重组人ω-干扰素的制备及活性分析

目的：建立人ω-干扰素（hIFN-ω）的大肠杆菌表达系统，为人ω-干扰素的生产及临床应用奠定基础。方法：自抗凝血中提取人基因组DNA，PCR扩增人ω-干扰素成熟肽编码序列克隆入pGEM—T—easy载体，进一步构建表达型重组质粒pBV-IFN-ω，温度诱导表达，表达产物行SDS-PAGE及Western blot鉴定。溶解并复性包涵体，细胞病变抑制法测定表达产物的抗病毒活性。结果：DNA序列分析证实，重组质粒pBV-IFN-ω含有开放读码框架正确的人ω-干扰素成熟肽编码序列。SDSPAGE显示，诱导表达碎菌后的沉淀中有大小约为20kD的外源蛋白，Western blot证明此外源蛋白为重组人ω-干扰素，并经体外活性测定证实有良好的抗病毒活性。结论：成功地构建了人ω-干扰素（IFN-ω）的大肠杆菌表达系统，表达出具有抗病毒活性的重组人ω-干扰素。     

BAC5-scFv的表达、复性及活性检测

目的探讨以包涵体形式表达的抗鼻咽癌单克隆抗体(mAb)BAC5的单链抗体(BAC5-scFv)的纯化、复性方法,并对其活性进行检测。方法扩增pET-22b-scFv质粒转化的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,培养、破菌后,分离和变性包涵体,用Ni-NTA His Bind层析柱纯化变性的scFv。经稀释、透析及尿素梯度凝胶层析柱3种方法进行复性。用细胞免疫组化染色和蛋白印迹法(Western blot),鉴定复性后的BAC5-scFv的免疫活性。结果Ni-NTA His Bind亲和层析柱能有效纯化变性的scFv。以尿素梯度凝胶层析柱复性的蛋白回收率最高。免疫细胞化学染色法检测及Western blot分析证实,复性后的BAC5-scFv可与CNE2细胞上的抗原特异性结合。结论以包涵体形式表达的BAC5-scFv经变性、纯化及复性后,获得良好的免疫活性,为大量制备具有活性的BAC5-scFv,并用于鼻咽癌的放射免疫显像和治疗研究奠定了基础。     

可溶性巨噬细胞集落刺激因子受体基因的克隆和原核表达

目的：克隆可溶性巨噬细胞集落刺激因子受体（sMR）基因，在大肠杆菌中表达，经纯化、复性后获得活性蛋白。 方法： 从人骨髓细胞中提取总RNA，在sMR基因引物两端分别加上NdeI和BamHI酶切位点，利用RT-PCR技术扩增sMR基因，经NdeⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切后连接到表达载体pET28a，测序证实克隆基因的正确性，并在大肠杆菌BL21菌株中诱导表达，采用his-tag纯化柱纯化目的蛋白，并经复性处理，配体结合实验证实蛋白活性。 结果： 限制性内切酶切出了预期条带，测序证实了克隆基因的正确性，sMR经诱导后在大肠杆菌中以包涵体形式表达，表达蛋白经纯化和复性处理，获得了具有活性的功能蛋白。 结论： 成功克隆与表达了sMR基因，得到了具有活性的功能蛋白，为进一步研究其生物学功能和应用奠定了基础。     

靶向性抗肿瘤融合蛋白RGD-hIL-24的构建、表达和体外活性研究

目的构建靶向性抗肿瘤融合蛋白RGD-hIL-24,并对其体外抗肿瘤效应和肿瘤靶向性进行初步研究。方法利用PCR技术将GRGDS序列融合至hIL-24的N端,并将融合基因连接至表达载体pET-22b后,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)内进行表达。亲和层析法纯化RGD-hIL-24,复性后采用MTT比色法、荧光染色分析其体外抗肿瘤活性,并通过细胞黏附实验评价其肿瘤靶向性。结果获得RGD-hIL-24基因,序列分析正确。SDS-PAGE和Western blot证明融合基因在大肠杆菌表达相对分子质量(Mr)约为20×103的RGD-hIL-24,占全菌蛋白的26．47％,主要以包涵体形式存在。纯化后的蛋白纯度达90％以上。复性后的RGD-hIL-24能够诱导MCF-7乳腺癌细胞凋亡,显著抑制其生长,并具有肿瘤靶向性。结论大肠杆菌成功表达RGD-hIL-24融合蛋白,体外实验证实RGD-hIL-24具有显著的抗肿瘤活性和肿瘤靶向性,为其在体内抗肿瘤效应和靶向性研究奠定了基础。     

人IL-24基因的克隆、 表达、 纯化及体外诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的研究

目的:克隆人白细胞介素-24(IL-24)基因,在大肠杆菌中融合表达,纯化复性,研究此融合蛋白的抗肿瘤活性。方法:分离人外周血单个核细胞,ConA刺激培养,提取细胞总RNA,RT-PCR技术克隆人IL-24基因。将IL-24插入到pET32a( )中,构建重组表达载体IL-24/pET32a,IPTG诱导在E.coli表达。Edman法N端测序,将鉴定正确的蛋白亲合层析纯化。MTT比色法体外分析杀伤肿瘤细胞的活性。结果:获得人IL-24基因,序列分析与GenBank公布一致。表达载体用双酶切和PCR鉴定正确。重组工程菌经IPTG诱导后表达相对分子质量(Mr)约为35000的融合蛋白。N端测序正确,鉴定该蛋白以包涵体形式表达。包涵体经洗涤、溶解后,亲合纯化得到纯度大于95%的融合蛋白。复性后表达产物能显著诱导MCF-7乳腺癌细胞凋亡(P<0.05)。结论:IL-24融合蛋白在原核细胞中高效表达,并获得高纯度、在体外明显诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡的重组蛋白,为后续的研究提供实验基础。     

人白细胞介素18(hIL-18)的纯化及生物学活性的鉴定

目的：在大肠杆菌中高效表达重组人IL-18(rhIL-18)蛋白，制备具有高纯度、高活性的rhIL-18。方法：用IFTG诱导重组蛋白表达载体pKK223-3／hIL-18进行蛋白表达；菌体经超声破碎分离包含体，并对包含体进行洗涤、变性和复性处理，用DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B阴离子交换柱纯化复性的rhIL-18；以人外周血单核淋巴细胞，通过T细胞增殖实验、^125I-UdR标记的细胞毒实验、ELISA方法检测细胞因子的产生量等方法，测定rhIL-18的生物学活性。结果：在大肠杆菌中成功地诱导、表达了rhIL-18，SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离显示在分子量大约18．3kD处有一诱导蛋白带，Western blot证明表达产物与抗IL-18单克隆抗体有特异性免疫反应；表达产物经纯化后纯度达94％；表达的rhIL-18蛋白具有促进T细胞增殖、增强NK细胞细胞毒作用及诱导外周血单核淋巴细胞合成IFN-γ的能力，基本上具有天然IL-18相同的生物学活性。结论：为rhIL-18的获得及为进一步研究其生物学功能提供了一定的条件，并为将rhIL-18用于肿瘤的免疫生物治疗奠定了基础。     

缺第4外显子的IL-7剪接变异体的表达、纯化与活性研究

目的构建、表达和纯化缺乏第4外显子的IL-7剪接变异体IL-7δ4(interleukin-7 splice variant lacking exon4,IL-7δ4),并对其生物活性进行初步研究。方法将TA克隆成功的IL-7δ4基因克隆至p ET-21b载体中,构建p ET-21b-IL-7δ4的原核表达载体,阳性克隆经测序正确后转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,进行IL-7δ4重组蛋白的表达、复性、纯化、Western blot法鉴定,分析其对外周血单核细胞凋亡蛋白BCL-2表达及凋亡的影响。结果成功构建重组原核表达质粒p ET-21b-IL-7δ4,表达蛋白的相对分子质量为12 400,与预期大小一致;复性效率较高(约65%),纯化后获得的蛋白纯度大于95%,Western blot证实其为rh IL-7δ4;与对照组比较,rh IL-7δ4能明显诱导外周血单核细胞凋亡蛋白BCL-2的表达,并抑制其凋亡(P<0.01)。结论成功表达高纯度且具有生物活性的rh IL-7δ4复性蛋白,它能明显上调外周血单核细胞凋亡蛋白BCL-2的表达,起抑制PBMCs凋亡作用。     

结核分枝杆菌休眠生存调节子蛋白Rv2628的表达、纯化及其兔多克隆抗体的制备

目的 表达和纯化结核分枝杆菌休眠生存调节子蛋白Rv2628,制备并鉴定其兔多克隆抗体。方法 以结核分枝杆菌H37Rv株基因组DNA为模板，扩增Rv2628基因，构建重组表达质粒，转化至大肠杆菌表达菌株中，经异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达，利用镍-次氮基三乙酸(Ni-NTA)层析柱纯化目的蛋白，以纯化Rv2628蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔获得兔多克隆抗体，分别利用Western blot法和间接ELISA验证多克隆抗体的特异性。结果 成功构建pET-30a-Rv2628重组载体，IPTG诱导后Rv2628蛋白在大肠杆菌主要以包涵体形式表达，Ni-NTA层析柱纯化获得高纯度Rv2628蛋白。免疫兔后获得兔抗Rv2628多克隆抗体具有良好的抗原结合特性，且抗体效价达1∶1 093 500。结论 成功制备高纯度Rv2628蛋白及高效价兔抗Rv2628多克隆抗体。     

生物工程技术制备人源抗-HBs Fab 片段

目的：用生物工程技术制备人源性抗-HBsFab。方法：将从抗体文库中筛选出的人源抗-HBsFab基因克隆入pBAD/gⅢA载体，进而转化Tpo10大肠杆菌，对重组质粒菌发酵表达后，利用Ni-NTA-Agarose螯合层析柱纯化周质腔可溶性Fab蛋白。对所得包涵体依次变性，溶解，纯化后，利用透析进行复性，用Western blot检测Fab蛋白的特异性，Dot blot测定其生物学活性。结果：经Ni-NTA-Agarose柱纯化的周质腔可溶性Fab蛋白，有较好的生物学活性，并且总量达到80mg/L。对所获包涵体进行透析复性后，也可得到少量有活性的蛋白，但比例很小。结论；用pBAD/gⅢA-Top10表达系统表达人源抗-HBsFab片段，发酵培养后，经有效纯化可得到生物学活性较好的可溶性蛋白。为人源抗-HBsFab片段的大量制备提供了有效手段。     

人重组核凋亡诱导因子1截短体在大肠杆菌中的表达及纯化

目的：核凋亡诱导因子1（Nuclear apoptosis—inducing factorj，NAIF1）是本实验室首次克隆和鉴定的新凋亡基因，为了通过Polldown实验研究其结合蛋白，在大肠杆菌中表达和纯化人重组NAIF1（73-327）的截短体。方法：通过PCR方法扩增出NAIF1（73—327）cDNA，并插入pGEX—KG载体，实现插入基因的融合表达，对表达产物进行SDS—PAGE、Western blot和电喷雾电离-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（ESI—Q-TOF—MS／MS）检测分析。结果：DNA测序结果证实成功构建了重组融合表达质粒pGEX—KG—NAIF1（73-327），并在大肠杆菌中稳定表达，表达产物分子量约为53kD，与预期一致，表达量约占菌体总蛋白的22％，纯化蛋白经Western blot和二级质谱（MS／MS）分析证明表达蛋白为GST—NAIF1（73-327）融合蛋白。结论：获得了重纩GST—NAIF1（73-327）融合蛋白的高效表达，为下阶段NAIFl的结构与功能研究打下了基础。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.