Delayed intracerebral hemorrhage as demonstrated by CT scanning

Summary Three patients are presented who developed delayed intracerebral hematomas after head injury. Two patients had essentially negative CT scans on admission and developed intracerbral hematomas within 24 h after injury. They required surgical treatment and had fatal outcomes. The third patient presented with an epidural hematoma on CT scan, developed an intracerebral hematoma 48 h after evacuation of the epidural hematoma, and did well with conservative management.     

Central nervous system anoxic-ischemic insult in children due to near- drowning

An analysis of admission and follow-up CT examinations of the brains of 17 children who had nearly drowned (15 of whom were comatose and two of whom were conscious on admission) indicated that a normal initial CT scan is common in the majority of comatose patients, a severe neurologic outcome may develop in spite of a normal initial CT examination, and abnormal initial or follow-up CT findings indicate the strong but not inevitable probability of a severe neurologic outcome. We conclude that when there is no head trauma, an initial CT examination is not necessary. Prediction of the clinical outcome cannot be made on the basis of the initial CT findings.     

Nonoperative management of acute epidural hematoma diagnosed by CT: the neuroradiologist's role.

PURPOSE: To determine whether certain patients with epidural hematomas would benefit from conservative treatment and to assess the neuroradiologist's role in decision-making. METHODS: We reviewed the CT scan findings, clinical presentation and outcome of 48 consecutive patients with epidural hematoma managed at our institution within the past 5 years. In 18 patients, initial management was nonsurgical, and only one of these went on to require surgery due to clinical deterioration and evidence of enlargement of hematoma on CT. The remainder of these 18 did well without surgery. OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Clinical indicators of neurologic dysfunction (decrease in Glasgow coma scale score, pupillary dilatation, and hemiparesis) in the presence of even small epidural hematomas usually dictates the need for surgical management. The role of the neuroradiologist is most important when the patient presents in a good clinical state, when identification of both favorable and unfavorable prognostic factors on Ct is essential. The initial diameter of nonsurgically managed epidural hematomas generally must be small (mean, 1.26 cm in our series, all under 1.5 cm), and midline shift should be minimal (mean, 1.8 mm in our series). The identification of lucent areas within the epidural hematoma (suggesting active bleeding), or CT evidence of uncal herniation, can be ominous and the neurosurgeon must be alerted to their presence. Even in the presence of a favorable clinical status, presence of a larger epidural hematoma with significant mass effect or central lucent areas should alert the neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon to the strong possibility of sudden neurologic deterioration, and indicate the probable need for surgical management.     

跨窦骨瓣开颅术治疗骑跨静脉窦硬膜外血肿

目的 探讨骑跨静脉窦硬膜外血肿的手术治疗策略及疗效.方法 对43例骑跨静脉窦硬膜外血肿病例的临床资料、手术方式和预后进行回顾性分析.43例患者均采用跨窦骨瓣开颅,骨瓣复位,窦旁(周)硬脑膜悬吊于骨瓣相应位置的骨孔上.结果 43例术后第3、6天头部CT扫描显示血肿无复发、无残留,骨瓣无移位.出院时GOS预后评分:术后死亡1例,重度残疾1例,中度残疾2例,恢复良好39例.结论 跨窦骨瓣开颅术是治疗骑跨静脉窦硬膜外血肿的一种安全而且有效的方法.     

Epidural hematomas of the posterior fossa

BACKGROUND: Posterior fossa epidural hematomas represent 7-14% of all traumatic intracranial epidural hematomas. They are most frequently encountered posttraumatic mass lesions in the posterior fossa. The aim of this study was to identify clinical features that could lead to the early diagnosis of posterior fossa epidural hematoma. METHODS: Between 1980 and 2002, 28 patients with epidural hematoma of the posterior fossa were operated on at the Institute for Neurosurgery, Belgrade. Clinical course, neuroradiological investigations, and the results of surgical treatment of the patients with posterior fossa epidural hematomas were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Almost two thirds of patients were younger than 16 years of age. In 20 cases injury was caused by a fall, in 6 cases by a traffic accident, and in 2 by the assault. Clinical course was subacute or chronic in two thirds of the patients. On the admission Glasgow Coma Scale was 7 or less in 9 injured, 8-14 in 14 injured, and 15 in 5 injured patients. Linear fracture of the occipital bone was radiographically evident in 19 patients, but was intraoperatively encountered in all the patients except for a 4-year old child. In 25 patients the diagnosis was established by computer assisted tomography (CAT) and in 3 by vertebral angiography. All the patients were operated on via suboccipital craniotomy. Four injured patients who were preoperatively comatose were with lethal outcome. Postoperatively, 24 patients were with sufficient neurologic recovery. CONCLUSION: Posterior fossa epidural hematoma should be suspected in cases of occipital injury, consciousness disturbances, and occipital bone fracture. In such cases urgent CAT-scan is recommended. Early recognition, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment are crucial for good neurological recovery after surgery.     

Traumatic cervical injuries in ankylosing spondylitis

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the importance of magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of cervical traumas in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eleven patients with advanced ankylosing spondylitis were admitted to neurosurgical treatment after trauma to the neck region. All had neurological symptoms and were evaluated with plain X-ray, CT, and MR. RESULTS: CT with reformation sagittal and coronal plane was superior to plain X-ray films in demonstrating fractures and dislocations. MR was considered mandatory when evaluating changes in medulla and epidural hematomas, which were detected in 4 patients. The clinical outcome was poor in 5 patients and good in 6. The poorest outcome was seen in patients with cord contusion and epidural hematoma. CONCLUSION: We conclude that plain X-ray is of no greater importance in the acute phase of highest value in follow-up evaluation of the healing process and final position of the fractured vertebrae. Our protocol in the acute phase in traumatized ankylopoetic patients consists of lateral conventional X-ray, CT with reformatted images, and MR, the last-mentioned being important in detecting epidural hematoma that reduces the clinical outcome further if not removed. In our opinion, MR must be part of the radiological protocol following neck traumas in all patients with ankylosing spondylitis.     

上矢状窦撕裂的CT诊断(附9例分析)

目的：分析上矢状窦撕裂的CT表现,讨论本病的CT诊断及其价值。方法：回顾分析经手术证实的9例上矢状窦撕裂的CT片,探讨其CT表现特点,评价其临床价值。结果：9例上矢状窦撕裂,其中5例撕裂位于前段,4例位于中段,血肿集中于撕裂部位,中段撕裂血肿明显较大;CT诊断正确7例。主要CT表现：9例CT扫描均见上矢状窦变形增大,其中4例表现为“带征”,3例“三角征”,2例不规则形;7例硬膜外并硬膜下血肿,血肿位于大脑镰旁,大血肿内见小血肿影。呈血肿“叠加”表现;7例中线部颅盖骨骨折;7例侧脑室下移;5例中线结构居中,4例略偏移。结论：上矢状窦撕裂的CT表现具有一定的特征,CT扫描有助于定位及定性诊断,为临床制订手术方案和确定手术入路提供依据。     

急性颅脑创伤后进展性颅内出血发生的

目的 分析急性颅脑创伤后进展性颅内出血(progressive intracranial hemorrhage,PIH)发生的危险因素及临床意义.方法 通过比较颅脑创伤患者连续头颅CT扫描的表现,确定是否发生PIH.分析PIH与非PIH患者在年龄、性别、受伤机制、入院时GCS、受伤至首次CT检查时间、首次CT检查表现、伤后早期血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fg)、凝血酶时间(TT)、血小板(PLT)、D-二聚体(D-D)的含量等方面的差异,并采用Logistic回归分析PIH发生的危险因素.结果 共纳入498例患者,其中139例(27.9%)发生PIH.116例(83.5%)PIH在伤后2 h内行CT扫描.PIH组与非PIH组在年龄、入院时GCS、受伤至首次CT扫描时间、伤后首次CT表现为骨折、蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)、挫裂伤、初发血肿、血浆PT、Fg、D-D含量差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).Logistic多元回归分析显示,PIH组与非PIH组在伤后CT表现为SAH、挫裂伤、初发血肿以及D-D与PIH的发生密切相关(P＜0.01).结论 对于受伤后早期(2 h内)即行首次头颅CT检查的患者,如果首次CT表现为SAH、挫裂伤、初发血肿合并D-D含量升高,应进行更早的连续CT扫描以期早期发现PIH.     

血浆S-100B蛋白测定在外伤性颅内血肿诊疗中的临床意义

目的 探讨血浆S-100B蛋白在不同类型外伤性颅内血肿的诊断、分型、指导治疗中的临床价值.方法 颅内血肿116例,根据头颅CT分为硬膜外血肿(52例)、硬膜下血肿(32例)、脑内血肿(32例)三组,伤后早期(6小时内)抽取血浆测定S-100B蛋白含量,伤后每24小时送检1次,动态测定(3～7天).三组两两比较.结果 脑...     

急性外伤性硬脑膜下血肿快速消散的病理、机制及相关因素探讨

目的探讨急性外伤性硬脑膜下血肿(TASDH)快速消散的病理、机制,分析其相关因素,为临床治疗提供指导。方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2019年2月山东大学齐鲁医院神经外科TASDH患者12例,男性10例,女性2例;年龄15~51岁,平均35.8岁。观察患者入院时GCS评分、症状体征、头颅CT检查及诊断治疗情况,初步探讨血肿快速消散的机制。结果患者入院时平均GCS评分(11.7±2.2)分;平均血肿量18.2 mL。血肿呈断线样低高或等高混杂密度5例,较薄边缘呈锐利窄弧带样7例;中线移位7例,平均6.8mm,中线无移位5例;伴轻度脑挫裂伤2例,伴线性颅骨骨折4例;脑萎缩2例。伤后12h内消散3例,12~24h消散6例,24~72h消散3例;患者平均住院15.8d,出院3个月门诊随访,除1例偶有轻度头疼,近记忆力差的后遗症外,其余11例预后良好,无明显后遗症。结论部分TASDH患者经非手术治疗后血肿伤后12~72h消散,多数患者预后良好,可避免手术造成不必要的损伤。但在非手术治疗期间应根据病情变化行CT监测。     

椎管内血肿的影像学表现

目的探讨椎管内血肿的CT及MRI表现特点,提高椎管内血肿CT及MRI表现的认识。方法回顾分析18例经手术及临床治疗随访复查证实的椎管内血肿的CT及MRI表现。18例患者均常规CT、MR平扫,其中2例MR增强扫描。使用GE公司Lightspeed16CT扫描仪,及Phillip1．5TAcheive超导MR扫描仪,2例MR增强扫描采用钆喷酸葡甲胺（Gd—DTPA）对比剂经静脉团注,注射剂0．1mmol/kg。结果颈胸段3例,胸段5例,胸腰段6例,腰段4例;位于脊髓背侧方14例,脊髓两侧2例、腹侧2例。硬膜外血肿11例,硬膜下血肿6例,硬膜外血肿并蛛网膜下腔内积血1例。CT表现为高密度或等密度,MRI分别呈长T1长T2信号、长T-短Tz信号、等T1短T2信号及短T1长T2信号,其中2例MR增强扫描,1例边缘强化,1例未见强化。结论椎管内血肿的CT、MRI表现具有一定的特征性,对其定性定位诊断及鉴别诊断有着重要的价值。     

Death due to delayed onset intracranial bleeding in a patient with an acute subdural hematoma

We report a fatal case of acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) involving the delayed onset of subdural bleeding after a head trauma. There were no central nervous symptoms after the head trauma and an initial head computed tomography (CT) scan did not exhibit any abnormal findings. On the second day, the patient suddenly complained of a headache and vomiting, and she lost consciousness. An emergency head CT scan detected a right-sided ASDH and severe cerebral herniation. As the patient was taking triple anticoagulant therapy, surgery could not be performed. She died 2 weeks after the onset of the ASDH. Even in cases of head trauma that do not exhibit abnormal findings on head CT, it is necessary to follow up the patient’s clinical condition. Specifically, controlling coagulability and performing repeated head CT examinations are considered to be beneficial for preventing abundant subdural bleeding and facilitating the early detection of delayed onset ASDH.     

双侧瞳孔散大的外伤性脑疝手术疗效分析

目的探讨双侧瞳孔散大的外伤性脑疝的手术效果和影响因素。方法67例双侧瞳孔散大的外伤性脑疝患者按原发损伤类型分组并接受手术治疗，于术后半年进行格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）。结果全组恢复良好3例，中残10例，重残9例，植物生存10例，死亡35例。其中，硬膜外血肿组预后最好，弥漫性脑肿胀组最差，其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论双侧瞳孔散大的外伤性脑疝手术疗效与脑原发损伤类型密切相关，硬膜外血肿所致的晚期脑疝应积极手术治疗，患者预后较佳；急性弥漫性脑肿胀所致晚期脑疝手术意义不大；部分脑挫伤和（或）硬膜下血肿导致的晚期脑疝患者经手术治疗仍能够挽救生命。另外，快速准确的术前诊断、恰当的术式选择和围手术期处理是救治成功的必要保证。     

Delayed epidural hematoma

Summary A case of delayed epidural hematoma is described who had an initial computerized tomography (CT) scan reported as normal. Repeat CT scan at 48 h demonstrated a right temporal epidural hematoma. A skull fracture was not observed radiographically or at surgery. The world literature is reviewed and the criteria for repeat CT scanning is discussed.     

胸腰椎内固定术后脊髓硬膜外血肿原因分析及其诊治

目的 探讨胸腰椎内同定术后脊髓硬膜外血肿的原因及其诊治。方法 对我院9年来行胸腰椎内固定术的924例患者进行回顾性分析，其中5例患者术后并发脊髓硬膜外血肿，并通过再次行血肿清除减压术得到证实。针对初次手术、术后阶段、再次血肿清除术以及继发的神经症状等方面的情况进行回顾性分析。结果 4例患者初次手术后出现的首发症状均是神经症状的加重，只有1例表现为术后的剧烈疼痛。术后神经症状加重至行血肿清除术的时间平均28．8h。从最初的临床表现异常到血肿清除术的时间为2～14h，平均6h。5例患者血肿清除术后神经症状均有明显改善。结论 尽管胸腰椎内固定术后脊髓硬膜外血肿相对少见，但其后果严重。一旦发现神经症状较术后加再，应及早手术。凝血功能障碍、多节段手术、脊柱翻修术后局部瘢痕化严重是产生血肿的重要危险因素，术者应在手术中彻底止血，并详尽了解所用的止血材料。     

外伤性颅内血肿332例分析

本文分析了从1980～1987年我院收治的外伤性颅内血肿332例。其中111例人院时已发生脑疝。本组总死亡率为16.9％。不同类型的血肿死亡率:特急型57.1％,急性型9.3％,亚急型无死亡。硬膜外血肿3.8％,硬膜下血肿39.1％,脑内血肿7.5％,多发性血肿27.9％,脑室内血肿50％。作者认为CT检查对脑室内血肿、小脑内血肿和基底节区血肿的诊断有重要意义,并强调了动态的CT观察的必要性,特别对迟发性血肿和多发性血肿尤为重要。此外,为了降低死亡率,应加强对并发症的防治和对脑损伤的治疗。     

慢性硬脑膜下血肿的CT诊断和治疗

报告80例经CT诊断的慢性硬脑膜下血肿，其中低密度血肿39例，等密度23例．混合密度16例，高密度2例。混合密度中有11例具有沉积征象，虽然这一征象仅仅见于一小部分病人，但这一特征说明病人有再出血和预示病情恶化的可能。等密度血肿不易识别，容易漏诊或误诊，增强扫描及血管造影将有助于等密度血肿的确诊。     

双能量CTA在急性脑血肿扩大的预测价值

目的:探索双能量CTA在预测脑血肿早期扩大的应用价值.方法:收集167例急性脑出血患者的临床及影像资料,其中血肿扩大组57例,血肿无扩大组110例.采用条件向前法将两组间差异有统计学意义的临床指标及影像特征纳入logistic回归分析,计算受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积来评估这些变量预测血肿扩大的效能.结果:血肿扩...     

小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿

目的 研究小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿的临床特点。并探讨其发生机制。方法 总结分析我科1991年1月-2001年10月收治的小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿23例。结果 本组手术清除血肿21例。血肿自行吸收2例。无死亡。结论 小儿迟发性外伤性硬脑膜外血肿多发生在伤后2-5d，占该类血肿78.3%，跌倒伤是主要的致伤原因，此类血肿可发生于颅内任何部位，但多伴有颅骨线形骨折。小儿外伤性迟发性硬脑膜外血肿及时发现和治疗，预后良好，CT扫描是可靠而简便的诊断方法，而延误诊断往往造成严重后果。     

儿童硬膜外血肿的治疗

目的 探讨儿童硬膜外血肿的临床特点及其治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析我院2001年1月～2003年12月收治的儿童硬膜外血肿120例。结果 婴幼儿和学龄前儿童受伤原因以坠落伤及摔伤为主，7岁以上儿童以交通伤为主。65.8％(79/120)的患儿合并有颅骨骨折，格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)平均13．6分。急性血肿除立即手术者外，其他于首次发现血肿1d后及3d左右再复查CT。手术者占57.5％(69/120)，术中发现血肿来源于板障出血的占44％(29/66)。结论 儿童硬膜外血肿的原发颅脑损伤相对较轻，颅骨骨折的发生率低于成人，板障出血为血肿形成的首要原因。有必要做多次CT检查，经恰当治疗预后良好。