者贴膜次数及疼痛评分均显著少于对照组[(1.35±0.34)次,(1.67±1.52)分vs(2.79±1.20)次、(3.98±2.21)分],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在大面积烧伤患者经瘢痕外周静脉置管中应用磺胺嘧啶银脂质水胶敷料可减少患者创面瘢痕和套管贴膜之间的粘连损伤,减轻患者疼痛,并可降低局部感染率。     

大面积烧伤患者瘢痕皮肤经超声导入PICC置管护理

目的探讨经瘢痕皮肤行外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管(PICC)在大面积烧伤患者输液中的应用与维护。方法对19例大面积重度烧伤患者在瘢痕皮肤行PICC置管输液治疗。结果 18例在超声导入下经肘正中静脉穿刺一次性成功,1例由肘正中静脉改为贵要静脉,置管时间为4~310d。1例PICC置管4d后因多器官功能衰竭死亡拔管,2例发生一侧导管堵塞。截至终末随访时间,19例患者中仍有2例带管,1例失访,14例拔管时前端细菌培养阴性,2例未做培养。结论大面积烧伤患者经瘢痕皮肤PICC置管具有可行性,可满足输液及测量静脉压等治疗监测需要。     

过敏性体质患者置PICC导管的固定方法

PICC置管是将中心静脉导管经外周静脉（头静脉、贵要静脉、肘正中静脉）置入，使导管头端位于上腔静脉的一种穿刺技术，目前已广泛应用于临床。经临床观察，笔者发现少数过敏体质患者留置PICC导管后，用贴膜固定导管时，贴膜下皮肤出现红肿、瘙痒，严重者皮肤破溃、渗液，给导管固定带来困难，影响导管留置时间，导致置管失败，同时增加患者经济负担。鉴此，笔者探索出一种既可防止过敏反应，又能防止导管滑脱的方法，现介绍如下。     

过敏性体质患者置PICC导管的固定方法

PICC置管是将中心静脉导管经外周静脉(头静脉、贵要静脉、肘正中静脉)置入,使导管头端位于上腔静脉的一种穿刺技术,目前已广泛应用于临床.经临床观察,笔者发现少数过敏体质患者留置PICC导管后,用贴膜固定导管时,贴膜下皮肤出现红肿、瘙痒,严重者皮肤破溃、渗液,给导管固定带来困难,影响导管留置时间,导致置管失败,同时增加患者经济负担.     

应用银离子喷剂预防经外周置入中心静脉导管感染

目的:探讨银离子敷料对经外周置人中心静脉导管穿刺点护理预防中心静脉导管感染的效果.方法:特84例行中心静脉置管的患者随机分为透明敷料组和银离子敷料组各42例.透明敷料组用3M透明敷贴联合银离子喷剂敷料贴于PICC固定处皮肤,银离子敷料组单用3M透明敷贴.结果:透明敷料组感染发生率及局部皮肤阳性反应率显著高于银离子敷料组(均P＜0.05).结论:应用银离子喷剂行中心静脉导管穿刺点护理可降低导管感染率.     

山莨菪碱局部湿敷预防肠外营养液对外周静脉的损伤

目的 探讨山莨菪碱局部湿敷预防肠外营养液对外周静脉损伤的可行性.方法 将接受外周静脉营养的80例患者随机分为观察组和对照组各40例,观察组输注肠外营养液时,局部使用2%山莨菪碱纱布持续湿敷;对照组按常规输液,局部无特殊处理.结果 对照组和观察组静脉炎发生率分别为52.5%、12.5%,静脉置管留置时间分别为(66.2±16.4)h、(106.1±18.8)h,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01).结论 应用山莨菪碱持续湿敷对防护外周静脉效果显著,且可延长静脉置管留置时间.     

优拓SSD联合海藻敷料治疗糖尿病足并严重感染

目的探讨新型敷料优拓SSD联用海藻治疗糖尿病足溃疡并严重感染的效果。方法将240例糖尿病足溃疡并严重感染患者按治疗时间先后分为对照组和观察组各120例,两组按常规进行清创处理,对照组采用传统换药敷料,即用庆大霉素加胰岛素敷料湿敷,再以无菌敷料包扎;观察组将裁剪超过创面直径约1 cm的优拓SSD及海藻敷料依次敷于创面,外层用无菌纱布或棉垫覆盖并以绷带包扎固定。结果观察组治疗后第1、3、5、7、9周创面面积显著小于对照组,疼痛评分显著低于对照组,治疗第9周创面痊愈率显著高于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论对糖尿病足溃疡并严重感染创面采用优拓SSD及海藻敷料治疗效果较好,可减轻换药时的疼痛程度,有利于创面早日愈合。     

康惠尔水胶体敷料在胸腔置管引流护理中的应用

目的探讨康惠尔水胶体敷料在留置中心静脉导管胸腔引流穿刺部位皮肤护理中的应用效果。方法将64例留置中心静脉导管胸腔引流的患者按随机数字表法分成观察组与对照组各32例。观察组采用康惠尔水胶体敷料透明贴保护引流穿刺部位皮肤,对照组采用3M灭菌透明膜保护穿刺部位。观察两组皮肤受损及导管相关性发热的发生情况。结果观察组穿刺部位皮肤受损发生率显著低于对照组(P0.01),无导管相关性发热病例。结论康惠尔水胶体敷料透明贴可保护胸腔置管引流患者穿刺部位皮肤,预防皮肤受损及导管相关性感染。     

改良粘贴膜预防外周静脉炎效果观察

目的 探讨改良粘贴膜预防外周静脉炎的效果.方法 将100例使用外周静脉留置针患者随机分为对照组和观察组各50例.对照组穿刺成功后采用医用愈肤膜粘贴固定留置针;观察组穿刺成功后,于穿刺部位皮肤覆盖1块1.5 cm×2.0 cm浸润50%硫酸镁纱布,再将医用愈肤膜中心剪0.5 cm×0.5 cm开口覆盖纱布固定.结果 观察组静脉炎发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.01).结论 改良粘贴膜可降低静脉炎发生率.     

鱼骨图在老年患者外周静脉置管中的应用效果

目的探讨鱼骨图在老年患者外周静脉留置管中的应用效果。方法将120例老年住院患者随机分为对照组与干预组各60例。对照组采用常规方法行外周静脉置管,干预组应用鱼骨图进行外周静脉留置针程序护理。结果干预组一次穿刺成功率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);置管后并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.01);留置时间显著长于对照组(P<0.01)。结论鱼骨图能提高老年患者外周静脉留置针一次穿刺成功率,减少置管后并发症,延长置管留置时间。     

Trace elements in dialysis fluids and assessment of the exposure of patients on regular hemodialysis, hemofiltration and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Forty-four elements (Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, B, Br, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Ga, Au, Hf, In, Ir, Fe, La, Lu, Mn, Hg, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sm, Sc, Se, Ag, Sr, Ta, Tb, Tl, Th, Sn, W, U, V, Zn, Zr) have been determined in the dialysate for hemodialysis (HD) and fluids for hemofiltration (HF) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Multiple determinations have been performed for each dialysis fluid. Several trace elements (TE) showed remarkably elevated average levels; moreover, different bathes of the same commercial product may present a wide variability in TE concentration. The data point out the pivotal role of dialysis fluids in contributing to TE imbalance in dialysis patients and allow the assessment of the potential element exposure of patients on regular dialytic treatment. Patients on HD treatment would be exposed on a weekly basis to milligrams of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn; on HF, the highest exposures are due to Al, B, Br, Fe, Pb and Zn; on CAPD to B, Br, Fe and Zn. The weekly exposure for several TE appears to be 50- to 12,000-fold higher than the corresponding values on the amount absorbed via the diet (HD: Au, Ba, Be, Ce, Ga, La, Sc, Ta, Th, V, Zr; HF: Be, Ce, Ta, Th, V, Zr; CAPD: Au, Be, Ce, Ga, V, Zr).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Nutrition of the critically ill - emphasis on liver and pancreas

About 25 million individuals undergo high risk surgery each year. Of these about 3 million will never return home from hospital, and the quality of life for many of those who return is often significantly impaired. Furthermore, many of those who manage to leave hospital have undergone severe life-threatening complications, mostly infections/sepsis. The development is strongly associated with the level of systemic inflammation in the body, which again is entirely a result of malfunctioning GI microbiota, a condition called dysbiosis, with deranged composition and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota from the mouth to the anus and impaired ability to maintain intact mucosal membrane functions and prevent leakage of toxins-bacterial endotoxins and whole or debris of bacteria, but also foods containing proteotoxins gluten, casein and zein and heat-induced molecules such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs). Markedly lower total anaerobic bacterial counts, particularly of the beneficial Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and higher counts of total facultative anaerobes such as Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas are often observed when analyzing the colonic microbiota. In addition Gram-negative facultative anaerobes are commonly identified microbial organisms in mesenteric lymph nodes and at serosal “scrapings” at laparotomy in patients suffering what is called “Systemic inflammation response system” (SIRS). Clearly the outcome is influenced by preexisting conditions in those undergoing surgery, but not to the extent as one could expect. Several studies have for example been unable to find significant influence of pre-existing obesity. The outcome seems much more to be related to the life-style of the individual and her/his “maintenance” of the microbiota e.g., size and diversity of microbiota, normal microbiota, eubiosis, being highly preventive.About 75% of the food Westerners consume does not benefit microbiota in the lower gut. Most of it, refined carbohydrates, is already absorbed in the upper part of the GI tract, and of what reaches the large intestine is of limited value containing less minerals, less vitamins and other nutrients important for maintenance of the microbiota. The consequence is that the microbiota of modern man has a much reduced size and diversity in comparison to what our Palelithic forefathers had, and individuals living a rural life have today. It is the artificial treatment provided by modern care, unfortunately often the only alternative, which belongs to the main contributor to poor outcome, among them; artificial ventilation, artificial nutrition, hygienic measures, use of skin penetrating devices, tubes and catheters, frequent use of pharmaceuticals, all known to significantly impair the total microbiome of the body and dramatically contribute to poor outcome. Attempts to reconstitute a normal microbiome have often failed as they have always been undertaken as a complement to and not an alternative to existing treatment schemes, especially treatments with antibiotics. Modern nutrition formulas are clearly too artificial as they are based on mixture of a variety of chemicals, which alone or together induce inflammation. Alternative formulas, based on regular food ingredients, especially rich in raw fresh greens, vegetables and fruits and with them healthy bacteria are suggested to be developed and tried.Key Words: Health care, surgery, stress, trauma, transplantation, liver cirrhosis, liver steatosis, obesity, osteoarthritis, pancreatitis, critical care, nutrition, enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition, microbiota, microbiome, microbial translocation, probiotic bacteria, lactobacillus, lactobacillus plantarum, lactobacillus paracasei, microbial translocation, inflammation, infection, toll-like, neutrophils, pharmaceuticals, biological, eco-biologicals, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, curcumin, antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, barriers, leakage, gut, airways, oral cavity, skin, vagina, placenta, amnion, blood-brain barrier, growth, replication, apoptosis, mucosa, endothelium, plaques, cCtokines, IL1, NF-kB, TNF, growth factors, insulinogenic, IGF-1, prebiotics, plant fibers, greens, fruits, vegetables, minerals, fat diet, refined carbohydrate diet, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs), endotoxin, LPS, proteotoxins, casein, gluten, zein, whey, western lifestyle, paleolithic lifestyle, schimpanzee, avocado, amaranth, buckwheat, quinoa, olive oils, red palm oil, soy, fatty acids, long-chained, medium chained, short-chained, poly-unsaturated, saturated fatty acids, monsaturated     

Perioperative mortality and morbidity in the year 2000 in 520 certified training hospitals of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists: with a special reference to age--report of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Operating Room Safety

Perioperative mortality and morbidity in Japan for the year 2000 were studied retrospectively. Committee on Operating Room Safety of Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists (JSA) sent confidential questionnaires to 794 Certified Training Hospitals of JSA and received answers from 67.6% of the hospitals. We analyzed their answers with a special reference to the age group. The total number of anesthetics available for this analysis was 910,757. All cases were divided into 7 age groups; group A (< 1 months), group B (< 12 months), group C (< 5 years), group D (< 18 years), group E (< 65 years), group F (< 85 years), and group G (> 85 years). The incidences of all critical events including cardiac arrest, severe hypotension, and severe hypoxemia were 70.04, 42.06, 17.79, 15.57, 21.14, 39.66, and 44.65 per 10,000 in patients with group A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, respectively. The overall mortality rates (death during anesthesia and within 7th postoperative day) were 26.94, 5.91, 1.88, 2.57, 5.23, 11.98, and 17.50 per 10,000 anesthetics in patients with group A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, respectively. The incidences of cardiac arrest were 28.29, 8.54, 3.56, 2.57, 5.08, 10.27, and 11.47 per 10,000 in patients with group A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, respectively. The mortality rates after cardiac arrest were 18.86, 4.60, 1.26, 1.57, 2.77, 5.50, and 6.64 in patients with group A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, respectively. The incidence of all critical events, the incidence of cardiac arrest, and the overall mortality rate were much higher in group A than in other groups, but much lower than those in 1999. The incidences of all critical events and the mortality rate after cardiac arrest were lowest in group C. Mortality and morbidity due to all kinds of causes including anesthetic management, intraoperative events, co-existing diseases, and operation were as follows. The incidences of all critical events attributable to co-existing disease were the highest in these four groups, and 32.33, 13.80, 5.86, 4.43, 7.50, 15.34, and 21.72 per 10,000 in patients with group A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, respectively. The incidences of all critical events attributable to anesthetic management were 13.47, 16.43, 6.28, 3.86, 4.08, 6.87, and 6.64 per 10,000 in patients with group A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, respectively. The incidence of cardiac arrest in group A was much more attributable to co-existing disease and operation than other causes. The incidences of cardiac arrest attributable to anesthetic management were 0.00, 1.97, 0.63, 0.29, 0.38, 0.74, and 1.81 per 10,000 in patients with group A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, respectively. Its mortality rate in each group was 0.00, 0.00, 0.21, 0.14, 0.06, 0.04, or 0.00. There were eleven cases of death or vegetative state due to anesthetic management, like improper management of airway and overdose of anesthetics. Some of them were preventable with the anesthesiologists' effort in protocol development and skilled assistance.     

The paradox of hydration in advanced terminal illness

“You are looking at the waves but ignoring the Sea.” Rumi[1]An alternate view of traditional medical practice may allow us to understand that the rejection of food and drink at the end of life is natural, and that the technologic support of nutrition and hydration is artificial and unnatural. Perhaps it is not the inadequate nutrition and dehydration, but rather the artificial processes and elements that should cause us to cringe.[5]Practical concepts exist. It may be difficult for family members and medical personnel to accept the patient’s choice to forgo food and water. Longstanding personal and cultural values may conflict with this decision. We must offer education and emotional support to both groups of caregivers (personal and professional).The sensation of thirst can be powerful and uncomfortable. Excellent oral hygiene, including frequent swabing, will alleviate this symptom more readily than forcing unwanted fluids. A token glass of water, placed nearby, and easily available, may help alleviate the emotional angst of all involved by providing a cultural symbol of nurturance.Careful attention to patient symptoms during the dying process will further produce a “good death.” Adjustment of narcotics and antianxiety agents may improve patient comfort. Remember that an actual reduction of medications may be required as the final days and hours of life approach, in part because of decreased renal clearance.A final gentle reminder: terminal dehydration is not swift. Death may not take place for several days to weeks. Occasionally unexpected but much welcomed consequences of forgoing forced hydration, such as marked reduction of massive edema or ascites, occur in longer term survivors. An average of 1 to 2 weeks may pass before the ultimate demise of the patient. Hospice can assist with valuable services to the patient and caregivers during this distressing time period.In conclusion, terminal dehydration is a controversial topic, weighted heavily with historic symbolism, and strong religious, societal, and cultural conflicts. Of prime importance is the patient’s legal right, the choice, to forgo hydration. It is a violation of autonomy, liberty, and dignity to force hydration on a competent patient who is unmistakably refusing.[14] It is our duty to respect and protect this decision, and to provide adequate care and comfort during the dying process.

Appendix

Surgical palliative care workgroup

Geoffrey P Dunn, MD, FACS, Erie, PA, Series Editor Peter Angelos, MD, PhD, Chicago, IL Karen Brasel, MD, FACS, Milwaukee, WI Timothy G Buchman, PhD, MD, St Louis, MO Susan Jo Bumagin, MEd, Gloucester, MA Ira Byock, MD, Missoula, MT Joseph M Civetta, MD, FACS, Farmington, CT Alexandra M Easson, MD, FRCS(C), Toronto, Ontario Daniel B Hinshaw, MD, FACS, Ann Arbor, MI Joan L Huffman, MD, FACS, Upland, PA Wendy C Husser, MA, MPA, Chicago, IL Dennis L Johnson, MD, Hershey, PA Olga Jonasson, MD, FACS, Chicago, IL Thomas J Krizek, MD, FACS, Wesley Chapel, FL Robert S Krouse, MD, Tucson, AZ K Francis Lee, MD, FACS, Springfield, MA Laurence E McCahill, MD, FACS, Alhambra, CA Robert A Milch, MD, FACS, Buffalo, NY Anne C Mosenthal, MD, FACS, Newark, NJ Gretchen Purcell, MD, PhD, Durham, NC A Reed Thompson, MD, FACS, Little Rock, AR David Weissman, MD, FACP, Milwaukee, WI H Brownell Wheeler, MD, FACS, Worcester, MA     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in this article. GASTROINTESTINAL HAEMORRHAGE Edited by Peter W. Dykes , MD, FRCP FRACP and Michael R. B. Keighley , MS FRCS. CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF FACIAL FRACTURES By Amil J. Gerlock , Jr ., MD, Douglas P. Sinn , DDS, and Kevin L. Mc Bride , DDS COLOUR ATLAS OF GYNAECOLOGY By Norman A. Beischer , MD, BS, MGO, FRCS, (Ed.), FRACS, FRCOG, FRACOG and Eric V. Mac Kay , MB, BS, MGO, FRCS, (Ed.), FRACS, FRCOG, FRACOG, FACOG (Hon) ADVANCES AND TECHNICAL STANDARDS IN NEUROSURGERY Volume 8 Edited by H. Krayenbuhl DISPLACEMENT OFTHEHIP IN CHILDHOOD: AETIOLOGY, MANAGEMENT ANDSEQUELAE By Edgar W. Somerville , MA, FRCS, FRCS (Ed.) INTESTINAL FISTULAS By John Alexander -Williams , MD, ChM, FRCS, FACS and Miles Irving , MD, ChM, FRCS CLINICAL SURGERY INTERNATIONAL VOLUME 3 TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION Edited by Peter J. Morris , PhD, FRCS, FRACS DISEASES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT AND LIVER By David J. C. Shearman , PhD, MBChB, FRCP, (Ed.), FRACP, and Niall D. C. Finlayson , PhD, MBChB, MRCP (Lond.), FRCP (Ed.)     

畸形精子症分子遗传学机制研究进展

畸形精子症是影响男性不育的重要因素之一,然而其发病机制尚未明晰。近年来,对精子形态的研究取得了一定进展,某些基因被证实与畸形精子症的发生有关。本文回顾近5年文献,透过大量对圆头精子症、精子核空泡、断头精子症、残余胞质、纤维鞘发育不良(DFS)和原发性纤毛运动障碍(PCD)等特殊形态异常精子的研究,详细阐述了DPY19L2、AR、PRM1、GBA2、PCI、CREM、TH2A、TH2B、ODF1、Cntrob、OAZ-t、HOOK1、SPEM1、GAT1、PRSS21、15-LOX、Sptrx、AKAP3、AKAP4、DNAI1、DNAH5、RSPH4A、TXNDC3、CCDC39、LRRC6、LRRC50、KTU等基因的分子遗传学机制,旨为畸形精子症的致病机制研究提供依据。同时本综述回顾了国内外对上述畸形精子症患者进行辅助生殖治疗的最新进展,并探讨这类患者的辅助生殖结局,为男性不育的诊治提供理论依据。     

Conversions and complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary During 1991, 41 surgeons of the French Society of Endoscopic Surgery and Operative Radiology (SFCERO) performed 3,673 cholecystectome of which 2,955 were laparoscopic. Data for those patients in whom a conversion to laparotomy was necessary or a complication occurred were collected by a retrospective multicenter survey. Conversion was performed in 142 patients (4.8%): in 106 this was due to pathology in the subhepatic space; in 36 it was because of a complication related to the laparoscopy. There were 101 postoperative complications (morbidity 3.4%): 59 biliary and 42 non biliary complications and six deaths (mortality 0.2%). There were 18 bile duct injuries, one of which led to the death of the patient.Excluding conversions to laparotomy, these figures are comparable to those for open cholecystectomy. These results define the limits and advantages of laparoscopic cholecytectomy. Conversion to laparotomy remains a wise option in cases of technical difficulty or doubtful biliary anatomy. List of participating surgeons: Drs. Becaud, Begin, Bereder, Berthou, Brefort, Bertin, Bobois, Boitias, Bosgiraud, Brenner, Cardin, Chigot, Churet, Collet, Cubertafond, Desplantez, Drouard, Edye, Esso, Frètigny, Garcia, Gossot, Grandjean, Guinot, Hirigoyen, Juanchich, Leynaud, Magne, Mangin, Mazure, Meyer, Pailler, Périssat, Poinsard, Ribet, Rivallain, Rollier, Samama, Skavinski, Thomas, Vayre, and Wurtz     

Aesthetic considerations of the cleft lip operation

The results of a cleft lip operation are checked from the anterior, the profile, and the caudal views and even if the deformities are minimal, for aesthetic reasons they should be repaired. Philtrum length, philtrum shape, philtrum depth, nasolabial triangular area, vermilion thickness, Cupid's bow peak, horizontal upper lip groove, vermilion border, alar size, depth of alar groove, nasal deviation, nostril shape, nasal tip, columella height, sill shape, columella width, and facial balance of the anterior, profile, and caudal views are used as aesthetic checkpoints for the results of a cleft lip operation. If deformities are found, the aesthetic plastic surgeon should repair them to achieve a more satisfactory result. In addition, augmentation rhinoplasty, augmentation mentoplasty, or other craniofacial surgery may be performed.Presented at the VIII Congress of International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Madrid, Spain, September 15–18, 1985     

基于 CiteSpace 可视化分析中医药治疗特应性皮炎的研究热点

目的 对中医药治疗特应性皮炎的相关文献进行计量与可视化分析,探讨其研究热点和发展趋 势,为其治疗提供一定参考。方法 以中国知网数据库（CNKI）为数据源检索2010年6月-2022年6月中医 药治疗特应性皮炎相关文献,利用CiteSpace 6.1.R2软件对关键词进行共现分析、聚类分析和突现分析,并 绘制相关图谱。结果 共纳入文献361篇,涉及的关键词有中药、儿童、龙牡汤、临床观察、辨证论治、临 床研究、针刺、生活质量、中医药、中医证型、中药药浴、中医。热点关键词为儿童、辨证论治、生活质 量、龙牡汤。聚类分析所产生的主要聚类有儿童、血虚风燥、龙牡汤、辨证分型、心火、生活质量等。突 现强度位于前3位的关键词为龙牡汤、针刺、中医药,其次分别为用药规律、辨证论治、中药、湿疮、血 虚风燥、健脾化湿等。结论 中医药治疗特应性皮炎的研究热点集中在儿童、血虚风燥、龙牡汤、辨证分 型、心火、生活质量等方面。     

Commonly used eponyms in anesthesia

Names with eponym status in present-day anesthesia include Apgar, Bier, Bovie, Esmarch, Fick, Foley, Ganz, Hofmann, Huber, Joule, Luer, Macintosh, Magill, Mallampati, Miller, Ovassapian, Pascal, Ringer, Seldinger, Sellick, Swan, Trendelenburg, Tuohy, Valsalva, and Yankauer. A discussion of the people behind the eponyms, which may make these commonly used terms more interesting and provides a sense of the history of the specialty of anesthesia, is presented.