心脏外科主要手术出血患者输血模式

目的 了解心脏外科主要手术出血患者的围手术期输血模式,为促进临床合理、规范用血提供数据参考。方法 从2015至2016年开展的全国多中心(4家医院)调查中,纳入大血管手术、冠状动脉旁路移植手术、心脏瓣膜手术和先天性心脏病手术患者(≥18岁),描述患者特征及术后结局,探讨其出血情况,围手术期自体、异体血(红细胞、血浆、血小板)的输注模式(比例、输注量及组合方式)。结果 术中心脏瓣膜手术自体血输注比例最高(58.84%),而大血管手术自体血输注量最大(722 ml),且异体血术中输注比例(53.28%)尤其是血小板输注比例(39.34%)显著高于其他手术患者。相对异体红细胞,其他成分在各类手术中的输注时机较为集中,其中单独输注血浆比例在术后1 d最高。随着出血量增加,成分联合输注比例逐渐上升为主要的输血方式。结论 不同心脏手术类型、围手术期阶段或出血量下,患者的输注模式存在差异,需要在了解现况的基础上进一步研究有针对性的输血实践方案,节约血液并提高患者输血安全。     

Effect of Point-of-care Hemoglobin/Hematocrit Devices and Autologous Blood Salvage on Reduction of Perioperative Allogeneic Blood Transfusion

Objective To evaluate the effect of point-of-care hemoglobin/hematocrit (POC HGB/HCT) devices and intraoperative blood salvage on the amount of perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion and blood conservation in clinical practice. Methods A total of46 378medical records of 22 selected hospitals were reviewed. The volume of allogeneic red blood cell and plasma, number of patients transfused, number of intraoperative autologous blood salvage, total volume of autologous blood transfusion, and amount of surgeryin the year of 2011 and 2013 were tracked. Pairedt-test was used in intra-group comparison, whilet-test of two isolated samples carried out in inter-group comparison.P<0.05 was defined as statistically significant difference. Results In the hospitals where POC HGB/HCT device was used (n=9), the average allogeneic blood transfusion volume per 100 surgical cases in 2013 was significantly lower than that in 2011 (39.86±20.20vs. 30.49±17.50 Units,t=3.522,P=0.008). In the hospitals without POC HGB/HCT meter, the index was not significantly different between 2013 and 2011. The average allogeneic blood transfusion volume was significantly reduced in 2013 than in 2011 in the hospitals where intraoperative autologous blood salvage ratio [autologous transfusion volume/(autologous transfusion volume+allogeneic transfusion volume)] was increased (n=12,t=2.290,P=0.042). No significant difference of the above index was found in the hospitals whose autologous transfusion ratio did not grow. Conclusion Intraoperative usage of POC HGB/HCT devices and increasing autologous transfusion ratio could reduce perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion.     

Leukocyte-depleted blood: a comparison of available preparations.

Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions due to leukoagglutinins are frequently seen in patients who have been given multiple blood transfusions. To prevent or reduce the severity of these reactions, leukocyte-poor blood (that containing fewer than 0.3 X 10(9) leukocytes per unit) is frequently requested by clinicians. Four methods commonly used in Canada to produce leukocyte-poor blood were examined for their relative effectiveness and appropriate use. The mean total leukocyte count per unit was reduced to 0.22 X 10(9) in buffy-coat-poor red blood cell preparations produced by centrifugation with the blood bag inverted, to 0.19 X 10(9) by perfusion through an Imugard filter, to 0.21 X 10(9) by the use of an IBM 2991 automated cell washer and to 0.13 X 10(9) with the use of frozen blood. The proportion of red cells recovered varied from 62% with the inverted-spin method to 85% with the use of frozen blood. Comparison of these data and the percentage of leukocytes removed, the shelf life of the product, the cost of supplies and the preparation time indicated that the use of sophisticated machinery, such as the IBM cell washer, or of glycerolization plus washing of frozen cells is not warranted for most patients. Instead, patients who have febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions should initially be treated with a leukocyte-poor red cell preparation produced by the inverted-spin method; only if such reactions recur should the blood bank be requested to provide filtered, washed or frozen red cells.     

自体血回输技术在肝脾破裂手术中的临床观察

目的观察自体血和异体血回输前后静脉血的红细胞数量和血液凝血功能的变化。方法54例肝脾破裂出血等突发性腹腔内出血患者,分为A,B两组,每组27例,A组输入自体血,B组输入异体血,分别检测血液回输前后血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞计数（RBC）、红细胞压积（Hct）、血小板（PLT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、部分凝血酶原时间（AFFF）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、凝血酶时间（｜rr）。结果①未输自体血或异体血前,两组患者的Hb、RBC、Hct、PLT、FIB明显降低（P〈0．05）,PT、APTT、TT明显延长（P〈0．05）;②回输自体血或异体血后,A,B两组患者的RBC、Hct有一定增高（P〈0．05）,PT、APTT、TT进一步延长,PLT和FIB进一步降低。两组患者各项凝血功能指标无明显差异。结论自体血和异体血回输的效果相似,两者均能提高RBC和Hct,回输后患者的凝血功能均有不同程度的改变。     

两种不同输血方式对择期行脊柱椎间融合器植入植骨融合术患者的影响研究

目的：研究择期行脊柱椎间融合器植入植骨融合术患者采用两种不同输血方式对患者的影响。方法方便选取60例该院2013年6月—2015年8月期间行脊柱椎间融合器植入植骨融合术的患者,将所有患者按随机数字表法分为两组各30例。其中30例患者术中采用自体输血方式进行输血作为自体输血组;另30例患者术中采用异体输血方式进行输血作为异体输血组。观察两组患者手术情况、血常规情况以及不良反应情况等。结果自体输血组术中输液量、术中出血量均大于异体输血组,治疗费用明显低于异体输血组(P<0.05)。术后自体输血组RBC、PLT以及Hb均大于异体输血组,WBC小于异体输血组(P<0.05)。两组患者不良反应包括过敏反应、荨麻疹以及非溶血性发热等,自体输血组、异体输血组发生率分别为13.33%、26.67%,自体输血组明显较低(P<0.05)。结论自体输血可进一步降低输血不良反应,提高血红蛋白及红细胞,在大量输血情况下尤为适用,值得临床应用及推广。     

Transfusion practices among patients who did and did not predonate autologous blood before elective cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Preoperative autologous blood donation is commonly used to reduce exposure to allogeneic transfusions among patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. However, this technique is associated with an overall increase in transfusions (allogeneic or autologous). The authors assessed the impact of transfusion decision-making on the effectiveness of preoperative autologous donation in reducing the frequency of allogeneic transfusions, and its impact on the increased transfusion rate associated with preoperative autologous donation in cardiac surgery. METHODS: This retrospective analysis compared transfusion practices among 176 patients who predonated autologous blood before elective cardiac surgery and 176 matched cardiac surgery patients who did not predonate blood. The impact of decision-making on transfusion exposure was determined using multivariate analyses to account for major perioperative interventions and complications. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for exposure to allogeneic blood transfusion or any transfusion, before and after exclusion of transfusions not conforming with selected transfusion criteria. RESULTS: Exposure to allogeneic transfusion was more likely among patients who did not predonate blood than among those who did predonate blood (OR 14.0, 95% CI 5.8-33.8). This finding was still true after exclusion of transfusions not meeting the transfusion criteria (OR 19.3, 95% CI 6.7-55.7). The autologous blood donors were more likely than the nondonors to receive any transfusion (OR 10.8, 95% CI 5.7-20.3). However, this association was substantially attenuated after exclusion of transfusions not meeting the transfusion criteria (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.2). INTERPRETATION: Patients who predonated blood before elective cardiac surgery were at lower risk of receiving allogeneic transfusions than the nondonors. This was not because of a deliberate withholding of allogeneic transfusions from autologous donors. However, more liberal transfusion criteria for autologous blood were largely responsible for the increased transfusion rate among the autologous donors.     

自体血液回输在腰椎手术中的应用

目的探讨自体血液回输在腰椎手术中的应用情况。方法应用国产自体2000型血液回输机对30例腰椎手术患者进行术中血液回输,同时对患者术前及术后进行血常规、血清电解质检查。结果通过血常规测定,红细胞回收率90%以上,全部病例术后恢复顺利,无输血反应及感染,血液回收效果良好。异体输血回避率100%,手术前后血清电解质无明显改变。结论腰椎手术中失血量较多,应用自体血液回输能有效减少自体血丢失和异体血输入,既节约血液,又可减少异体输血的不良后果。     

自体血回输技术在心脏瓣膜置换术中的应用研究

目的探讨自体血回输在心脏瓣膜置换术中的应用价值。方法对43例择期行心脏瓣膜置换术患者采用京精自体血液回收机3000P型进行洗涤式自体血回输,并对患者术前和术后24小时血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（Hct）、红细胞计数（RBC）、白细胞计数（WBC）、血小板计数（PIt）、凝血活酶时间（Pr）、活化部分凝血酶时间（Am）、术后24小时引流量进行分析。结果43例患者所有的回收血经过血液回收机处理后共获得洗涤后浓缩红细胞为36400ml。手术前后患者RBC、APTT无明显变化（P〉0．05）,Hb、Hct低于术前（P〈0．05）,但也都位于正常参考值范围内,PIt比术前明显降低（P〈0．01）,WBC较术前明显增高（P〈0．01）,术后引流量均在可接受的范围内。所有患者在回输血过程中均无明显的不良输血反应。结论回收式自体血液回输可有效减少心脏瓣膜置换术中血液丢失,减少异体血输注量,减少输血费用,避免血液传播疾病及各种输血反应的发生。     

腰椎间盘突出症手术中预存式自体输血的应用研究

目的探讨预存式自体输血在腰椎间盘突出手术中的效果。方法从本院腰椎间盘突出患者中选择60例术中输血患者的资料,其中30例患者采用预存式自体输血（观察组）,另外30例患者采用常规方式输血（对照组）,记录两组患者术中自体及异体输血量,检查两组患者术后血常规及输血相关不良反应,并进行统计比较。结果对照组患者异体输血（380±140）mL,5例患者出现皮疹、低热等不良反应,对症处理后好转;研究组自体输血（390±180）mL,1例出现心率减低,两组术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组不良反应比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组输血3 d后白细胞较术前升高,血小板较术前降低,血红蛋白降低,治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组术后3、7 d红细胞、血红蛋白、血小板比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论腰椎间盘突出症手术中采用预存式自体输血可以避免异体输血,减少输血不良反应,且自体输血对患者血常规的影响较小,促进血常规更快恢复正常,值得应用。     

危重病房患者贫血及红细胞输注调查

目的:了解危重病房患者的贫血及红细胞输注情况,为进一步安全合理输血提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2010年10月至2011年10月期间在郑州市某三级甲等医院ICU病房住院患者的输血情况。结果:共调查了782名住院患者,有245名接受了输血,共接受了561次输血,其中不合理输血次数为169次,所占比例为30.1%,输血患者和未输血患者住院天数、转归有统计学差异。结论:ICU住院患者接受了大量红细胞输注,约30.1%的患者红细胞输注治疗无明显输血指征,临床医师输血培训有待进一步加强。     

自体血回输在儿童癫痫手术中的应用

目的 探讨自体血回输技术在儿童癫痫手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学宣武医院功能神经外科2014年1月至2016年12月行癫痫手术的43例患儿的临床资料.根据术中是否应用自体血回输分为自体血组和非自体血组.比较两组患者在临床特征、术中术后情况及异体输血等方面的差异.结果 自体血组26例(60.5％),非自体血组17例(39.5％).自体血组患者的年龄、身高、体重、病灶切除范围、手术时间、术中失血量均大于非自体血组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).自体血组术中输注异体红细胞者10例(38.5％),非自体血组9例(52.9％),差异无统计学意义(P=0.35).两组患者术前、术后血红蛋白、术中血浆的输注率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患者术中生命体征均平稳,无严重不良事件发生.结论 自体血液回输可能降低术中异体红细胞的输注率,可安全、有效地应用于儿童癫痫手术.     

回收式自体输血的临床应用体会

目的回顾我院回收式自体输血的术中应用及患者术后恢复情况,评价回收式自体输血的安全性和有效性。方法回顾725例术中应用回收式自体输血的患者回收、回输血液量、术后输注异体血以及治愈情况。比较其中未输异体血的140例回收式自体输血患者术前、术后1d和术后5d的红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（Hct）、白细胞计数（WBC）、血小板计数（PLT）。结果经血液回收机回收血液总量1501920ml,平均每例2072ml。725例患者中,死亡7例术后,其余患者均康复出院。术后1d与术前比较RBC、Hb、Hct、PLT、WBC间差别有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;术后5d与术前各指标间差别无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。结论回收式自体输血可以减少异体血的输注,缓解血源紧张,降低输血并发症及医疗费用,在抢救大出血时发挥着积极作用。     

急性等容稀释联合血液回收自体输血在RH(D)阴性稀有血型患者外科手术的应用

目的探讨急性等容稀释(ANH)联合术中血液回收自体输血在RH(D)阴性稀有血型患者行外科手术的安全性和可行性。方法选择行外科手术RH(D)阴性稀有血型患者20例,全身麻醉后行急性等容稀释联合术中血液回收。观察患者术前(T0)、血液稀释后(T1)、输自体血前(T2)、输回收血后(T3)、输术前采集的全血后(T4)5个时点的HBG、HCT、PLT、APTT、PT和FIB的变化并进行比较。记录ANH时采血量、回收洗涤红细胞量。结果全部手术患者ANH时采血量平均为(590.00±137.27)ml,术中回收洗涤红细胞量平均(562.50±179.09)ml,输异体血0ml;不同时点的HBG、HCT、PLT、APTT、PT、FIB比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。APTT、PT在T1与T0比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而T2与T0、T3与T2、T4与T3之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但仍在正常对照值范围内。HBG、HCT、PLT和FIB在T1与T0、T2与T0、T3与T2、T4与T3之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论采用急性等容稀释联合血液回收自体输血可节约血液资源,避免输异体血,解决RH(D)阴性血源稀缺难题,可安全用于RH(D)阴性稀有血型外科手术患者。     

术中使用血液回收机的节约用血效果及其对凝血功能的影响

目的观察术中使用血液回收机(cell saver,CS)的节约用血效果及其对患者血液学和凝血功能的影响.方法选择各类择期手术患者138例,使用CS行术野血液回收.分别测定术前、回收血液全部回输后及术后1 d血常规、生化及凝血功能指标.结果共回收浓缩红细胞悬液112 056ml,平均每例812 ml.自体输血量占输血总量的48%～89%,异体输血率为5%～100%.与术前相比,输入回收血液后和术后1 d血红蛋白浓度、血小板计数、总蛋白及血浆纤维蛋白原浓度显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而凝血酶原时间显著延长(P＜0.05).结论术中使用CS可在一定程度上减少对库血的需求量,但大量输入回收的血液可影响凝血功能.     

Should donor blood be screened for elevated alanine aminotransferase levels? A cost-effectiveness analysis

We examined the cost-effectiveness of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) screening of donor blood to prevent non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. Based on estimated costs of ALT screening, blood replacement, and medical evaluation of donors with high ALT levels, we concluded that screening at an ALT level of 45 IU would cost $3.82 per unit. In a population requiring an average of 3.7 units per transfusion, one case of hepatitis would be prevented for every 115 units screened, resulting in a cost of $439 per case prevented. With an estimated direct medical cost of $1,181 per case of non-A, non-B hepatitis, expected net savings for each case prevented would be $742. Screening at other ALT thresholds would be less cost-saving. Sensitivity analyses indicate that screening would be cost-saving for a wide range of cost estimates and number of units per transfusion. Alanine aminotransferase screening is warranted until more sensitive and specific screening tests for transmissibility of non-A, non-B hepatitis become available.     

Cost analysis of magnetic resonance imaging at St. Joseph's Health Centre of London.

In April 1986 St. Joseph's Health Centre of London, Ont., completed 3 years of operating a magnetic resonance imaging unit. The first 2 years were devoted to research and development. From Apr. 1, 1985, to Mar. 31, 1986, the unit operated as the first clinical service unit in Canada. Over the 12 months 1671 patients (an average of 9 patients per 12-hour day) were examined. Studies of the brain (62%) and the spine (21%) accounted for most of the procedures. The operating costs for the year were $892,000; revenues totalled $449,000, for a deficit of $443,000. The average technical cost per patient was $534. Increasing the number of patients examined per year would lower the cost to $431.     

Use of interventions to minimise perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in Australia. A survey by the International Study of Perioperative Transfusion (ISPOT) Study Group

OBJECTIVE: To investigate use of interventions to minimise need for perioperative transfusion of allogeneic blood in surgical units in Australia. DESIGN: Two questionnaire-based surveys of practice. SETTING: All hospitals in Australia, 1996-1997. PARTICIPANTS: Survey 1: all Australian hospitals that have at least 50 beds and undertake surgery; Survey 2: surgical units identified as using the interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported rates of use of the various interventions (preoperative autologous donation, acute normovolaemic haemodilution [ANH], cell salvage, and drugs); use of guidelines; and perceptions about the appropriateness of current levels of use. RESULTS: Survey 1 was returned by 349 of 400 hospitals (87%) and Survey 2 by 324 of 578 surgical units (56%). Preoperative autologous donation was most widely used (70% of hospitals), most commonly in units performing orthopaedic or vascular surgery (65% and 37%, respectively). Cell salvage and ANH were used by 27% and 24% of hospitals, respectively, most often in units performing cardiothoracic (40% and 44%, respectively) and vascular surgery (29% and 15%, respectively). These three interventions were used significantly more in private than in public hospitals (P < 0.05). Use of printed guidelines was uncommon. Respondents considered that autologous transfusion techniques should be used more widely because of their perceived efficacy and concerns about safety of allogeneic blood. Perceived barriers to greater use included lack of surgeon or physician interest, uncertain scheduling of surgery in public hospitals and cost (cell salvage). Drugs to minimise blood loss were used by fewer than 10% of hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to minimise the need for perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion (apart from drugs) are widely used in Australia. However, enthusiasm for intraoperative techniques of re-infusing autologous blood needs to be assessed against the evidence of their efficacy and cost-effectiveness.     

围术期异体与自体输血对患者免疫功能的影响及临床意义

目的：探讨并论述异体与自体输血对患者免疫功能的影响及意义。方法：阅读关于异体与自体输血对患者免疫功能的影响方面的文献，进行总结。结果：输血免疫研究对手术患者的愈后及疾病治疗的创新都将有重要的理论与实用价值。结论：自体输血代替异体输血，从免疫学角度看优势很多，自体输血对患者免疫功能的影响将成为今后研究的热点和重点。     

自体血小板分离回输对体外循环心脏直视手术患者血液的保护作用

目的 评价自体血小板分离(autologous patelet-richplasma, aPRP)回输对体外循环心脏直视手术患者的血液保护作用。方法 选择体外循环心脏直视手术患者90例,将患者随机分为对照组(n=45)和自体血小板分离组(aPRP组,n=45)。aPRP组在麻醉诱导后行血小板分离,在肝素化之前完成富血小板血浆提取,于体外循环结束、鱼精蛋白中和肝素后回输,对照组不行血小板分离。于术前,术后1、24和48h记录Hb、Plt、PT、APTT及Fib,记录体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、术后引流量、输血情况。结果 aPRP组采集并回输富血小板血浆(323±117)ml,Plt分离时间(45±8)min。与对照组比较,aPRP组术后24h内引流量、输注异体血率下降(P＜0.05)。结论 自体血小板分离回输可改善体外循环心脏直视手术患者的凝血功能,降低术后出血量和异体血输注,具有血液保护作用。     

自体输血对创伤性颅脑损伤患者凝血功能的影响

目的 观察术中回收式自体输血对创伤性颅脑损伤患者凝血功能的影响.方法 创伤性颅脑损伤行急诊开颅手术的患者199例,按是否使用自体输血分为自体血组108例和异体血组91例.观察两组患者手术出血量、输血量、输注含凝血成分血制品比例,以及入院时和出院时的凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶原时间比值(PT-INR)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶时间(TT).结果 自体血组输注含凝血成分血制品比例少于异体血组,术中输注异体红细胞、冷沉淀少于异体血组(P＜0.05).出院时两组患者PT、PT-INR、APTT、FIB、TT计数均明显高于入院时(P＜0.05),但两组间上述指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 自体输血不影响创伤性颅脑损伤手术患者的凝血功能.