Brief assessment of motor function: content validity and reliability of the fine motor scale.

PURPOSE: The Brief Assessment of Motor Function Fine Motor Scale (FMS) allows rapid assessment, independent of age. This study was done to establish content validity of the FMS and to demonstrate FMS reliability. METHODS: A standard questionnaire ("Disagree" to "Agree," 1-4) was emailed to 28 expert panel members. Ten children with diagnoses including Proteus, Sheldon-Freeman, Smith-Lemli-Opitz, and Smith-Magenis syndromes were videotaped for reliability trials. RESULTS: Expert panel members agreed that all 28 items should be included (means, 3.43-3.89); were functionally relevant (means, 2.93-3.82), were clearly worded (means, 2.71-3.61), and were easily discriminated (means, 3.32-4.0). Kappa values for interrater and intrarater reliability were 0.978 and 0.993, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Feedback from an expert Panel supported content validity of the Brief Assessment of Motor Function FMS. Kappa values for interrater and intrarater reliability suggest this is a reliable instrument for rapid, objective fine motor assessment.     

Sensory Motor and Functional Skills of Dizygotic Twins: One with Smith–Magenis Syndrome and a Twin Control

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS), the result of an interstitial deletion within chromosome 17p11.2, is a disorder that may include minor dysmorphic features, brachydactyly, short stature, hypotonia, speech delays, cognitive deficits, signs of peripheral neuropathy, scoliosis, and neurobehavioral problems including sleep disturbances and maladaptive repetitive and self-injurious behaviors. Physical and occupational therapists provide services for children who have the syndrome, whose genetic disorder is frequently not identified or diagnosed before 1 year of age. A comprehensive physical and occupational therapy evaluation was completed in nonidentical twins with one having SMS, using the Sensory Profile; Brief Assessment of Motor Function (BAMF); Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Second Edition (PDMS-2); and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). This provides a framework for conducting assessments to enhance early detection and interdisciplinary management with this specialized population.     

Review of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2)

The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Bruininks, 1978) is a standardized, norm-referenced measure used by physical therapists and occupational therapists in clinic and school practice settings. This test recently was revised and published as the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2; Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005). The BOT-2 is an individually administered measure of fine and gross motor skills of children and youth, 4 through 21 years of age. It is intended for use by practitioners and researchers as a discriminative and evaluative measure to characterize motor performance, specifically in the areas of fine manual control, manual coordination, body coordination, and strength and agility. The BOT-2 has both a Complete Form and a Short Form. This review of the BOT-2 describes its development and psychometric properties; appraises strengths and limitations; and discusses implications for use by physical therapists and occupational therapists.     

Review of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency,Second Edition (BOT-2)

The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Bruininks, 1978) is a standardized, norm-referenced measure used by physical therapists and occupational therapists in clinic and school practice settings. This test recently was revised and published as the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2; Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005). The BOT-2 is an individually administered measure of fine and gross motor skills of children and youth, 4 through 21 years of age. It is intended for use by practitioners and researchers as a discriminative and evaluative measure to characterize motor performance, specifically in the areas of fine manual control, manual coordination, body coordination, and strength and agility. The BOT-2 has both a Complete Form and a Short Form. This review of the BOT-2 describes its development and psychometric properties; appraises strengths and limitations; and discusses implications for use by physical therapists and occupational therapists.     

Prescribing therapy services for children with motor disabilities

Pediatricians often are called on to prescribe physical, occupational, and speech-language therapy services for children with motor disabilities. This report defines the context in which rehabilitation therapies should be prescribed, emphasizing the evaluation and enhancement of the child's function and abilities and participation in age-appropriate life roles. The report encourages pediatricians to work with teams including the parents, child, teachers, therapists, and other physicians to ensure that their patients receive appropriate therapy services.     

Item test-retest reliability and responsiveness of the School Outcomes Measure (SOM)

The School Outcomes Measure (SOM) is a minimal data set designed to measure outcomes of students who receive school-based occupational therapy and physical therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine item test-retest reliability and the responsiveness to change of the SOM. Thirty-two occupational therapists and physical therapists collected data on 73 students, age 3-21 years, stratified into two groups based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System: those with mild/moderate functional limitations (Levels I, II, III) and those with severe functional limitations (Levels IV, V). Weighted kappa statistics (0.68-1.0) indicate good to excellent item test-retest reliability. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the SOM is responsive to change in children with mild/moderate functional limitations but is less responsive to change in children with severe functional limitations. The findings support the use of the SOM to measure outcomes for students with mild/moderate functional limitations as well as enabling program evaluation of therapy services provided in school settings. More research is needed to evaluate responsiveness in students with severe functional limitations.     

Review of the reliability and validity of myometry with children

Pediatric occupational therapists and physical therapists often measure muscle strength, and muscle strength frequently is cited as an indicator of function in clinical practice and in research. A reliable measure to quantify strength is necessary to accurately assess muscle strength so the values can be used for comparison, study, and indication of change. The hand-held myometer provides an alternative to traditional methods of manual muscle testing, and its reliability and validity have been examined in adults. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature relating to the reliability and validity of the hand-held myometer when used with children and to identify directions for future study in the use of myometers with children.     

中文版脑瘫患儿手功能分级系统的信度和效度研究

摘要 目的 确定中文版脑瘫（CP）患儿手功能分级系统（MACS）的信度和效度。方法 通过分析现场操作评价和录像评价结果之间的关系确定MACS的重测信度;分析不同评价者间（家长、作业治疗师和康复医生）的评价结果确定MACS的评价者间信度;以CP患儿精细运动能力测试（FMFM）的分值为效标确定MACS的平行效度。结果 来自上海2家CP康复机构的124例4～18岁CP患儿参加了此项研究。男77例,女47例;平均(6.7±2.6)岁,4～7岁97例;～12岁24例,～18岁3例。其中痉挛型四肢瘫27例,双瘫48例,偏瘫38例,手足徐动型5例,共济失调2例,肌张力障碍型4例。粗大运动功能分级（GMFCS）Ⅰ级51例,Ⅱ级32例,Ⅲ级15例,Ⅳ级14例,Ⅴ级12例。2名作业治疗师的现场评价与录像评价结果显示,MACS具有良好的重测信度,ICC值分别为0.94（95%CI：0.90～0.96）和0.87（95%CI:0.80～0.92）;同时MACS具有良好的评价者间信度,作业治疗师与家长现场评价间的ICC值为0.85(95%CI：0.77~0.91),2名作业治疗师现场评价间的ICC值为0.99(95%CI：0.99~1.00),不同家长现场评价间的ICC值为0.91(95%CI：0.66~0.98),2名作业治疗师录像评价间的ICC值为0.96(95%CI：0.94~0.97),作业治疗师与康复医生录像评价间的ICC值为0.94(95%CI：0.90~0.97);MACS与FMFM分值间具有良好的平行效度,Spearman相关系数为-0.71。结论 中文版CP患儿MACS具有良好的信度和效度,适用于中国开展CP患儿的手功能分级。在进行MACS评价时应充分考虑环境因素的影响,引导家长参与到MACS的评价工作中来。     

Motor performance checklist for 5-year-olds: a tool for identifying children at risk of developmental co-ordination disorder

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to further evaluate the 'Motor Performance Checklist for 5-year-olds', an instrument which had been piloted with some success and reported via this journal in 1996. METHOD: Both validity and reliability in identifying children in most need of paediatric occupational therapy services was assessed. The Motor Performance Checklist was compared against a chosen 'gold standard' test, The Bruininks-Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency, in a group of 141 5-year-old children. RESULTS: Correlations of 0.72 and 0.85 were found between the tests. The checklist was found to have a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 98%. Positive predictive validity was found to be 72% and negative predictive validity 99%. Interrater reliability ranged between 0.79 and 0.99 and intrarater reliability was 0.77. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the Motor Performance Checklist has the potential to assist in identifying children in most need of referral to community occupational therapy services.     

中文版脑瘫儿童粗大运动功能分级系统的信度和效度研究

目的 确定中文版脑瘫儿童粗大运动功能分级系统（Gross Motor Function Classification System ,GMFCS）的信度和效度。方法 共有来自上海三家康复机构的91名0-12岁脑瘫儿童参加了此项研究，选择35名脑瘫儿童测定GMFCS的重测信度；以66名脑瘫儿童为对象测定GMFCS的评价者间信度；分别以88名脑瘫儿童的粗大运动功能评估量表（GMFM）和54例脑瘫儿童的Peabody粗大运动发育量表（PDMS-GM）的各项测试结果为效标确定GMFCS的平行效度；对88例同时接受GMFCS和GMFM评价的儿童的测试结果进行结构效度检测，以GMFCS为应变量，GMFM五个功能区的百分比为自变量进行多重逐步回归分析，判断粗大运动中五个分区功能对GMFCS的影响程度。结果 GMFCS具有良好的重测信度（ICC值为0.99），同时具有良好的评估者间信度（ICC为0.95-0.98）；GMFCS与GMFM和PDMS-GM各项分值之间有良好的平行效度，Spearman相关系数在-0.57到-0.84在之间；粗大运动功能中的坐位能力和行走能力是影响GMFCS的主要因素，校正决定系数为0.709（p<0.001）。 结论 中文版脑瘫儿童粗大运动功能分级系统的具有良好的信度和效度，适用于国内对脑瘫儿童进行功能分级。     

复旦中文版脑瘫幼儿手功能分级系统的信度和效度研究

摘要 目的：建立复旦中文版脑瘫幼儿手功能分级系统（Mini-MACS)的信度和效度。方法：以2017年10月至2017年11月在复旦大学附属儿科医院（我院）康复中心以及上海儿童康复合作群（8家单位）接受康复干预的1~4岁的脑瘫（CP）儿童为研究对象,排除有严重视觉和听觉障碍的CP儿童。通过分析现场操作评价和录像评价结果之间的关系确定Mini-MACS的重测信度;分析不同评估者间［主要照顾者、作业治疗师（OT师）、物理治疗师（PT师）］的评价结果确定Mini-MACS的评估者间信度;以脑瘫儿童精细运动能力测试（FMFM）的精细运动能力分值为效标确定Mini-MACS的平行效度。结果：76例CP儿童进入本文分析,其中我院康复中心18例,上海儿童康复合作群单位共58例;男46例,女30例;平均年龄（2.5±0.9）个月,1~2岁组25例,~3岁组23例,~4岁组28例;痉挛型四肢瘫29例,双瘫11例,偏瘫27例,手足徐动型2例,共济失调型2例,无法分类5例;粗大运动功能分级（GMFCS）Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级27例,Ⅲ级16例,Ⅳ级16例,Ⅴ级10例。OT师现场评价与录像评价结果间重测信度ICC值为0.96（95%CI：0.94~0.98）;OT师与PT师间的ICC值为0.97（95%CI：0.94~0.98）,OT师与主要照顾者ICC值为0.92（95%CI：0.86~0.95）;1~2岁组、~3岁组和~4岁组重测信度ICC值0.95~1.00,~4岁组评价者间信度低于1~2岁组和~3岁组,尤其是OT师与主要照顾者间的信度明显低于其他两组（ICC=0.64）。Mini-MACS与精细运动能力分值之间平行效度Spearman相关系数为-0.76。结论：中文版Mini-MACS具有良好的评价者间信度和平行效度,适用于对国内脑瘫幼儿进行手功能分级。     

A plea for developmental motor screening in Canadian infants

Motor delays during infancy may be the first observable sign of a specific neurodevelopmental disability or of more global developmental delays. The earlier such disorders are identified, the sooner these infants can be referred for early intervention services. Although developmental motor screening is strongly recommended in other Western countries, Canada has yet to provide a developmental surveillance and screening program. Ideally, screening for motor disabilities should occur as part of the 12-month well-baby visit. In advance of that visit, parents can be provided with a parent-screening questionnaire that they can complete and bring with them to their 12-month office visit. Interpretation of the parent-completed questionnaire takes only 2 min to 3 min of the health care professional’s time and, based on the results, can either reassure parents that their infant is developing typically, or lead to a referral for standardized motor screening or assessment by a paediatric physical or occupational therapist.     

Self-Concept is a Concept Worth Considering

The purpose of this study was to determine concurrent validity of the gross motor sections (GM) of the Vulpe Assessment Battery for the Atypical Handicapped Child (VAB) a compared to the Peabody Development Motor Scales (PDMS). Prior to assessing concurrent validity, intra-rater reliability was established on the PDMS-GM and the VAB-GM, by testing eight children from a community preschool and a developmental preschool, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 1,1) of the ceiling scores revealed a intra-rater reliability of .99 and .87 on the PDMS-GM and the VAB-GM respectively. Concurrent validity was determined by testing 13 children with disability on the VAB-GM and the PDMS-GM. The ceiling scores were analyzed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Concurrent validly was high (r=.97) and strong agreement between the VAB-GM and PDMS-GM was noted. The VAB-GM provides useful quantitative information to therapists and families on the specific manner of task performance during developmental assessment in children with disabilities.     

复旦中文版神经肌肉疾病运动功能评估量表在儿童和青少年中的信度和效度研究

目的：验证复旦中文版神经肌肉疾病（NMD）运动功能评估量表（MFM）在中国儿童和青少年NMD中的信度和效度。 方法：2013年6月至2017年7月在复旦大学附属儿科医院（我院）神经科经基因检测或肌肉活检明确诊断为各类NMD、＞2岁且在我院康复科接受过复旦中文版MFM 20和MFM 32评估的患儿,排除1年内接受过手术、具有严重认知障碍和测试前3 d内从事过严重影响体力的活动患儿。2名物理治疗师同时进行MFM 20和MFM 32测试,检验不同测试者间的信度;同一评价者在第1次评价后间隔3~7d进行第2次评价,检测重测信度;以6 min步行距离（6MWT）和4项功能性计时测试为效度指标;通过分析MFM分值与之的相关性确定关联效度。通过分析纳入对象中杜氏进行性肌营养不良（DMD）患儿的MFM分值与北极星移动量表（NSAA）分值之间的相关性确定关联效度。 结果：372例患儿符合本文纳入排除标准,平均（6.5±2.7）岁,<7岁222例,男性338例,其中DMD 263例,重测信度（2~7岁16例,>7岁38例）和测试者间信度（2~7岁16例,＞7岁29例）检测结果显示,MFM 32和MFM 20的总分和各分区分值ICC=0.89~0.97。基于372例患儿,MFM 32和MFM 20的总分和D1区分值与6MWT和功能性计时测试结果具有中等和较强的相关性（r=0.48~0.73）,与D2和D3分区的分值相关性为中等和较弱。在263例DMD患儿中,MFM 32和MFM 20的总分和D1区分值与NSAA分值的相关性为强和极强相关性。 结论：复旦中文版MFM量表在儿童和青少年NMD患儿中具有很好的信度和效度,可以有效地测定NMD患儿的运动功能状态。     

THE ILLINOIS TEST OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ABILITIES:

The psycholinguistic model of learning disabilities and with it the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), are in widespread use in the fields of special education and speech pathology. As occupational and physical therapists have become more involved in sensory integrative procedures, they are sometimes expected to interpret the Southern California Sensory Integrative Tests in relation to results on the ITPA. This paper provides an overview of the ITPA, describing the psycholinguistic model from which it was developed and the research on its usefulness, reliability and validity. Since the majority of studies suggest that the validity of the ITPA is questionable when it is not used in conjunction with other tests and since the tests may not be sensitive enough to therapeutic changes as a consequence of therapy, a recommendation is made that therapists exercise considerable discretion in using this test for research purposes. At the same time, the test may be a useful supplement in clinical evaluation.     

Reliability of the peabody developmental gross motor scale in children with cerebral palsy

The test/retest, intrarater, and interrater reliability of the Peabody Development Gross Motor Scale (PDGMS) was assessed in 12 children with mild or moderate cerebral palsy. A baseline test was administered, scored, and videotaped by one rater and rescored from the videotape by a second independent rater. In order to minimize the effect of developmental maturation, test/retest correlation coefficients of the tests were performed two weeks apart. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.82 to 0.98. For interrater reliability, testing following the same protocol was repeated at 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months. Interrater correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.89 to 0.98. Interrater correlation coefficients (ICC) from scoring and later rescoring ten videotapes with the closest and furthest interrater agreement ranged from 0.88 to 0.99. The balance and locomotor skill categories were most responsive for assessing gross motor function in this population. These data support the use of the PDGMS as an assessment tool for children with cerebral palsy and the reliability of videotaping assessments.