Outcomes of elderly critically ill medical and surgical patients: a multicentre cohort study

Purpose

Very elderly (over 80 yr of age) critically ill patients admitted to medical-surgical intensive care units (ICUs) have a high incidence of mortality, prolonged hospital length of stay, and dependent living conditions should they survive. The primary purpose of this study is to describe the outcomes and differences in outcomes between very elderly medical patients and their surgical counterparts admitted to Canadian ICUs, thereby informing decision-making for clinicians and substitute decision-makers.

Methods

This was a prospective multicentre cohort study of very elderly medical and surgical patients admitted to 22 Canadian academic and non-academic ICUs. Outcome measures included ICU length of stay and mortality, hospital length of stay and mortality, and disposition following hospital discharge.

Results

There were 1,671 patients evaluated in this study. Patient demographics included a mean age of 84.5 yr, baseline Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score of 22.4, baseline Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score of 5.3, overall ICU mortality of 21.8%, and overall hospital mortality of 35.0%. Medical patient median ICU length of stay was 4.1 days, hospital length of stay was 16.2 days, ICU mortality was 26.5%, and hospital mortality was 41.5%. Surgical patient median ICU length of stay was 3.8 days, hospital length of stay was 20.1 days, ICU mortality was 18.7%, and hospital mortality was 31.6%. Only 45.0% of medical patients and 41.6% of surgical emergency patients were able to return home to live.

Conclusions

In this large sample of critically ill medical and surgical patients, the admission SOFA score and hospital lengths of stay were not different between the two groups, but medical patients had longer ICU lengths of stay and higher ICU and hospital mortality than surgical patients.

     

Prolonged rehospitalizations following renal transplantation: causes, risk factors, and outcomes

BACKGROUND: Although some studies have described rehospitalization after transplantation, few have focused on risk factors and consequences of prolonged hospital stay. Our goal was to determine the causes, risk factors, and outcomes of prolonged rehospitalizations after renal transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 574 randomly selected rehospitalization records of kidney transplant recipients were reviewed from 1994 to 2006. Admissions were divided into group 1, prolonged stay (length of stay >14 days, n=149), and group II, short stay (length of stay 62% of all hospital costs; however, they comprised only 26% of the patients. High-risk kidney transplant recipients for prolonged hospitalizations should be closely observed for infections and graft rejection.     

Readmission to the intensive care unit: An indicator that reflects the potential risks of morbidity and mortality of surgical patients in the intensive care unit

Purpose  To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of surgical patients who were readmitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods  The data were collected for all readmissions to the surgical ICUs in a tertiary hospital in the year 2003. Results  Of all the 945 ICU discharges, 110 patients (11.6%) were readmitted. They had a longer initial ICU stay (8.05 ± 7.17 vs 5.22 ± 4.95, P < 0.001) and were older and in a more severe condition than those not readmitted, but with a longer hospital stay and higher mortality rate (40% vs 3.6%, P < 0.001). A total of 26.4% of the readmission patients had an early readmission (<48 h), with a lower mortality rate than those with a late readmission (24.1% vs 45.7%, P = 0.049). A total of 46.4% of the patients were readmitted with the same diagnosis while the rest were readmitted with a new complication. Respiratory disease was the most common diagnosis for patients readmitted with a new complication (66.1%). The nonsurvivors had a significantly higher second Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score (22.1 ± 8.8 vs.14.6 ± 7.4, P < 0.001) and second Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) score (30.1 ± 8.7 vs 24.7 ± 7.6, P = 0.001) and a longer stay in the first ICU admission (10.4 ± 9 days vs 6.4 ± 5 days, P = 0.010). A multivariate analysis showed that the first ICU length of stay and the APACHE II score at the time of readmission were the two risk factors for mortality. Conclusion  The mortality of surgical patients with ICU readmission was high with respiratory complications being the most important issue.     

Dementia as a predictor of mortality in adult trauma patients

Background

The specific contribution of dementia towards mortality in trauma patients is not well defined. The purpose of the study was to evaluate dementia as a predictor of mortality in trauma patients when compared to case-matched controls.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in the trauma intensive care unit: Morbid but not mortal

HYPOTHESIS: The diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) carries significant additional morbidity and mortality among critically injured patients. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study using a prospectively maintained ARDS database. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in an academic county hospital. PATIENTS: All trauma patients admitted to the ICU from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2003, who developed ARDS as defined by (1) acute onset, (2) a partial pressure of arterial oxygen-fraction of inspired oxygen ratio of 200 or less, (3) bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiographs, and (4) absence of left-sided heart failure. Each patient with ARDS was matched with 2 control patients without ARDS on the basis of sex, age (+/-5 years), mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating), Injury Severity Score (+/-3), and chest Abbreviated Injury Score (+/-1). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality, hospital charges, hospital and ICU lengths of stay, and complications (defined as pneumonia, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, acute renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy). RESULTS: Of 2042 trauma ICU admissions, 216 patients (10.6%) met criteria for ARDS. We identified 432 similarly injured control patients. Compared with controls, trauma patients with ARDS had more complications (43.1% vs 9.5%), longer hospital (32.2 vs 17.9 days) and ICU (22.1 vs 8.4 days) lengths of stay, and higher hospital charges (267,037 dollars vs 136,680 dollars) (P < .01 for all), but mortality was similar (27.8% vs 25.0%, P = .48). CONCLUSION: Although ARDS is associated with increased morbidity, hospital and ICU length of stay, and costs, it does not increase overall mortality among critically ill trauma patients.     

Survival and quality of life after prolonged intensive care unit stay

There are few data on long-term outcomes in mixed groups of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with prolonged stays. We evaluated the relationship between length of stay in the ICU and long-term outcome in all patients admitted to our 31-bed department of medico-surgical intensive care over a one-year period who stayed in the department for more than 10 days (n = 189, 7% of all ICU admissions). Mortality increased with length of stay from 1 to 10 days (1 day 5%, 5 days 15%, 9 days 24%, 10 days 33%) but remained stable at about 35% for longer ICU stays. In the long-stay patients, the most common reasons for ICU admission were intracranial bleeding (23%), polytrauma (14%), respiratory failure (13%) and septic shock (11%). The main reasons for prolonged ICU stay were ventilator dependency (40%), infectious complications (23%) and coma (16%). Long-stay patients had a 65% ICU survival, 55% hospital survival and 37% one-year survival. At one-year follow-up, 73% of surviving patients reported no or minor persistent physical complaints compared to before the acute illness; 27% had a major functional impairment, including 8% who required daily assistance. In conclusion, in ICU patients, mortality increases with length of stay up to 10 days. Patients staying in the ICU for more than 10 days have a relatively good long-term survival. Most survivors have an acceptable quality of life.     

Self-expanding metallic stent as a bridge to surgery versus emergency resection for obstructing left-sided colorectal cancer: A case-matched study

This study aimed to compare the outcomes of patients who suffered from obstructing left-sided colorectal cancer, treated with self-expanding metallic stent (SEMS) as a bridge to surgery, with those who underwent emergency operation. Twenty patients who had acute obstruction due to left-sided colorectal cancer underwent surgical resection after insertion of SEMS (group I) were matched to 40 patients with emergency colonic resection (group II). The two groups were compared for the incidence of primary anastomosis, stoma rate, hospital stay, duration of intensive care, postoperative morbidity, and mortality. Both groups had similar preoperative comorbidity and stage of disease, but the tumors in group I were more distally located (P<0.001). In group I, one patient developed colon perforation and required Hartmann’s operation. All the other patients underwent elective operation with primary anastomosis. In group II, primary anastomosis was performed in 29 patients (72.5%; P=0.047). The operative mortality of group I and group II was 5% and 12.5%, respectively (P=0.653). Significantly shorter median postoperative hospital stay and median stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) were observed in group I (9 days [range, 5–39 days] vs. 12 days [range, 8–49 days], P=0.015 and 0 day [range, 0–17 days] vs. 0.5 day [range, 0–18 days], P=0.022, respectively). There were no differences in hospital mortality (P=0.653) or 30-day mortality (P=0.653). Both groups had similar reoperation rates, surgical complications, and medical complications. When compared with emergency resection, insertion of SEMS as a bridge to surgery for obstructing left-sided colorectal cancer is associated with a higher rate of primary anastomosis as well as a better outcome in terms of hospital stay and stay in the ICU. The wider application of this treatment option for obstructing colorectal cancer warranted further studies. Presented at Digestive Disease Week, SSAT/ASCRS Joint Symposium, Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–19, 2005.     

What Happens After Discharge? An Analysis of Long‐Term Survival in Cardiac Surgical Patients Requiring Prolonged Intensive Care

Abstract Background: Cardiac surgical patients with postoperative complications frequently require prolonged intensive care yet survive to hospital discharge. Methods: From January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2007, 11,541 consecutive patients underwent cardiac operations at a single academic institution. Of these, 11,084 (95.9%) survived to hospital discharge and comprised the study sample. Patients were retrospectively categorized into four groups according to intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS): <3 days, three to seven days, 7 to 14 days, and >14 days. Survival at 12 months was determined using the Social Security Death Index. Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling (hazard ratio, HR) were used to analyze group differences in survival. Results: One‐year survival among the four groups according to ICU LOS was: <3 days, 97.0% (8407/8666); three to seven days, 91.2% (1481/1625); 7 to 14 days, 87.9% (356/405); and >14 days, 68.3% (265/388) (p < 0.001). Using multivariable regression analysis, adjusted overall mortality was significantly greater in patients with ICU LOS of three to seven days (HR = 1.51), 7 to 14 days (HR = 1.40), and >14 days (HR = 1.90) compared to patients with ICU LOS <3 days. Mortality among patients who survived more than six months postsurgery was significantly greater in patients with ICU LOS of three to seven days (HR = 1.37), 7 to 14 days (HR = 1.34), and >14 days (HR = 1.63). Conclusions: Although cardiac surgery patients with major postoperative complications frequently survive to hospital discharge, survival after discharge is significantly reduced in patients requiring prolonged ICU care. Reduced survival in patients with a high risk of complications and anticipated long ICU stays should be considered when discussing surgical versus nonsurgical options. (J Card Surg 2012;27:13‐19)     

Prolonged surgical intensive care. A useful allocation of medical resources

To determine factors related to outcome following prolonged stays in the surgical intensive care unit (ICU), we reviewed the charts of all 59 patients who required surgical ICU stays of one week or longer during 1982 (63 admissions). Overall ICU survival was 58.7% and varied inversely with acute illness severity, length of ICU stay, and hospital cost. The need for renal dialysis and prolonged mechanical ventilatory support were associated with bad outcomes. Age did not affect ICU survival. Follow-up survival was 33% of the original group or 56.8% of ICU survivors. Poor chronic health was associated with a high late mortality. The functional status of surviving patients was satisfactory, with 18 of 21 patients living independently. We conclude that there is significant survival following prolonged ICU therapy, and that, although identifiable factors related to outcome exist, none alone permit the discontinuation of therapy on an individual basis.     

Preoperative expiratory and inspiratory muscle weakness to predict postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery

Background: Few studies have evaluated preoperative respiratory muscle strength as a risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of preoperative inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW) and preoperative expiratory muscle weakness (EMW) with duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), and mortality in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Materials and methods: This was a prospective observational study. Patients admitted for elective cardiac surgery were recruited. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure were measured before surgery. A multivariate regression model was used to adjust for possible confounding variables and test the association of IMW and EMW with the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the ICU, PPCs, and hospital mortality. Results: Two hundred and fifty-five patients were included in this study. The presence of IMW was associated with an increase in the duration of mechanical ventilation (P = .012). The presence of EMW was associated with a reduction in the incidence of PPCs (P = .005). IMW had no significant association with length of stay in the ICU, PPCs, or hospital mortality. EMW had no significant association with the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the ICU, or hospital mortality. Conclusions: In patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery, preoperative IMW is associated with the duration of mechanical ventilation while preoperative EMW is associated with a decrease in PPCs.     

Immediate flap increases patient safety for deep sternal wound infection: A meta-analysis

Deep sternal wound infection is a severe complication after cardiac surgery. We performed a meta-analysis evaluating the impact of immediate flap and NPWT on mortality and length of hospital stay. The meta-analysis was registered (CRD42022351755). A systematic literature search was conducted from inception to January, 2023, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and EU Clinical Trials Register. The main outcome were in-hospital mortality and late mortality. And additional outcomes were length of stay and ICU stay time. A total of 438 patients (Immediate flap: 229; NPWT: 209) from four studies were included in this study. Immediate flap was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.81, P = .02) and length of stay (SMD −13.24, 95% CI −20.53 to −5.94, P = .0004). Moreover, pooled analysis demonstrated no significant difference was found in two groups in terms of late mortality (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.35-1.16, P = .14) and ICU stay time (SMD −1.65, 95% CI −4.13 to 0.83, P = .19). Immediate flap could reduce in-hospital mortality and length of stay for patients with deep sternal wound infection. Flap transplantation as soon as possible may be advised.     

Outcome from intensive care. II. A 5-year study of 1308 patients: short-term outcome

All patients (n = 1308) admitted to a multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU) during a 5-year period (1979-83) were followed prospectively. The in-unit mortality was 18% and the in-hospital mortality (mortality during ICU-stay plus mortality during the ensuing hospital stay) was 29%. Increasing age was associated with increasing in-hospital mortality, up to 40% mortality rate in patients aged 80 years and older. Using multiple logistic regression analyses, prognostic factors for mortality were identified. Risk factors for death in the ICU included age, cardiovascular diseases, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal failure. Cancer did not appear as a risk factor. The mortality during the ensuing hospital stay, however, was significantly influenced by cancer as well as the aforementioned risk factors. When controlled for severity of illness, expressed by the level of organ system failure after 48 h of ICU treatment, only sex, sepsis and severity of illness showed significant influence on the mortality in the ICU, and only sex and severity of illness significantly influenced mortality during the ensuing hospital stay after discharge from the ICU.     

Factors which predict safe extubation in the operating room following cardiac surgery

Abstract Background: Extubation in the operating room (OR) after cardiac surgery is hampered by safety concerns, psychological reluctance, and uncertain economic benefit. We have studied the factors affecting the feasibility of extubation in the OR after cardiac surgery and its safety. Methods: The outcomes of 78 patients extubated in the OR after open heart surgery were retrospectively compared to a matched control group of 80 patients with similar demographics, co‐morbidities, and operative procedures, that were performed over the same time period, but extubated in the intensive care unit (ICU) following a standard weaning protocol. Variables collected included the incidence of subsequent unplanned tracheal reintubation in the ICU, postoperative complications, need for mediastinal re‐exploration, surgical and OR times, and ICU and hospital lengths of stay. Results: Out of a total of 372 cardiac procedures performed during the designated time frame, 78 (21%) resulted in extubation in the OR, mostly after off‐pump coronary revascularization (41%) and aortic valve replacement (19.4%). Preoperative hypertension, EF ≥30%, off‐bypass revascularization and shorter surgical times increased the likelihood of extubation in the OR. Extubation in the OR did not increase perioperative morbidity and mortality rates, but decreased the length of ICU and hospital stays. The incidence of unanticipated subsequent tracheal intubation in the ICU was comparable to noncardiac high‐risk procedures (2.5%). Conclusions: Extubation in the OR can be safely performed in a select group of cardiac surgery patients without any increase in postoperative morbidity or mortality. The proposed mathematical model performed reasonably well in predicting a successful extubation in the OR. (J Card Surg 2012;27:275‐280)     

Assessment of intra-operative haemodynamic changes associated with transhiatal and transthoracic oesophagectomy

Objective: Previous comparisons of the different surgical techniques for oesophagectomy have concentrated on mortality, morbidity and survival. There is limited data regarding the intra-operative physiological ramifications of the transhiatal (TH) versus the transthoracic (TT) approach to oesophageal resection. We carried out an in-depth analysis of the intra-operative haemodynamic changes and assessed the potential implications on perioperative outcomes in a matched cohort of patients undergoing TH and TT oesophagectomy. Methods: A retrospective case review study of TT and TH oesophageal resection at a high-volume tertiary referral centre for oesophageal diseases. General demographics and outcomes of the patients were accumulated prospectively in an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved database. Intra-operative haemodynamic measurements were obtained from anaesthetic records. A total of 40 patients (20 TT + 20 TH) were retrospectively identified after matching them for age, co-morbidities, tumour stage and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status. Main outcome measures included perioperative outcomes, operative time, blood loss, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay, incidence and types of dysrhythmias, incidence of intra-operative hypotension and vasopressor usage, as well as perioperative morbidity and 90-day mortality. Results: Indications for resection included oesophageal cancer (27 patients), high-grade dysplasia (six patients), laryngopharyngoesophageal cancer (three patients), achalasia (two patients) and scleroderma (1 patient). Nine patents with oesophageal cancer had pT3 tumours (TH1, TT8). The mortality was zero in both groups. The total duration of hospitalisation and ICU care was similar in both groups. The mean estimated blood loss was 213 ml (range 100–400 ml) for the TH group and 216 ml (range 80–500 ml) for the TT group. The median operating times for both approaches were similar (398 min TH vs 382 min TT). Intra-operative dysrhythmias were noted in 11 TH and 15 TT patients. Both groups maintained at least 80% of the pre-operative systolic blood pressure (SBP) intra-operatively (TT 89% vs TH 85%) and required vasopressors in comparable quantities. The comparative statistical analysis of intra-operative incidences of hypotensive episodes below 100, 90 and 80 mm Hg showed no significant differences in both groups. However, the TH group experienced a greater frequency of acute hypotension (acute SBP decreases by ≥10 mm Hg per 5-min reading) intra-operatively (TH 25% vs TT 16% of operative time), p = 0.02. Phenylephrine infusions were required for longer periods in the TH group (TH 52.7% vs TT 33.6% of operation time), p = 0.01. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that intra-operative haemodynamic changes and perioperative outcomes are similar in both TT and TH approaches for oesophagectomy in a well-matched cohort of patients. Patients undergoing the TH approach demonstrated a higher frequency of intra-operative haemodynamic lability. The approaches to oesophageal resection should be based on matching the operation to the patient's pre-existing conditions and tumour characteristics rather than perceived differences in haemodynamic impact.     

Impact of nosocomial infections in trauma: does age make a difference?

BACKGROUND: The effect of age and infection on outcome after trauma is unknown. We evaluated the incidence and impact that nosocomial infection (NI) and age have on morbidity and mortality. Several risk factors were identified and analyzed for correlation with infection. METHODS: Prospective data were collected on patients admitted for > or = 3 days over a 2-year period. Each patient was followed by an infectious disease specialist throughout their hospitalization. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines were used to diagnose infection. RESULTS: Of the 3,254 patients admitted, 88% were < 65 and 12% were > or = 65 years of age. Injury Severity Score was not significantly different (older vs. younger). Five hundred one (17.4%) of the younger patients developed an NI with a significantly higher hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, and mortality compared with the noninfected group. One hundred forty-seven (39%) of the older group developed an NI and also had significant increases in hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and mortality. Older infected patients had the highest hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and mortality. The greatest relative risk of mortality was demonstrated with the combination of increased age and NI. Once infected, however, younger patients with penetrating trauma had a greater relative risk of mortality in the group-specific comparison. Many risk factors were associated with infection. Only chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in elderly trauma patients was a significant independent risk factor for infection. CONCLUSION: NI significantly increases hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and mortality after injury. Age increases risk of infection matched for injury severity, with a significantly higher hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and mortality. Once infected, however, younger patients with penetrating trauma have the greatest risk of mortality. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in elderly trauma patients was found to be an independent predictor of infection.     

Effect of nosocomial bloodstream infection on the outcome of critically ill patients with acute renal failure treated with renal replacement therapy

Critically ill patients with acute renal failure (ARF) treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) have a high mortality. The authors evaluated a cohort of 704 consecutive intensive care unit (ICU) patients with ARF treated with RRT to determine whether there was an increased incidence of nosocomial bloodstream infection and whether this resulted in a worse outcome. The incidence of nosocomial bloodstream infection was 8.8%, higher than that reported in other series of general ICU patients and also higher than the 3.5% incidence of bloodstream infection in non-ARF patients in the same unit (P < 0.001). There were more bloodstream infections caused by Gram-positive species compared with Gram-negative species or fungi. The distribution over the species was comparable to that reported by others for a general ICU population. The outcome was evaluated with matched cohort analysis. With this technique, patients with bloodstream infection (exposed) were closely matched with patients without bloodstream infection (non-exposed) in a 1:2 ratio. Matching was based on the APACHE II system and length of stay before bloodstream infection (exposure time). Length of stay and mortality were equal in exposed and non-exposed patients. There was also no difference in hospital costs. It can be concluded that critically ill patients with ARF treated with RRT were more susceptible to nosocomial bloodstream infection. Nevertheless, the outcome was not influenced by the presence of bloodstream infection. The high mortality observed in ARF patients could therefore not be attributed to the higher incidence of bloodstream infection.     

Does multi-vessel off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting reduce post operative morbidity compared to on-pump CABG?

Background Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may contribute to the complications and it is assumed that eliminating cardiopulmonary bypass has the potential of reducing post operative morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The study was carried out to compare mortality and morbidity in the off-pump and on-pump CABG groups. Methods We prospectively analysed 200 patients undergoing CABG. Group A consists of 100 patients underwent multi-vessel off-pump CABG and group B consists of 100 patients underwent CABG with CPB. The incidence of complications (mortality, re-exploration for bleeding, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, neurological events, new onset renal failure (s. creatinine>1.6 mg/dL) pulmonary complications, length of ICU stay and hospital stay were recorded, analysed and compared. Results OPCAB patients received 2.73±0.61 grafts/patient and on-pump CABG patients received 3.39±0.75 grafts/patient (p value<0.00001). There was no significant statistical difference in mortality, incidence of stroke between OPCAB and CABG with CPB patients. Length of ICU stay was 32.84±4.22 vs 44.85±7.18 hrs (p value<0.00001) and hospital stay was 6.52±0.69 vs 7.94±0.92 days (p value<0.00001) between group A and group B respectively. Incidence of atrial fibrillation was less in OPCAB group 7% vs 12% although it was statistically not significant (p value 0.33). It was observed in our study that there was no significant deference in worsening of existing renal failure between on-pump CABG and OPCAB 6% vs 2% (P value 0.28). Blood utilization was significantly less in OPCAB group (p value<0.001). Conclusion There was no statistically significant difference in terms of mortality, incidence of stroke and new onset renal failure in both groups. But there was lesser incidence of post operative atrial fibrillation, worsening of existing renal failure in off-pump group though statistically not significant. There was significant reduction in blood utilization, length of ICU and hospital stay in OPCAB group.     

气管切开时机对长期机械通气患者预后影响的meta分析

目的 评价气管切开时机对长期机械通气患者预后的影响.方法 通过计算机检索Pubmed、Embase、The Cochrane Library数据库和中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)并联合手工检索,收集1990年1月至2010年6月关于气管切开时机对长期机械通气患者预后影响的随机对照研究(RCT),并对收集的RCT进行评...     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后ICU监护时间延长的危险因素

目的 分析冠状动脉旁路移植术后ICU监护时间延长的危险因素.方法 1997年至2009年间单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术病人1318例,按ICU监护时间分2组,ICU监护时间≤72 h l113例,ICU监护时间＞72 h 205例.对两组病人术前多项指标进行单因素和多因素分析.结果 病人平均年龄(67.4±9.4)岁,男996例(75.6%),女322例(24.4%),两组病人的ICU监护时间分别为(40.1±22.5)h和(122.6±48.7)h,院内死亡分别占13.7%和1.2%.单因素分析显示,2组病人体外循环手术的比例、体外循环时间和阻断时间、远端吻合口数、术后升压药应用、呼吸机辅助时间和院内死亡方面差异有统计学意义.年龄、心功能(NYHA分级)Ⅲ～Ⅳ级,术前左室射血分数(LVEF)＜0.40、术前肾功能不全、脑血管和(或)周围血管病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、近期心肌梗死、介入治疗病史、左主干和三支病变是ICU监护时间延长的危险因素.多因素分析显示,年龄、心功能(NYHA分级)Ⅲ～Ⅳ级的比例、LVEF、术前肾功能不全、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、近期心肌梗死、PCI病史和三支病变是ICU监护时间延长的危险因素.结论 LVEF＜0.40、近期心肌梗死、术前肾功能不全和慢性阻塞性肺疾病是术后ICU监护时问延长的主要高危因素.

Abstract：

Objective To describe the preoperative factors of prolonged intensive care unit length of stay after coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods From 1997 to 2009, 1318 patients underwent isolated CABG in our hospital. Retrospective analysis was performed on these cases. Univariate and multivariate analyses for preoperative risk factors were performed. Prolonged length of ICU stay was defined as initial admission to ICU exceeding 72 h. Results The mean age of patients ( 322women and 996 men) was (67.4±9.4) years. Of 1318 patients undergoing isolated CABG from 1997 to 2009, 205 experienced prolonged length of ICU stay. The length of ICU stay was (40.1 ± 22.5 ) hours and ( 122.6 ± 48.7 ) hours separately.Overall in-hospital mortality was higher among these 205 patients ( 13.7% vs. 1.2%, P ＜0.05 ). The overall mortality was 3.1%. In univariate analyses, there were statistically significant differences with respect to the percentage of CPB, total bypass time, cross-clamp time, number of distal anastomoses, use of pressor agent, use of intro-aortic balloon pump,time of ventilation and hospital mortality. The significant risk factors were age, NYHA class Ⅲ/Ⅳ, left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) ＜0.40, renal failure, cerebrovascular and/or peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recent acute myocardial infarction, prior percutaneous coronary intervention, left main stenosi, three-vessels disease. The variables entered into the multivariate logistic regression were age, NYHA class Ⅲ/Ⅳ, LVEF ＜0.40, renal failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, recent acute myocardial infarction, prior percutaneous coronary intervention, three-vessels disease. According to the outcome of multivariate logistic regression, we can conclude the model of probability forecast and create a new variable named Pre. The area under ROC curve of the new variable Pre was larger than other variables. Conclusion The main risk factors of prolonged ICU length of stay were LVEF ＜ 0.40, recent acute myocardial infarction, renal failure and chronic obstructive pulmorary disease. The AUC of variable Pre was higher than other' s , which indicated that new variable Pre combining each variable was more valuable than single variable with respect to prediction. A predicted probability of 0. 754 was used as cut-off point for the prognostic test.     

Survival and quality of life after cardiac surgery complicated by prolonged intensive care

AIM: To determine survival, factors determining survival and evaluate quality of life (QOL) after 1 year, in patients who had prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay after cardiac surgery. METHODS: In the year 2001, 804 patients underwent various cardiac procedures utilising cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Eighty-nine consecutive patients requiring ICU stay of > or = 5 days constituted the study group, majority of these suffered from multiorgan failure (> 2 organ systems). Survival was determined in the study group after 1 year. Patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course were matched to the survivors in the study group with respect to age, gender, type of surgery, risk scores, and duration of follow-up and constituted the control group. The, Short Form Health Survey was used to assess QOL at the end of 1 year in these patients. QOL was compared between the study group and the control group and to that of general population. RESULTS: Seventy percent of the patients in the study group suffered from failure of at least three organ systems. Mean ICU stay was 13 +/- 3 days (median nine, maximum 53). At the end of 1 year the mortality in the study group was 34%. The independent predictors of mortality were: preoperative cardiac support, lower ejection fraction, higher Parsonnet score, higher Euroscore, pulmonary complications, renal failure necessitating hemofiltration, CNS complications, and failure of three or more organ systems. The QOL was lower in the study group than the control group in all eight dimensions measured (significant in five p < 0.05): Physical function, Role physical, Vitality, Mental health, General health, and Bodily pain. CONCLUSION: One year mortality in patients with prolonged ICU stay after cardiac surgery remains high. Identification of risk factors will help to reduce the mortality with help of regular follow up. The QOL remains low in all dimensions especially those measuring physical aspects and pain.