Laparoscopic Surgery for Colorectal Polyps

Background:

Size, location, and type of colonic polyps may prevent colonoscopic polypectomy. Laparoscopic colectomy may serve as an optimal alternative in these patients. We assessed the perioperative outcome and the risk for cancer in patients operated on laparoscopically for colonic polyps not amenable to colonoscopic resection.

Methods:

An evaluation was conducted of our prospective accumulated data of a consecutive series of patients operated on for colonic polyps.

Results:

Sixty-four patients underwent laparoscopic re-section for colonic polyps during a 6-year period. This group comprised 18% of all our laparoscopic colorectal procedures. Forty-six percent were males, mean age was 71. Most of the polyps (66%) were located on the right side. No deaths occurred. Conversion was necessary in 3 patients (4.6%). Significant complications occurred in 3 patients (4.6%). Nine patients (14%) were found to have malignancy. Three of them had lymph-node involvement. No difference existed in polyp size between malignant and nonmalignant lesions.

Conclusions:

Laparoscopic colectomy for endoscopic nonresectable colonic polyps is a safe, simple procedure as reflected by the low rate of conversions and complications. However, invasive cancer may be found in the final pathology following surgery. This mandates a strict adherence to surgical oncological principles. Polyp size cannot predict the risk of malignancy.     

Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery: Summary of the Current Evidence

INTRODUCTION

Laparoscopic colectomy has not been accepted as quickly as laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This is because of its steep learning curve, concerns with oncological outcomes, lack of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and initial reports on port-site recurrence after curative resection. The aim of this review is to summarise current evidence on laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Review of literature following Medline search using key words ‘laparoscopic’, ‘colorectal’ and ‘surgery’.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery proved to be safe, cost-effective and with improved short-term outcomes. However, further studies are needed to assess the role of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery and the value of enhanced recovery protocols in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal resections.     

Intracorporeal colorectal anastomosis following laparoscopic left colon resection

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an intracorporeal double-stapled colorectal anastomosis upon the outcome of laparoscopic left colon resection. Methods: Fifty-four selected patients underwent elective laparoscopic left colon resection for benign disease. Once resection was completed, a 33-mm suprapubic port allowed insertion of the anvil of a circular stapler into the colon, which was closed by a handsewn purse-string suture using the T-needle technique. The circular stapler was passed transanally to perform a double-stapled anastomosis. Specimens were delivered in a plastic bag via the suprapubic port. Results: There were no deaths. Minor intraoperative and postoperative complications occurred in 3.7% and 9.2% of the patients, respectively. Median operating time was 125 min (range 80–210 min). Complete proximal and distal doughnuts were obtained in all patients and anastomoses were all methylene blue tight. Median hospital stay was 4 (range 3–7) days. Conclusions: Fashioning double-stapled colorectal anastomoses intracorporeally is feasable and safe. Received: 26 March 1996/Accepted: 9 September 1996     

An initial comparative study of two techniques of laparoscopic colonic anastomosis and mesenteric defect closure

Laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery is still in its nascent stages of development. The ease, efficacy, and safety of intracorporeal mechanical colonic anastomosis are contingent upon expensive stapling devices. Although mobilization and mesenteric division are feasible, a method of inexpensive rapid anastomosis is not. A single inexpensive multifire stapler which could be used both to fashion the anastomosis and to close the mesenteric defect would be ideal. Therefore, this prospective randomized study was undertaken to compare the clinical and functional results of laparoscopic colotomy closure performed using the Endopath EMS hernia stapler (EMS; Ethicon Endosurgery Inc., Cincinnati, OH) to results of using standard two-layer hand suturing (HS). Both the colotomy itself and the mesenteric defect closure sites were included in the randomization and analysis. The abdominal cavity was assessed for evidence of anastomotic leakage, abscess, and adhesion formation. In addition, radiographic luminal diameter, bursting strength, and histology were evaluated. Eight healthy pigs were randomized to either the EMS (N=4) or HS (N=4). There was no evidence of leakage, abscesses, or adhesion formation in either group; however, the mesenteric defect revealed more scarring in the HS than in the EMS animals. There were no significant differences in either luminal diameter (HS: mean=0.92 cm; EMS: mean=0.91 cm) or bursting strength (HS: mean=171 mm Hg; EMS: mean=157 mm Hg) (P>0.05). Histologic analysis also demonstrated no difference in inflammation, necrosis, or fibrosis. This study suggests that this technique can be safely applied to both colotomy closure and mesenteric defect repair. Clinical, histopathologic, and functional results after EMS closure are comparable to standard (HS) closure. Reproduction of this inexpensive means of safe, cost-effective, intracorporeal anastomosis and mesenteric closure should be pursued in human clinical trials.     

腹部无切口经肛门切除标本的腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治套入式吻合手术配合

目的 探讨腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治腹部无切口经肛门切除标本套入式吻合保肛术手术配合方法及配合模式.方法 对30例低位直肠癌经腹腔镜下根治腹部无切口经肛门切除标本行套入式吻合保肛术的手术配合,均采用统一的整体规范管理模式,四做到：术前访视患者、术前与手术医师沟通、术前熟悉解剖与手术程序、术前特殊仪器和器械准备.六配合：手术体位配合、气腹建立配合、上夹切断肠系膜下动静脉配合、游离直肠下段配合、肛门显露与切除标本配合、套入式吻合配合.结果 本组30例低位直肠癌患者,平均手术时间为178 min,腹部手术时间约为132 min,经肛门套入式吻合操作时间46 min,术中无任何意外发生,无中转手术,均顺利完成手术.结论 腹部无切口经肛门切除标本的腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治套入式吻合是一个创新手术,手术配合强调规范化,四做到、六配合模式是有效配合手术医师顺利完成手术的重要保证.     

Colorectal cancer in aged patients. Toward the routine treatment through laparoscopic surgical approach

Aim

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in general population. The incidence seems to be higher in older age. Surgery remains the treatment of choice and laparoscopic approach offers numerous benefits. We report our personal experience in elderly patients operated on for colorectal cancer with laparoscopic resection.

Patients and methods

From January 2003 to September 2013, out of 160 patients aged 65 years or older and operated with minimally invasive techniques, 30 cases affected by colorectal cancer and operated on with laparoscopic approach were analyzed in this study.

Results

Male/female ratio was 1.35 and mean age 72 years. Constipation, weight loss, anemia and rectal bleeding were the most commonly reported symptoms. Lesions involved descending-sigmoid colon in 53% of cases, rectum in 37% and ascending colon in 10%. Among laparoscopic colorectal operations laparoscopic left colectomy was the most frequently performed, followed by right colectomy, abdominoperineal resection and Hartmann procedure. Operative times ranged from 3 to 5 hours depending on surgical procedure performed. Mean hospital stay was 6 days (range 4–9). Conversion to open approach occurred only in a case of laparoscopic right colectomy (3%) for uncontrolled bleeding. A single case of mortality was reported. In two cases (7%) anastomotic leakage was observed, conservatively treated in one patient and requiring reoperation in the other one.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery is feasible and effective for malignancies in elderly population offering several advantages including immunologic and oncologic ones. However an experienced surgical team is essential in reducing risks and complications.     

Technique for instant stapling of the sigmoid mesentery and mesorectum in laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Background Dissection of the mesentery of the distal sigmoid or rectum before transection with a linear stapler in laparoscopic colorectal surgery is time consuming, can cause irritating bleeding, and can harm the vascularization of the distal part of the bowel anastomosis. Methods A new linear stapling technique in laparoscopic colorectal surgery is presented. This technique is used to perform transection of the distal sigmoid or proximal rectum with a linear stapler by instant stapling of both the mesentery/mesorectal fat and the intestine instead of standard preliminary dissection. This technique was performed in a pilot study of 27 laparoscopic colorectal operations for benign or malignant disease. Results In none of the 27 patients was leakage of the anastomosis observed. Conclusions This new technique is safe and effective. It saves time, avoids troublesome dissection of the mesentery/mesorectum, which can cause bleeding or damage to the bowel, and preserves vascularization of the distal part of the anastomosis.     

快速康复外科和腹腔镜在结直肠癌治疗中的应用

目的 了解近年来快速康复外科及腹腔镜技术应用于结直肠癌治疗的进展,探索两者联合应用于结直肠癌治疗的可能性.方法 收集国内、外有关结直肠外科领域快速康复外科和腹腔镜治疗的临床和基础研究的相关文献并作综述.结果 同传统的治疗方式相比,两者应用于结直肠癌的治疗均可以获得良好的临床疗效.结论 快速康复外科和腹腔镜技术应用于结直肠癌的治疗是可行的,但两者联合应用的效果还需要随机对照试验研究的证实.     

Laparoscopic Colorectal Training Gap in Colorectal and Surgical Residents

Methods:We examined the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and American Board of Colorectal Surgeons (ABCRS) operative statistics for graduating general surgery and colon and rectal surgery residents.Results:Although the number of advanced laparoscopy cases had increased for general surgery residents, there was still a significant gap in case volume between the average number of laparoscopic colorectal operations performed by graduating general surgery residents (21.6) and those performed by graduating colon and rectal surgery residents (81.9) in 2014.Conclusion:There is a gap between general surgery and colon and rectal surgery residency training for laparoscopic colorectal surgery. General surgery residents are not meeting the volume of cases necessary for proficiency in colorectal surgery. This deficit represents a structural difference in training.     

Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy: Step-by-Step Technique and Comparative Outcomes

Background

Recent evidence supports the use of robotic surgery for the minimally invasive surgical management of adrenal masses.

Objective

To describe a contemporary step-by-step technique of robotic adrenalectomy (RA), to provide tips and tricks to help ensure a safe and effective implementation of the procedure, and to compare its outcomes with those of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA).

Design, setting, and participants

We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of consecutive patients who underwent RA performed by a single surgeon between April 2010 and October 2013. LA cases performed by the same surgeon between January 2004 and May 2010 were considered the control group.

Surgical procedure

The main steps of our current surgical technique for RA are described in this video tutorial: patient positioning, port placement, and robot docking; exposure of the adrenal gland; identification and control of the adrenal vein; circumferential dissection of the adrenal gland; and specimen retrieval and closure.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Demographic parameters and main surgical outcomes were assessed.

Results and limitations

A total of 76 cases (RA: 30; LA: 46) were included in the analysis. Median tumor size on computed tomography (CT) was significantly larger in the LA group (3 cm [interquartile range (IQR): 3] vs 4 cm [IQR: 3]; p = 0.002). A significantly lower median estimated blood loss was recorded for the robotic group (50 ml [IQR: 50] vs 100 ml [IQR: 288]; p = 0.02). The RA group presented five minor complications (16.7%) and one major (Clavien 3b) complication (3.3%), whereas four minor complications (8.7%) and one major (Clavien 3b) complication (2.3%) were observed in the LA group. No significant difference was noted between groups in terms of malignant histology (p = 0.66) and positive margin rate (p = 0.60). Distribution of pheochromocytomas in the LA group was significantly higher than in the RA group (43.5% vs 16.7%; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

The standardization of each surgical step optimizes the RA procedure. The robotic approach can be applied for a wide range of adrenal indications, recapitulating the safety and effectiveness of open surgery and potentially improving the outcomes of standard laparoscopy.

Patient summary

In this report we detail our surgical technique for robotic removal of adrenal masses. This procedure has been standardized and can be offered to patients, with excellent outcomes.     

腹腔镜结直肠癌手术的麻醉管理

目的总结腹腔镜结直肠癌手术麻醉管理的经验。方法回顾性分析2007年10月~2009年6月178例腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术的麻醉资料,其中结肠癌根治手术76例,直肠癌根治手术102例,98例(55.1%)合并一种以上的全身性疾病。均采用气管内插管全身麻醉,术中监测无创血压(blood pressure,BP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(saturation of pulse oxygen,SpO2)、呼气末CO2分压(end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure,PETCO2)。结果气腹后10min平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、HR、PETCO2较气腹前显著性升高,经处理,气腹后30min MAP、HR明显降低,PETCO2无明显升高。术中130例(73.0%)使用一种以上的血管活性药,61例(34.3%)使用2种以上的血管活性药。132例在手术间或麻醉恢复室拔除气管导管,停止麻醉至拔除气管导管时间(39±25)min(6~140min),恢复室停留时间(71±36)min(25~209min)。46例(25.8%)带气管导管送入ICU病房。结论术前全面评估病人,完善围术期监测,加强术中管理,及时纠正处理合并症,腹腔镜结直肠癌手术患者的麻醉是安全的。     

Development of an objective evaluation tool to assess technical skill in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a Delphi methodology

Background

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery (LCS) is an advanced procedure for which no objective tools exist to assess technical skill. The aim of this study was to determine expert consensus regarding items required on a rating scale for LCS, using a Delphi technique.

Methods

Experts rated the substeps of LCS from 1 to 5. Responses were returned to the panel until consensus (Cronbach's α ≥ .80) was reached. Substeps that 80% of experts rated as ≥4 were included in the final instrument.

Results

Initially, α values were .81 for sigmoid colectomy, .77 for right (medial-to-lateral) colectomy, and .74 for the lateral-to-medial approach. In the second round, α values were .83 for medial-to-lateral right colectomy and .82 for lateral-to-medial colectomy.

Conclusions

The Delphi method allowed the determination of consensus regarding the essential steps to be included in a tool designed to measure technical competence in LCS.     

Operative Time and Outcome of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery After Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery

Background and Objectives:

Combining laparoscopy and enhanced recovery provides benefit to short-term outcomes after colorectal surgery. Advances in training and techniques have allowed surgeons to operate on cases that are technically challenging and associated with prolonged operative time. Laparoscopic techniques improve the outcome of enhanced recovery after colorectal surgery; however, there are no specifications on the effect of prolonged operations on the outcome. The objective was to elucidate the impact of prolonged surgery and blood loss on the outcome of enhanced recovery after surgery after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Methods:

Four-hundred patients who underwent elective colorectal resection on enhanced recovery after surgery in Yeovil District Hospital between 2002 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Delayed discharge was defined as a prolonged length of stay beyond the mean in this series (≥8 days).

Results:

Three-hundred eighty-five patients were included. Median operative time was 180 minutes with a median blood loss of 100 mL. Conversion was not associated with a prolonged length of stay. Operative time and blood loss correlated with length of stay in a stepwise fashion. There were 2 cutoff points of operative time at 160 minutes and 300 minutes (5 hours), where risk of prolonged stay increased significantly (odds ratio [OR] = 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–3.90; P = .027), and blood loss of >500 mL (OR = 3.114; 95% CI, 1.501–6.462, P = .002).

Conclusions:

Total operative timing impacts negatively on the outcome of enhanced recovery after laparoscopic colorectal resections with increased risk of delayed discharge seen after ∼2.5 hours and 5-hour duration.     

结直肠良、恶性息肉微创治疗的临床研究

目的探讨结肠镜、腹腔镜及双镜联合治疗结直肠息肉的适应证和疗效。方法2004年1月～2006年12月，全结肠镜愉奄发现直径〉1cm的结直肠息肉共378例。结肠镜圈套器摘除319例，结肠镜黏膜切除术（endoscopic mucosal resection，EMR）11例，腹腔镜辅助结肠镜下治疗7例，结肠镜辅助腹腔镜楔形切除术6例，结肠镜辅助腹腔镜肠段切除术3例，腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术32例。结果腹腔镜辅助结肠镜治疗组与结肠镜辅助腹腔镜局部切除术组均未出现一例并发症，结肠镜圈套器摘除组中1．6％（5／319）出现并发症。结肠镜组肿瘤残留11例，追加腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术8例。随访中，EMR术1例肿瘤残留，追加腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术。结肠镜辅助腹腔镜楔形切除术中2例为浸润性结直肠癌，追加腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术。结论大部分结直肠良性息肉可以通过单纯结肠镜的方法得到治疗；双镜联合的治疗方式对于结肠镜治疗困难的结直肠息肉是安全、可行的治疗方法。     

腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌根治术临床疗效的对比研究

目的：比较腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌根治术的临床疗效。方法：2003年1月至2007年1月同一手术组完成腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术52例及开腹结直肠癌根治术54例,比较两组的出血量、输血例数、手术时间、吗啡用量、术后住院日和手术前后的血红蛋白,同时观察手术切除肿瘤的大小、长度、淋巴结清扫数以及随诊肿瘤的复发转移情况。结果：腹腔镜组的出血量为（152±97）ml、输血6例、术后吗啡用量（12.7±4.1）mg,术后住院日为（7.6±2.0）d,明显少于开腹组（P〈0.01）;腹腔镜组与开腹组淋巴结清扫数分别为（11.5±4.5）枚和（11.9±6.2）枚,直肠肿瘤远端切缘分别为（3.4±1.5）cm和（3.0±1.0）cm;局部复发率分别为3.8%和4%,远处转移率分别为3.8%和6%,死亡率分别为7.5%和10%;1年生存率分别为96.7%、95.6%,3年生存率分别为80%、82.1%,上述指标两组无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术可以达到与开腹结直肠癌根治术相同的根治效果,且患者创伤小、康复快。     

腹腔镜辅助结直肠癌根治术的临床应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助结直肠癌根治术的可行性、安全性及近期疗效。方法：回顾分析2007年8月至2009年6月施行的32例腹腔镜辅助结直肠癌根治术的临床资料。其中右半结肠切除术5例,横结肠切除术1例,左半结肠切除术7例,乙状结肠切除术5例,结肠次全切除术1例,直肠癌行Dixon手术7例,Miles手术6例。结果：除2例中转开腹外,余30例均在腹腔镜辅助下顺利完成手术,无手术死亡病例;结肠癌切除包括肿块在内的12~23cm肠管;直肠癌行Dixon术或Miles术时,下端切缘距肿瘤下缘3~5cm,术后病理证实所有标本残端均无肿瘤细胞残留、浸润。手术时间130~248min,平均152min;术中出血90~320ml,平均160ml;术后肠蠕动恢复时间36~72h,平均48h;淋巴结清扫4~22枚,平均12.6枚。术后无出血、吻合口瘘和狭窄等并发症发生,术后仅1例切口感染,2个月后再次清创缝合后痊愈;术后住院5~9d,平均7.2d;术后电话随访至2010年2月,死亡1例,局部复发1例,余患者随访期内均未发现转移、复发及切口种植。结论：腹腔镜辅助结直肠癌手术具有患者创伤小、操作安全、术后康复快等优点,不仅技术上可行,而且完全可取得与传统开腹手术同样的治疗效果。     

Laparoscopic Colectomy: the Absolute Need for a Standard Operative Technique

Background:

The aim of this study is to review our experience performing laparoscopic colon surgery and to present the operative technique as used and standardized by us.

Methods:

From April 1992 to December 1996, 158 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic colon surgery. There were 92 females and 66 males, whose average age was 66.7 years (range 31 - 92); 134 patients (84.9%) were operated on for carcinoma, and the remaining 24 (14.1%) for benign disease.

Results:

There were 117 procedures completed laparoscopically out of 158 patients (74%); 103 colon resections (18 for benign disease and 95 for malignant disease), 7 Hartmann procedures, 3 for reversal of Hartmann''s procedures, 1 rectopexy, and 3 ileotrasversostomies. Conversions were required in 41 out of 158 cases (25.9%); 19 of these cases, however, were converted to a laparoscopic-facilitated procedure. The most common causes for conversion were the presence of bulky tumors and/or tumors that contaminated adjacent structures (16/158), adhesions due to previous operations (8/158) or patient obesity (5/158). There were 31 complications (19.6%), 9 of which required re-operation. There was only one recurrence (0.9%) that manifested 15 months after the procedure, at both trocar and drainage sites, and with peritoneal carcinomatosis. This occurred in a patient with rectal neoplasia who suffered a perforation of the rectum during dis-section, with bowel spillage. The average number of lymph nodes harvested in resected specimens was 12.8 (range 1-41), whereas the mean distance of the tumor from the proximal margin of resection was 11.5 cm (range 5-35), and from the distal margin 7.5 cm (range 1-25). The average operative time was 165 minutes (range 40-360), and the mean hospital stay was 9.2 days (range 6-40). There were three mortalities out of 158 patients (1.9%).

Conclusions:

Laparoscopic colon resection for malignant lesions, performed with the highest respect for oncologic principles, has demonstrated that it is difficult to develop a barrier to wall and intraluminal recurrence. Recurrence, in our opinion, is caused by improper surgical technique. Therefore, neoplastic colon laparoscopic surgery must be the prerogative of selected and specialized centers.     

腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术手术技术的探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的手术技术,包括手术的整体配合、手术路径等.方法:回顾分析为60例结直肠癌患者施行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术的全过程.结果:60例均顺利完成腹腔镜手术,无一例中转开腹.其中直肠癌根治术35例,包括Miles术式5例,直肠癌晚期姑息性乙状结肠造瘘2例,直肠腺瘤局部肠管切除1例,结肠癌根治术20例,...