Le Resto’U : une aide pour respecter le PNNS ?

A balanced diet is vital in maintaining the health of today's students and of tomorrow's families. In France, university canteens offer structured meals at a fixed moderate price (3.00 €/meal). In 2007–2008, a dietary survey was conducted among students (n = 3287) in the Aix-Marseille region, to examine whether eating regularly at the university canteen was associated with better compliance with the French Nutrition and Health Programme guidelines. The results showed that students eating at the university canteen at least three times a week, and those who ate there with pleasure, were more likely to follow the dietary guidelines. In contrast, students who had a food budget of less than 100 €/month ate less often at the university canteen and they were less likely to respect the dietary guidelines. This suggests that university canteen fosters students eating a balanced diet, but that ticket price is still too high for some of them.     

Nutrition problems experienced by adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)

Denutrition is frequent among HIV-infected (HIV+) adults in sub-Saharan Africa. One of the risk factors for denutrition is a reduction in dietary intake. Eating disorders may be partly responsible for such decreases in food intake. We prospectively analyzed the frequency, associated factors and progression of anorexia, dysphagia and food aversion in a cohort of 330 HIV-infected adults included in a trial of early chemoprophylaxis with cotrimoxazole in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Patients were followed-up by means of scheduled monthly visits. Eating disorders were assessed using a standardized questionnaire after 6, 12 and 18 months of follow-up. After six months of follow-up, 28% of the patients reported anorexia, 9% dysphagia and 28% food aversion. Multivariate analysis showed that anorexia was significantly more frequent in women than in men (odds ratio (OR) = 2.0 [95% confidence interval: 1.2-3.5]) and in patients with a CD4+ lymphocyte count < 200/mm3 (OR = 1.8 [1.0-3.5]). The risk of dysphagia was also higher for women than for men (OR = 1.8 [1.0-3.5]). The risk of dysphagia was also higher for women than for men (OR = 3.3 [1.3-8.4]). Patients with < 200 CD4+ lymphocytes/mm3 were more likely than those with CD4+ lymphocyte counts of over 200 to suffer food aversion (OR = 1.8 [1.1-3.0]). We analyzed the progression of dietary problems during follow-up and found that anorexia and dysphygia tended to disappear from one evaluation to the next whereas the number of patients reporting food aversion tended to increase. For patients reporting anorexia at the 6-month evaluation, significantly more women than men reported the persistence of anorexia at the 12-month evaluation (16% versus 5%; p = 0.03). Among patients with dysphagia at six months, those with a CD4+ lymphocyte count below 200/mm3 were much more likely than those with a CD4+ count above 200 to report persistent dysphagia at the 12-month evaluation (7% versus 0%; p = 0. 02, Fischer's exact test). For patients with no dietary problems after six months, those taking cotrimoxazole were significantly more likely than those of the placebo group to report food aversion at the 12-month evaluation (21% versus 8%; p = 0.01). We found that dietary problems were associated more with the stage of immunodeficiency that with socioeconomic factors, with the exception of sex, which was associated with several outcomes. These data stress the importance of detecting these frequent dietary problems as part of the overall clinical management of HIV+ adults in Africa, and of providing affected individuals with early nutritional counseling.     

Maternal diet and the risk of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in the offspring

Male genital tract birth defects have been associated in previous studies with several prenatal exposures to environmental and dietary risk factors. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and the dietary habits of an agricultural population in Italy. A population-based case-control study was conducted in the Sicilian Province of Ragusa. Cases (n = 90) and controls (n = 202) included births for the period 1998-2002. Data on dietary habits of the mothers, as well as health-related social, occupational and environmental exposures prior to and during the index birth, were collected through interviews. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression after adjustment for confounding variables. Increased ORs were observed for mothers of children with hypospadias who, during pregnancy, frequently consumed fish (OR = 2.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 5.31]) and market-purchased fruit (OR = 5.10 [95% CI 1.31, 19.82]). For cryptorchidism, increased risk was observed in mothers consuming liver (OR = 5.21 [95% CI 1.26, 21.50]), and smoked products (OR = 2.46 [95% CI 1.15, 5.29]). For the two malformations pooled together, increased risk was associated with maternal consumption of liver (OR = 4.38 [95% CI 1.34, 14.26]) and with frequent consumption of wine (OR = 1.98 [95% CI 1.01, 3.86]). This study suggests that some maternal dietary factors may play a role in the development of congenital defects of the male reproductive tract. In particular, our data indicate that further research may be warranted on the endocrine-disrupting effects resulting from the bioaccumulation of contaminants (fish, liver), pesticides (marketed fruit, wine) and/or potentially toxic food components (smoked products, wine, liver).     

Case-control study of disturbed eating behaviors and related psychographic characteristics in young adults with and without diet-related chronic health conditions

Young adults with diet-related chronic health conditions (DRCHCs; i.e., type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome) face challenges complying with dietary restrictions required to effectively manage their health condition. These restrictions could put them at risk for disturbed eating. The purpose of this study was to determine if young adults with and without DRCHCs differed with regard to disturbed eating behaviors and related psychographics characteristics (i.e., body image attributes, mental disorders, intrapersonal characteristics and sociocultural environment [i.e., media and family]). Each DRCHC participant (cases=166) was matched to 4 healthy participants (controls=664) based on gender and BMI (±0.50 BMI units). Conditional logistic regression analyses indicate cases were twice as likely to have been diagnosed by a healthcare provider with an eating disorder (p=0.08, OR=1.99, CI(90) [1.03-3.83]). Cases were significantly more likely to use Inappropriate Compensatory Behaviors to manage their weight, i.e., excessive exercise (p=0.04, OR=1.41, CI(95) [1.02-1.94]) and misuse medication (p=0.04, OR=1.14, CI(95) [1.00-1.29]) than controls. Depression and anxiety were significantly higher, and health status was significantly poorer in cases compared with controls. DRCHC participants were less likely to report feeling body image pressures from the media, placed a greater value on their health, used social diversion, and recalled a greater emphasis being placed on their mothers' weights and mealtimes being less structured than control participants. Findings indicate that nutrition and other healthcare professionals should incorporate screening DRCHC patients for disturbed eating behaviors and eating disorders in their standards of care.     

The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 is able to distinguish among different eating patterns in a general population

A revised version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was developed in an obese population, but its applicability to the general population was not assessed. We aimed to define the relationship between eating behavior and reported food intake. This was a cross-sectional study of 529 middle-aged adults and 358 teenagers and young adults recruited on a geographical basis. The TFEQ-R18 measures 3 aspects of eating behavior: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE), and emotional eating. Reported food intake was calculated from a food frequency questionnaire. Girls who scored higher on restrained eating had a lower energy intake than the other girls (9164 kJ vs. 13,163 kJ, P < 0.001). In adult men, energy intake increased with UE (9663 kJ vs. 11,029 kJ in the lower and higher UE tertiles, respectively, P < 0.05). When specific food groups were analyzed, higher CR was positively associated in adults with healthy food groups like green vegetables [OR = 1.92 (0.68-2.44)] and negatively associated with French fries [OR = 0.35 (0.22-0.57)] and sugar [OR = 0.38 (0.23-0.61)]. Energy-dense foods, such as fat, were positively associated with UE [OR = 2.28 (1.46-3.57) for dietary fat]. Finally, emotional eaters had a higher snacking food intake. In teenagers and young adults, most associations were seen with CR. Converse to observations in adults, teenagers and young adults who exhibited a high cognitive restraint reported consumption of fewer energy-dense foods rather than more "healthy foods." The TFEQ-R18 was therefore able to distinguish among different eating patterns in our sample of a French general population.     

Dietary Diversity and Vegetable and Fruit Consumption of Households in a Resource-Poor Peri-Urban South Africa Community Differ by Food Security Status

Sociodemographic, living standard measure, consumption of vegetables and fruit, and dietary diversity in relation to household food security were assessed. Using a hunger score, households were categorized as food secure (n = 125) or food insecure (n = 273). Food secure respondents had a higher mean dietary diversity score (3.98; 95%CI [3.79, 4.18] versus 3.65; 95% [CI 3.53, 3.77]), were more likely to eat vitamin A–rich foods (OR 1.15; 95% CI [1.05, 1.26]), a more varied diet (DDS ≥ 4, OR 1.90; 95% CI [1.19, 3.13]), and vegetables daily (OR 3.37; 95% CI [2.00, 5.76]). Cost limited daily vegetable/fruit consumption in food insecure households. Respondents with ≥ 8 years of schooling were more likely (OR 2.07; 95% CI [1.22, 3.53]) and households receiving social grants were less likely (OR 0.37; 95% CI [0.19, 0.72]) to be food secure. Results highlight the association between dietary diversity and household food security.     

Adoption of diet-related self-monitoring behaviors varies by race/ethnicity,education, and baseline binge eating score among overweight-to-obese postmenopausal women in a 12-month dietary weight loss intervention

Recent research has identified self-monitoring behaviors as important strategies for both initial weight loss and weight loss maintenance, but relatively little is known about adopters and nonadopters of these behaviors. To test our hypothesis that key characteristics distinguish adopters from nonadopters, we examined the demographic characteristics and eating behaviors (eg, restrained, uncontrolled, emotional, and binge eating) associated with more frequent compared with less frequent use of these behaviors. Baseline demographic characteristics and eating behaviors as well as 12-month self-monitoring behaviors (ie, self-weighing, food journaling, monitoring energy intake) were assessed in 123 postmenopausal women enrolled in a dietary weight loss intervention. Logistic regression models were used to test associations of self-monitoring use with demographic characteristics and eating behaviors. Nonwhites, compared with non-Hispanic whites, were less likely to monitor energy intake regularly (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13-0.97; P < .05), controlling for intervention arm and baseline body mass index. Participants with a college degree or higher education were less likely to self-weigh daily (adjusted OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13-0.67; P < .01) compared with individuals who attended some college or less. Those with higher baseline binge eating scores were less likely to monitor energy intake (adjusted OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97; P < .01) compared with participants with lower binge eating scores. In summary, use of diet-related self-monitoring behaviors varied by race/ethnicity, education, and binge eating score in postmenopausal women who completed a year-long dietary weight loss intervention. Improved recognition of groups less likely to self-monitor may be helpful in promoting these behaviors in future interventions.     

安徽省大学生情绪化过度进食行为的影响因素

  目的  探讨在特定社会文化背景下影响大学生情绪化过度进食行为的因素,为制定减少大学生不良饮食行为的干预策略提供新思路。  方法  采用多阶段抽样的方法,抽取安徽省北部、中部和南部5座城市2 045名大学生,基于社会生态系统理论框架设计问卷,测量大学生个人层面、人际层面、物理环境以及宏观层面的影响因素,采用情绪化过度进食量表(Emotional Overeating Questionnaire, EOQ)进行大学生情绪化过度进食行为频率的测量,并采用二元Logistic回归分析各因素对大学生情绪化过度进食行为的影响。  结果  全因素调节模型结果中,错误社会饮食观念影响(OR=1.28,95%CI=1.16~1.41)、情绪量表得分(OR=1.46,95%CI=1.24~1.73)、亲密朋友态度(OR=0.75,95%CI=0.59~0.95)与情绪化过度进食行为有相关性,性别、城乡出身、月生活费、父母态度、到常去的校外快餐店的距离及每天摄入食物包装上的营养成分和热量信息未标注比例与情绪化过度进食均无相关性(P值均>0.05)。  结论  错误社会饮食观念影响与情绪量表得分增加了情绪化过度进食的风险,亲密朋友态度则降低了情绪化过度进食的风险。应继续关注大学生的心理健康,降低情绪反应,并通过开展健康饮食宣教活动倡导同伴间正确的饮食观念,帮助大学生自觉抵御社会环境中容易造成不良进食行为的因素,树立正确饮食观念"。     

Infant care practices related to sudden infant death syndrome in South Asian and White British families in the UK

In the UK, infants of South Asian parents have a lower rate of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than White British infants. Infant care and life style behaviours are strongly associated with SIDS risk. This paper describes and explores variability in infant care between White British and South Asian families (of Bangladeshi, Indian or Pakistani origin) in Bradford, UK (the vast majority of which were Pakistani) and identifies areas for targeted SIDS intervention. A cross-sectional telephone interview study was conducted involving 2560 families with 2- to 4-month-old singleton infants enrolled in the Born in Bradford cohort study. Outcome measures were prevalence of self-reported practices in infant sleeping environment, sharing sleep surfaces, breast feeding, use of dummy or pacifier, and life style behaviours. We found that, compared with White British infants, Pakistani infants were more likely to: sleep in an adult bed (OR = 8.48 [95% CI 2.92, 24.63]); be positioned on their side for sleep (OR = 4.42 [2.85, 6.86]); have a pillow in their sleep environment (OR = 9.85 [6.39, 15.19]); sleep under a duvet (OR = 3.24 [2.39, 4.40]); be swaddled for sleep (OR = 1.49 [1.13, 1.97]); ever bed-share (OR = 2.13 [1.59, 2.86]); regularly bed-share (OR = 3.57 [2.23, 5.72]); ever been breast-fed (OR = 2.00 [1.58, 2.53]); and breast-fed for 8+ weeks (OR = 1.65 [1.31, 2.07]). Additionally, Pakistani infants were less likely to: sleep in a room alone (OR = 0.05 [0.03, 0.09]); use feet-to-foot position (OR = 0.36 [0.26, 0.50]); sleep with a soft toy (OR = 0.52 [0.40, 0.68]); use an infant sleeping bag (OR = 0.20 [0.16, 0.26]); ever sofa-share (OR = 0.22 [0.15, 0.34]); be receiving solid foods (OR = 0.22 [0.17, 0.30]); or use a dummy at night (OR = 0.40 [0.33, 0.50]). Pakistani infants were also less likely to be exposed to maternal smoking (OR = 0.07 [0.04, 0.12]) and to alcohol consumption by either parent. No difference was found in the prevalence of prone sleeping (OR = 1.04 [0.53, 2.01]). Night-time infant care therefore differed significantly between South Asian and White British families. South Asian infant care practices were more likely to protect infants from the most important SIDS risks such as smoking, alcohol consumption, sofa-sharing and solitary sleep. These differences may explain the lower rate of SIDS in this population.     

Socio-demographic differences in food habits and preferences of school adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China

OBJECTIVE: To identify the differences in food habits and preferences among the adolescents according to socio-demographic characteristics. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, cluster design survey in 2002. SETTING: Eight middle schools in two distinct socio-economic areas of the Jiangsu province, China. SUBJECTS: Some 824 young adolescents (12-14 y) attending public schools with a response rate of 99%. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire containing questions on food and meal frequencies, food preferences and socio-demographic characteristics was used. RESULTS: High socio-economic status (SES) and urban residence was positively associated with intake of high-energy foods, such as foods of animal origin, Western style foods and dairy products. In all, 76% of the students had three meals a day regularly , but 8.1% urban students vs 3.4% rural students had breakfast only 1-3 times per week or less often. Daily fruit consumption was fairly common, but with clear differences by SES. Only about 42% of the boys and 55% of the girls from low SES families ate fruit daily, compared with 66% and 72%, respectively in the high SES families. Urban boys had the lowest proportion of daily consumers of vegetables (67.0%). More urban students drank milk daily than the rural students (68.7 vs 38.5%). The frequency of milk drinking also showed a strong positive association with SES. About 10% of the high SES boys consumed hamburgers daily compared with 2.8% of the low SES boys. More than half of the students reported a liking for Western style fast foods including hamburgers, soft drinks and chocolate. Among high SES boys, 21.5% consumed soft drinks on a daily basis; however, as many as 72.3% wanted to drink soft drinks more often if they could afford it. CONCLUSIONS: SES and urban location were positively associated with frequency of intake of high-energy foods. Reported food preferences may enforce this trend. Nutrition education for adolescents and parents is needed to promote healthy eating. Health Authorities should strengthen the monitoring of food intake and its association with overweight/obesity. SPONSORSHIP: This study was funded by the Norwegian Directorate of Health and Social affairs under the auspices of the Norway-China Health Agreement.     

Associations between maternal concern for healthful eating and maternal eating behaviors, home food availability, and adolescent eating behaviors

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the relationship between maternal concern for healthful eating and maternal and adolescent dietary intake, eating behavior, and home food environment. DESIGN: Mothers of a subsample of adolescents who participated in a school-based survey (Project Eating Among Teens [EAT]) completed telephone interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred fourteen mother-adolescent pairs. VARIABLES MEASURED: Mothers responded to a question regarding how much they are personally concerned with eating healthfully, and adolescents responded to a question regarding perceptions of their mothers' concern about eating healthfully. Dependent variables included adolescent and parent food intake and home food environment. ANALYSIS: Multinomial cumulative logistic regression models, adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and adolescent grade level. RESULTS: A positive association was found between maternal concern for healthful eating and maternal fruit and vegetable intake, maternal breakfast and lunch consumption, and serving fruits and vegetables in the home. Maternal concern for healthful eating (as reported by mothers) was not associated with adolescent behavior. Adolescent perception of maternal concern for healthful eating was positively associated with adolescent fruit and vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Mother's concern for healthful eating is associated with maternal eating behavior and the home food environment. Adolescent perceptions of maternal attitudes are a stronger predictor than actual maternal attitudes of adolescent behavior. Parents should be encouraged to share their beliefs regarding the importance of healthful eating with their adolescents.     

福州市某高校学生不良饮食行为及其影响因素研究

目的 对福州市某高校大学生不良饮食行为现状及其影响因素进行调研分析,为大学生开展营养教育提供参考依据。方法 采取整群抽样法对福州市某高校1 036名在校大学生进行饮食行为的问卷调查。结果 有977人(94.3%)具有不良饮食行为,760人(73.4%)存在两种以上不良饮食行为问题。女生的不良饮水(87.78%)与零食行为(42.60%)高于男生(χ2=7.482,P=0.006; χ2=6.356,P=0.012),医学生的不良早餐行为(14.04%)和过度食用垃圾食品行为(38.39%)明显少于非医学生(χ2=18.303,P=0.000;χ2=7.167,P=0.007),大四及以上的学生过度食用垃圾食品行为(60.47%)和其他年级比较具有统计学意义(Z=-2.362,P=0.018),母亲文化程度仅与大学生的不良早餐行为有关(Z=-1.99,P=0.046),大学生的生活费水平与不良早餐、过度食用垃圾食品、不良夜宵、不良零食行为的发生都密切相关(Z=-3.826,P=0.000;Z=-4.367,P=0.000;Z=-3.089,P=0.002;Z=-3.463,P=0.001)。多因素回归分析表明月生活费水平为大学生综合不良饮食行为的危险因素。结论 福州市某高校大学生不良饮食行为普遍存在,加强大学生合理营养、均衡膳食知识健康教育是极为必要的。     

School‐Level Socioeconomic Status Influences Adolescents' Health‐Related Lifestyle Behaviors and Intentions

BACKGROUND

School‐level socioeconomic status (SES) influences on adolescents' lifestyle behaviors is understudied. We examined how school‐level SES and sex influence adolescents' health‐related lifestyle behaviors and intentions.

METHODS

Grade 8 students aged 13‐14 years completed an online questionnaire regarding their sociodemographic characteristics, dietary behaviors, physical activity participation and recreational screen‐time, and intentions regarding these behaviors. School‐level SES, based on an Index of Community Socio‐Educational Advantage (ICSEA), was categorized as low or high. Generalized estimating equations estimated individual‐level summary statistics, adjusted for clustering.

RESULTS

Students (N = 2538; response rate = 79%) from 23 high schools (low ICSEA = 16) participated. Compared with low ICSEA students, high ICSEA students were more likely to report eating breakfast daily (OR 1.9 [95% CI 1.5, 2.4]), not drinking sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily (2.9 [1.9, 4.3]), and were more likely to have intentions to eat breakfast (1.8 [1.3, 2.3]) and ≥ 5 vegetable serves (1.2 [1.0, 1.5]) daily. Boys were more likely than girls to meet recommendations for breakfast eating, vegetable intake, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity and screen‐time, but boys were less likely to meet recommendations regarding SSB intake.

CONCLUSIONS

Students from low ICSEA schools would benefit from additional support to improve dietary‐related behaviors and intentions. More research is required to identify what targeted approaches will address sex differences in adolescents' lifestyle behaviors.

     

Comparison of eating attitudes among university students from the five Brazilian regions

Eating attitudes can be defined as beliefs, thoughts, feelings, behavior and relationship with food. They can influence people's food choices and health status. The scope of this paper is to compare eating attitudes of university students from different regions of Brazil and investigate possible associations and correlations with nutritional status, age, individual income and parental education. 2489 female university students in the area of health answered the Eating Attitude Scale--evaluated by total score and 5 sub-scores. The eating attitudes were compared by means of an analysis of covariance. A logistic regression was conducted to evaluate which variables were associated to the scale score. The Northeast presented more restrictive and compensatory practices and the North and Northeast presented less positive feelings about food and worse ideas about normal eating. The score on the scale did not present strong correlation with any of the variables studied, but nutritional status and age were associated with the total score. The profile of university students was similar among regions with the worst response in the North and Northeast regions. It is believed that these data could help to elucidate dietary patterns and nutritional differences among groups.     

Nutrition label use partially mediates the relationship between attitude toward healthy eating and overall dietary quality among college students

Individuals who frequently read nutrition labels tend to both value healthy eating and engage in healthy dietary practices more than individuals who read labels infrequently. However, the relationship between label use, attitude toward healthy eating, and dietary quality remains unclear, particularly among young adults, about whom little is known with regard to nutrition label use. Our study investigated whether nutrition label use mediates the relationship between eating-related attitudes and dietary behaviors among young adult college students. Using cross-sectional online survey data collected in 2010 from a convenience sample in Minneapolis/St Paul, MN (598 attending a 2-year community college; 603 attending a public 4-year university; mean age 21.5 years; 53.4% nonwhite; 52.5% women), study findings indicate that students who reported frequently reading nutrition labels were more likely to have healthier dietary intakes (eg, less fast food and added sugar; more fiber, fruits, and vegetables) compared to those who read labels sometimes or rarely (P<0.001). Further, frequent nutrition label use was a significant partial mediator of the relationship between eating-related attitude (ie, feeling that it is important to prepare healthy meals) and dietary quality, indicating that label use may be one means by which individuals who value healthy eating translate their attitude into healthy eating behaviors. Even among those who did not believe it was important to prepare healthy meals, frequent nutrition label use was significantly associated with healthier dietary intake, suggesting that label use may operate independently of nutrition-related attitude in contributing to healthful diet.     

A multivitamin supplementation and education intervention as an effective means of increasing multivitamin use among postpartum women of Mexican origin

Postpartum Hispanic women in the USA are at elevated risk for neural tube defects in subsequent pregnancies from the combined effects of ethnicity, folate depletion from the prior pregnancy and lactation, and high parity rates with short inter-birth intervals. This study evaluated an education programme and distribution of a 3-month starter package of multivitamins among Hispanic women attending nutrition clinics for low-income women in El Paso, Texas. At 1-6 weeks postpartum, 329 subjects were selected to receive education only, multivitamins only, education and multivitamins, or no intervention. Multivariable regression obtained odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals [CI] to measure the association between intervention status and self-reported multivitamin use at least four times per week at 6 and 12 months postpartum, while controlling for potential confounding variables. Multivitamin distribution was related to consumption at both 6 months (OR = 3.5 [95% CI 1.1, 11.2]) and 12 months (OR = 6.5 [95% CI 1.5, 28.3]). Multivitamins plus education was most effective in increasing multivitamin use at both periods: 6 months (OR = 4.0 [95% CI 1.53, 11.7]) and 12 months (OR = 6.4 [95% CI 1.7, 24.2]). At enrolment, 66% of women regularly took vitamins, and approximately 35% took them at both 6 and 12 months postpartum. The education intervention alone was not associated with multivitamin use at either 6 months (OR = 0.79 [95% CI 0.3, 2.4]) or 12 months (OR = 3.1 [95% CI 0.8, 12.1]). Multivitamin use declines precipitously during postpartum at the time Hispanic women may be susceptible to a subsequent pregnancy. This study provides evidence that multivitamin starter packs sustain multivitamin usage up to 1 year postpartum for a specific high-risk group, but the effect of educational intervention alone should be further studied.     

Ethnic differences in physical activity and inactivity patterns and overweight status

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between physical activity and inactivity patterns and overweight in U.S. adolescents using baseline and 1-year change in activity and inactivity data. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Nationally representative data from 12,759 participants (6997 non-Hispanic whites, 2676 non-Hispanic blacks, 2185 Hispanics, and 901 Asians) in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (1995 and 1996). Data on moderate to vigorous and low-intensity physical activity, TV/video viewing, and video game/computer use were obtained from questionnaires. Multivariate models assessed the association of overweight (body mass index > or = 95th percentile Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics 2000 curves) with initial (and 1-year change) activity and inactivity levels, controlling for age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, urban residence, cigarette smoking, and region of residence. RESULTS: Overweight prevalence was positively associated with high level TV/video viewing among white boys (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [1.08 to 2.14]) and girls (OR = 2.45 [1.51 to 3.97]). The odds of overweight decreased with high levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity among white boys (OR = 0.81 [0.76 to 0.87]), non-Hispanic black boys (OR = 0.86 [0.76 to 0.98]) and girls (OR = 0.88 [0.78 to 0.99]), and Hispanic boys (OR = 0.90 [0.83 to 0.97]) and girls (OR = 0.91 [0.84 to 0.99]). DISCUSSION: Predicted probabilities generated from the logistic regression models, which examined the experimental effects of altering hours of TV/video viewing and bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity, show lower overweight among adolescents who watched less TV per week combined with frequent moderate to vigorous physical activity than those who watched more TV per week combined with fewer bouts of weekly moderate to vigorous physical activity. Predicted probabilities suggest important sex and ethnic differences in these associations.     

Influence of genes and family environment on adult smoking behavior assessed in an adoption study.

Twin studies suggest that genetic factors influence smoking behavior. However, in these studies, genetic and environmental influences may be confounded. We examined whether smoking behavior of adoptees is associated with smoking behavior in adoptive and biological relatives in a design in which this confounding is minimized. Data on smoking status were collected using a mailed questionnaire in a sample of 840 adoptive families from the Danish Adoption Register including all non-familial adoptions from 1924 through 1947. Smoking data were available for 706 adoptees, 451 biological fathers, 580 biological mothers, 641 adoptive fathers, 693 adoptive mothers, 199 biological full-siblings, 684 maternal half-siblings, and 576 paternal half-siblings. Adoptees' status as ever, current, heavy, or former (ex-)smokers was related to their relatives' smoking status. Adoptees ever smoking was associated with their full-siblings' status as ever smokers (OR = 3.6 [1.5-8.7]). Adoptees' current smoking was also associated with their full-siblings' ever (OR = 3.2 [1.5-7.7]) and current (OR = 2.6 [1.3-5.0]) smoking, whereas adoptees' heavy smoking was associated with their full-siblings ever (OR = 5.5 [2.1-14.3]), current (OR = 4.0[1.9-8.6]) and heavy (OR = 2.0[1.0-4.2]) smoking. Compared with current smokers, adoptee ex-smokers had full-siblings who were ex-smokers more often (OR = 3.5 [1.0-11.6]), current (OR = 0.4 [0.2-0.8]), and heavy (OR = 0.3 [0.1-0.9]) smokers less often. Adoptees' smoking behavior was not associated with adoptive or biological parents' status as current smokers. This study of smoking behavior in adult adoptees and their biological and adoptee family supports the finding in twin studies of a genetic influence on smoking within the same generation.     

广州市某医科院校大学生营养状况及膳食行为关联

  目的  评价医科院校大学生的营养状况、食物摄入、饮食行为和体力活动水平,并探究与膳食行为的关联,为开展具有针对性的营养干预和营养教育提供参考依据。  方法  2019年10—12月,分层随机抽取广州市某医科院校263名学生进行问卷调查与体格测量,采用χ2检验、Wilcoxon检验比较组间差异,多因素Logistic回归分析调查对象消瘦、超重及肥胖的影响因素。  结果  大学生消瘦检出率为25.5%,超重及肥胖率为11.8%。不同性别学生谷薯类、水果类、蛋类、禽畜类、油炸食品、碳酸饮料的摄入量差异均有统计学意义(U值分别为3 278.00,5 224.50,5 981.00,6 663.00,5 460.00,3 873.00,P值均＜0.05)。不同年级大学生总体力活动水平差异有统计学意义(U=4 239.50,P＜0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,蛋类摄入较多与消瘦呈负向关联(OR=0.20);挑食偏食与消瘦呈正向关联(OR=2.96);进食速度快与超重及肥胖正向关联(OR=5.35)(P值均＜0.05)。  结论  该校大学生营养不良检出率较高,膳食行为与消瘦、超重及肥胖关联。     

大学新生膳食模式及其影响因素的研究

目的 了解大学新生的膳食模式,分析其膳食模式的影响因素。方法采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,调查1319名大学新生的膳食模式及其影响因素。结果发现4种膳食模式：Ⅰ（摄入较多的汉堡包及油炸食品、腌制食品、坚果类、零食、可乐、雪碧、咖啡、糖类）、Ⅱ（摄入较多的猪肉、羊肉、牛肉、禽肉、动物肝脏、鱼虾类、海带/海鱼/紫菜等海制品、坚果类）、Ⅲ（摄入较多新鲜水果、鸡蛋、鱼虾类、海带/海鱼/紫菜等海制品、奶及奶制品、豆类及豆制品、坚果类）、Ⅳ（摄入较多的粮谷类、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、猪肉）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,主要影响其膳食模式的因素：(1)男生膳食模式Ⅰ、Ⅱ与居住地点(OR= 1.67,95％CI:0.87～3.19;OR=1.51,95％CI:0.79～ 2.88)、就餐地点（OR= 1.63,95％CI:1.03～2.59;OR= 1.83,95％CI:1.04～ 3.23）、母亲的文化程度（OR=2.52,95％CI:1.07 ～ 5.95;OR=3.38,95％CI:1.50 ～ 7.63）、家庭经济状况（OR=2.24,95％CI：1.30 ～ 3.88;OR=3.06,95％CI:1.77～ 5.29）、被动吸烟(OR= 1.80,95％CI:0.70 ～ 4.59;OR=1.83,95％CI:0.75 ～4.45)呈正相关。膳食模式Ⅲ与母亲的文化程度呈负相关（OR=0.56,95％CI:0.17～ 1.79）;膳食模式Ⅳ和就餐地点呈正相关(OR=1.83,95％CI:1.04 ～ 3.23),但是与母亲的文化程度呈负相关( OR=0.56,95％CI:0.17～ 1.79)。(2)女生与男生相比,膳食模式Ⅰ和居住地点、就餐地点关系不大;而对于膳食模式Ⅱ、Ⅲ来说,被动吸烟对女生影响也不大。结论大学新生的膳食模式受社会人口统计学及生活方式等多种因素影响。