谷胱甘肽转硫酶-血小板因子4融合蛋白表达载体的构建、鉴定与表达

目的 构建谷胱甘肽转硫酶－血小板因子4（GST－PF4）融合蛋白表达载体，并研究其编码的蛋白质在大肠杆菌中的表达。方法 通过RT－PCR方法，从HL－60细胞中克隆PF4cDNA，然后克隆至载体pUC19中，序列测定后把PF4基因重组入谷胱甘肽转硫酶融合基因表达载体pGEC-4T-3中，并用IPTG诱导其在大肠杆菌中表达。结果 获得了PF4 cDNA。序列分析表明，该序列与GenBank数据库中的序列一致。重组质粒酶切鉴定表明，PF4基因已正确插入到pGEX-4T-3中。重组融合蛋白表达载体GST－PF4经IPTG诱导表达，在SDS－PAGE后得到1条蛋白表达带，相对分子质量（Mr)约为36000。结论 成功地构融合蛋白表达载体GST－PF4，并大肠杆菌中获得有效表达，为进一步研究打下良好的基础。     

人CD154-GST融合蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的:为制备重组人CD154-谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(GST)融合蛋白(hCD154-GST),用于人CD154单克隆抗体研制。方法:根据人CD154基因序列设计合成特异性引物,RT-PCR扩增人CD154基因,并插入融合蛋白原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,得到重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-1/CD154;用此重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21细胞,转化菌落经BamHⅠ、EcoRⅠ酶切鉴定。IPTG诱导大肠杆菌表达人CD154蛋白,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定表达产物。结果:从人外周血淋巴细胞扩增出820bp的hCD154cDNA;将其克隆至pGEX-4T-1质粒中,经双酶切鉴定及DNA序列分析证实含有目的基因;IPTG诱导后的大肠杆菌经SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定出现明显的55kD蛋白带。结论:成功构建了人CD154-GST原核表达质粒,并在大肠杆菌中表达出人CD154-GST融合蛋白,为人CD154单克隆抗体的研制及进一步抗排斥反应的研究打下了基础。     

氯通道ClC-2融合蛋白的原核表达及体外磷酸化

目的：检测ClC-2是否能被促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）磷酸化，为进一步研究其在细胞增殖、分化过程中的调控机制提供基础。方法：从含有家兔ClC-2cDNA的质粒pSPORT1中PCR扩增ClC-2胞浆内的羧基端DNA编码序列，构建重组载体pGEX-4T-1／ClC-2CT；重组质粒经酶切、测序鉴定正确后转化大肠杆菌BL21菌株；经异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖（IPTG）诱导后，通过Gluthathion Sepharose4B亲和层析柱纯化融合蛋白；并行融合蛋白的体外磷酸化实验。结果：酶切、测序鉴定重组载体pGEX-4T-1／ClC-2CT构建正确，并纯化得到GST／ClC-2CT融合蛋白。而且该融合蛋白能被MAPK磷酸化，而GST不能被MAPK磷酸化。结论：氯通道ClC-2能被MAPK磷酸化。     

原核表达载体GST-RUNX3的构建及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的构建GST/RUNX3融合蛋白表达载体,并在大肠埃希菌(E.coli)中诱导表达。方法以质粒pcDNA3.1-RUNX3为模板,通过Kpn1和Xho1酶切位点将RUNX3定向插入pGEX-4T-2中,构建原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-2-RUNX3,并转化E.coliDH5α,筛选阳性重组子,限制性内切酶酶切鉴定和DNA序列测定正确后,转入E.coliBL21中,异丙基硫代β-D半乳糖苷诱导表达,鉴定。结果双酶切获得1300bp片段,证明RUNX3片段被成功导入pGEX-4T-2,并在测序后与GenBank进行同源性比对,比对进一步证实原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-2-RUNX3构建成功,并用IPTG诱导,SDS-PAGE方法证实了GST/RUNX3融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达。结论成功构建了RUNX3原核表达载体,并证实了融合蛋白在大肠埃希菌中的表达,为进一步纯化RUNX3蛋白和研究RUNX3的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌cfp10-esat6融合基因原核表达载体的构建及表达

构建结核分枝杆菌cfp10-esat6融合基因及其原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达融合蛋白CFP10-ESAT6。用基因拼接(GeneSOEing)法扩增cfp10-esat6融合基因,并将其定向克隆至原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1,构建原核表达重组质粒pGcfp10-esat6。重组子经限制性内切酶分析、聚合酶链式反应及测序鉴定后转化宿主菌大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG(isopropy-β-D-thiogalactoside,异丙基硫代-β-D半乳糖苷)诱导表达约42kDa带谷胱苷肽硫转移酶(Glutathione-S-TransferasesGST)蛋白标签的rCFP10-ESAT6融合蛋白,经谷胱苷肽硫转移酶融合蛋白纯化试剂盒得到纯化的融合蛋白,产物进行SDS-PAGE电泳、Western-blot鉴定。重组质粒pGcfp10-esat6中目的基因测序结果与报道序列相同;在大肠杆菌中以可溶性非包涵体形式表达;表达量约占菌体总蛋白的40%,表达蛋白纯化后获得纯度为90%左右的重组蛋白;Western印迹结果证实重组蛋白与确诊的结核病患者血清发生特异免疫反应。本研究成功构建了原核表达载体pGcfp10-esat6,获得了rCFP10-ESAT6融合蛋白,为rCFP10-ESAT6融合蛋白在结核病诊断中的应用奠定了基础。     

人LIGHT胞外区基因的克隆及融合蛋白的表达

目的：克隆人LIGHT胞外区基因（hsLIGHT），构建其原核表达质粒，并诱导其在大肠杆菌中表达融合蛋白。方法：采用RT-PCR方法从HL60细胞中扩增hsLIGHT，将其克隆人原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-2，构建其重组表达质粒pGEX-4T-2／hsLIGHT，以不同浓度IPTG诱导表达，于不同时间经SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析、鉴定。结果：经RT-PCR扩增获得的hsLIGHT序列与Genebank报道的LIGHT基因胞外区序列完全一致；SDS-PAGE和Westernblot分析证实重组质粒可表达出相对分子量为47000的蛋白，与GST-hsLIGHT融合蛋白分子量一致。结论：成功完成了人LIGHT胞外区基因的克隆及其原核表达质粒的构建，在大肠杆菌E-coli BL21中经IPTG诱导表达了融合蛋白GST-hsLIGHT，为进一步探讨LIGHT的抗肿瘤生物学活性、探索肿瘤免疫治疗新方法奠定了基础。     

小鼠IL-17A-GST融合蛋白的克隆表达

目的: 构建含有小鼠IL-17A(mIL-17A)基因的重组原核表达载体,获得高效表达mIL-17A 的基因工程菌,以及较高产量的mIL-17A蛋白.方法:以PMA 活化后小鼠脾脏单个核细胞的总RNA 逆转录合成的cDNA为模板,PCR 法扩增mIL-17A的编码序列,并分别亚克隆至pMD18-T 载体和原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1 中,经酶切和DNA测序鉴定后,转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,产物经SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定.结果:PCR 产物大小及其双酶切鉴定均证明所克隆的基因是mIL-17A,DNA 序列测定进一步证实与GenBank 报道的序列完全一致成功构建了重组原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1/mIL-17A,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达出相对分子质量(Mr)约40 000的具有可溶性的融合蛋白,且Western blot证实确为目的蛋白结论: 成功构建了基因重组体pGEX-4T-1/mIL-17A;并制备出可溶性IL-17A-GST融合蛋白. E3),IPTG诱导表达,产物经SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定.结果:PCR 产物大小及其双酶 鉴定均证明所克隆的基因是mIL-17A,DNA 序列测定进一步证实与GenBank 报道的序列完全一致成功构建了重组原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1/mIL-17A,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达出相对分子质量(Mr)约40 000的具有可溶性的融合蛋白,且Western blot证实确为目的蛋白结论: 成功构建了基因重组体pGEX-4T-1/mIL-17A;并制备出     

白斑综合症病毒极早期蛋白IE3的原核表达、纯化和鉴定

目的:构建对虾白斑综合症的极早期基因IE3的原核表达载体,制备纯化重组蛋白IE3。方法:以感染白斑综合症病毒的对虾心脏组织为模板,PCR法扩增极早期基因IE3基因的编码序列,并将其克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2中,构建重组质粒pGEX-4T-2-IE3。质粒经双酶切鉴定及序列测定后,转化E.coli BL21,IPTG诱导表达GST-IE3融合蛋白,并利用SDS-PAGE和Western blot对表达的蛋白进行鉴定。结果:PCR产物大小及其双酶切鉴定均证明所克隆的基因是IE3,DNA序列测定进一步证实与GenBank报道的序列完全一致。成功构建了重组原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2-IE3,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达出相对分子质量(Mr)约33000的具有可溶性的融合蛋白,且Western blot证实确为目的蛋白。结论:成功构建了重组表达载体pGEX-4T-2-IE3,并表达出重组蛋白GST-3。为进一步研究对虾白斑综合症的防治提供了平台。     

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子基因的克隆和原核表达

目的：扩增、克隆人巨噬细胞移动抑制因子（MIF）基因，并在大肠杆菌中表达出具有生物活性的重组MIF蛋白。方法：根据人MIF基因序列，设计、合成PCR引物，利用RT-PCR技术从人T淋巴细胞mRNA中扩增MIF基因。将MIF定向插入原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1，并将构建正确的重组表达载体pGEX-4T-MIF转化工程菌BL21(DE3)，用异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖（IPTG）诱导表达重组MIF蛋白。用GSTrap亲合柱纯化表达产物GST-MIF，行柱上凝血酶消化，洗脱获得MIF蛋白。用巨噬细胞移动抑制试验（MMI）鉴定MIF蛋白的生物活性。结果：限制性内切酶分析和DNA测序结果表明，成功构建了重组质粒pGEX-4T-MIF，人MIF cDNA长348 bp，编码115个氨基酸。经IPTG诱导，高效表达出可溶的GST-MIF蛋白。SDS-PAGE 和 Western blotting分析显示，GST-MIF经凝血酶消化，获得13 kU的MIF蛋白。MIF蛋白对巨噬细胞移动的抑制率达30%，具有生物活性。结论：克隆、测定了人MIF基因，在大肠杆菌表达出具有生物活性的MIF蛋白。     

结核杆菌热休克蛋白70基因的克隆与原核表达

目的：克隆结核杆菌热休克蛋白70(TBhsp70)基因，并在大肠杆菌中表达。方法：利用PCR技术从结核杆菌H37Rv中扩增Hsp70基因，并将其克隆到pUC19中，进行测序。将得到的Hsp70基因克隆到表达载体pGEX-4T-1中，构建重组表达质粒pGEX—TBhsp70，在大肠杆菌DH5α中进行表达。结果：成功地克隆了TBhsp70基因。DNA测序证实，与GenBank公布的序列一致。含pGEX-TBhsp70基因表达质粒的大肠杆菌经IPTG诱导后，能够表达相对分子质量(MR)约为96000的融合蛋白。结论：获得了TBhsp70基因，成功地构建了原核表达质粒pGEX-TBhsp70，并在大肠杆菌得到表达，为其相关研究奠定了一定的基础。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.