腹腔镜直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术

结直肠癌是严重危害人类健康的常见恶性肿瘤。我国结直肠癌的发病率约为3.1/10万～10.7/10万,直肠癌所占比例可达70%,其中中低位直肠癌的比例可达70%～80%。20世纪末全直肠系膜切除(TME)的概念被逐渐接受并引入到直肠癌的手术治疗,使直肠癌的根治效果有了明显提高。与此同时,由于器械吻合技术的发展,解决了盆腔内低位肠吻合的问题,直肠癌保肛手术已经逐渐发展成为     

头侧中间入路的腹腔镜直肠癌根治术

我们尝试采用头侧中间入路法以解决目前传统中间入路的一些不足。手术具体步骤包括:推开屈氏韧带处的空肠,切断该处附着的筋膜及韧带,将小肠肠袢完全推至右上腹部,显露屈氏韧带和左侧结肠系膜、腹主动脉及肠系膜下血管;从肠系膜下动脉(IMA)头侧的腹主动脉表面腹膜处打开进入左结肠后间隙,并顺势清扫IMA根部周围巴结;打开IMA尾侧的直乙结肠系膜并进入乙结肠后间隙,清扫IMA下方的周围淋巴结,并使乙结肠后间隙和左结肠后间隙贯通;显露IMA,肠系膜下静脉(IMV)和左结肠血管、乙结肠血管等相关血管,用血管夹夹闭离断相关血管根部,并可选择性的保留左结肠血管等。后续步骤同传统中间入路腹腔镜直肠癌根治术。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除联合经肛内括约肌切除保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌

目的探讨腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除（total mesorectal excision,TME）联合经肛内括约肌切除（intersphinctericresection,ISR）保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌的可行性及疗效。方法 2006年5月~2009年5月,18例超低位直肠癌（肿瘤直径0.8~5.5 cm,下缘距肛缘1.9~4.5 cm）行腹腔镜TME联合ISR术。病例选择标准：肿瘤下缘距肛门〈5 cm;直肠指诊肿块可以推动;腔内B超、MRI或CT提示无外括约肌受累;无远处转移;肛门括约肌功能正常。腹部：在腹腔镜下TME法分离直肠及其系膜至肛提肌水平。肛门部：切开肛管黏膜至内外括约肌间隙,沿间隙向盆腔分离,与腹部操作部位会合,移除标本,结肠肛管吻合。术后进行随访。结果 18例均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,无围手术期死亡。手术时间180~300 min,平均220 min。术中出血40~160 ml,平均100 ml。手术切缘均阴性。10例未行回肠造口者中发生吻合口漏3例,加行回肠造口术及充分引流后痊愈。全组随访12~46个月,平均23个月。术后早期肛门经常粪污,每日排便3~10次。术后1年排便次数减为每日1~4次,控便时间可达5 min以上。根据Kirwan分级,1年后肛门功能Ⅰ级＋Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级2例。结论选择合适的超低位直肠癌,特别是没有侵犯外括约肌的早期患者,采用腹腔镜TME联合经肛内括约肌切除保肛术是可行的,能体现根治、保肛、微创和经济的优点。     

Safety of Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision for Low Rectal Cancer with Preoperative Chemoradiation Therapy

Introduction  Total mesorectal excision (TME) with preoperative chemoradiation therapy is an accepted standard treatment for low rectal cancer. Although the laparoscopic approach is accepted for the treatment of colon cancer, its value for low rectal cancer is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether preoperative chemoradiation therapy exerted an adverse influence on laparoscopic TME for low rectal cancer. Methods  We studied 125 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic TME for low rectal cancer. Twenty patients with preoperative chemoradiation therapy (CRT-Lap group) were compared with 105 patients without chemoradiation therapy (non-CRT-Lap group). Results  Operating time in the CRT-Lap group (276 min, range 160–390 min) was no different from that in the non-CRT-Lap group (263 min, range 143–456 min). The CRT-Lap group had more blood loss during the operation (70 vs. 37 ml), but mean blood loss was <100 ml. The distal tumor margin was longer in the CRT-Lap group (25.8 vs. 18.6 mm). The number of lymph node harvested did not differ between the groups (14.5 vs. 15.4). Conversion to open surgery was necessary only in one case in the non-CRT-Lap group. There was no anastomotic leakage in the CRT-Lap group, whereas three patients (3.1%) had anastomotic leakage in the non-CRT-Lap group. Conclusion  Laparoscopic TME with preoperative chemoradiation therapy is a safe procedure with reasonable operating time and does not appear to pose any threat to the surgical and oncologic outcomes.     

腹腔镜与开腹低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的探讨腹腔镜下低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)的可行性。方法 2005年1月～2008年1月将71例Duke’s A、B期的低位直肠癌,按照序贯原则设计,采用信封抽签法随机分为2组,分别施行腹腔镜和开腹TME,比较2组患者围手术期及术后随访情况。结果腹腔镜组手术时间(116.9±20.7)min显著短于开腹组(133.6±20.0)min(t=-3.456,P=0.000),术中出血量(84.4±27.6)ml显著少于开腹组(145.7±34.0)ml(t=-8.349,P=0.000),术后肠功能恢复时间(2.6±1.0)d显著短于开腹手术组(4.0±1.0)d(t=-5.898,P=0.000),淋巴结清扫数目2组间无显著性差异[(12.2±3.0)枚vs.(12.3±2.6)枚(t=-0.127,P=0.899)]。腹腔镜手术组保肛率明显高于开腹手术组[83.3%(30/36)vs.60.0%(21/35),χ2=4.775,P=0.029]。71例随访24～60个月,中位随访40个月,2组局部复发各1例,远处转移各2例,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.000,P=1.000;χ2=0.000,P=1.000)。结论 腹腔镜下低位直肠癌TME治疗低位直肠癌是安全可行的。     

腹腔镜下直肠癌全系膜切除拖出式吻合8例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下直肠癌全系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)的优势及拖出式吻合的使用价值。方法2005年11月~2006年12月对8例直肠癌行腹腔镜下直肠癌TME,经肛门拖出切除并手工吻合。结果8例均完全在腹腔镜下完成全系膜游离后拖出肛门外切除并手工吻合,无辅助切口。手术时间180~300min,平均220min。8例随访8~18个月,平均13个月,未发现穿刺口种植和局部复发。结论腹腔镜下完成全系膜游离,清晰完整,拖出肛门外切除、吻合直观、简便、经济。     

Results After Rectal Cancer Resection With In-Continuity Partial Vaginectomy and Total Mesorectal Excision

Background: Although sharp mesorectal excision reduces circumferential margin involvement and local recurrence, a concomitant partial vaginectomy may be required in women with locally advanced rectal cancer.Methods: Sixty-four patients requiring a partial vaginectomy during resection of primary rectal cancer were identified. Survival was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, and distributions were compared by the log-rank test.Results: Locally advanced disease was reflected by presentation with malignant rectovaginal fistulae (n = 6) or cancers described as bulky or adherent/tethered to the rectovaginal septum (n = 32). Thirty-five patients received adjuvant radiation with or without chemotherapy. At a median follow-up of 22 months, 27 (42%) patients developed recurrent disease, with most of these occurring at distant sites. The 5-year overall survival was 46%, with a median survival of 44 months. The 2-year local recurrence–free survival was 84%. The crude local failure rate was 16% (10 of 64), and local recurrence was more common in patients with a positive as opposed to a negative microscopic margin (2 [50%] of 4 vs. 8 [13%] of 60, respectively). Positive nodal status had a significant effect on overall survival (P < .001).Conclusions: Partial vaginectomy is indicated for locally advanced rectal cancers involving the vagina. The results are most favorable in patients with negative surgical margins and node-negative disease.Presented in part at the 54th Annual Cancer Symposium of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Washington, DC, March 15–18, 2001.     

Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision With Single-Incision Laparoscopy for Rectal Cancer

Methods:Patients with distal or mid rectal cancer were included. The operation was performed by 2 teams: one team performed the single-incision mobilization of the left colon via the right lower quadrant ileostomy site, and the other team performed the total mesorectal excision with a transanal platform.Results:During the study period, 10 patients (5 men) with cancer of the rectum underwent the surgery. The mean age was 62.2 ± 11.1 years, and the mean body mass index was 23.4 ± 3.2 kg/m². The tumor''s mean distance from the anal verge was 5.1 ± 2.5 cm. The median operating time was 247.5 minutes (range, 188–462 minutes). The mean estimated blood loss was 124 ± 126 mL (range, 10–188 mL). Conversion to multiport laparoscopy was needed in one case (10%). Postoperative pain, as reflected by the pain score, was minimal. The mean number of lymph nodes harvested was 15.6 ± 3.8. All specimens had clear distal and circumferential radial margins. The overall complication rate was 10%.Conclusion:Our experience showed transanal total mesorectal excision with single-incision laparoscopy to be a feasible option for rectal cancer. Patients reported minimal postoperative pain. Further studies on the long-term outcome are warranted.     

Short-Term Outcomes After Robotic-Assisted Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer

Background Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer remains a difficult procedure with high conversion rates. We have sought to improve on some of the pitfalls of laparoscopy by using the DaVinci robotic system. Here we report our two-year experience with robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for primary rectal cancer. Methods A prospectively maintained database of all rectal cancer cases starting in November 2004 was created. A series of 39 consecutive unselected patients with primary rectal cancer was analyzed. Clinical and pathologic outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Results 22 patients had low anterior, 11 intersphincteric and six abdominoperineal resections. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were % and 12.8%, respectively. The median operative time was 285 minutes (range 180–540 mins). The conversion rate was 2.6%. A total mesorectal excision with negative circumferential and distal margins was accomplished in all patients, and a median of 13 (range 7–28) lymph nodes was removed. The anastomotic leak rate was 12.1%. The median hospital stay was 4 days. There have been no local recurrences at a median follow-up of 13 months. Conclusions Robotic-assisted surgery for rectal cancer can be carried out safely and according to oncological principles. This approach shows promising short-term outcomes and may facilitate the adoption of minimally invasive rectal surgery.     

Laparoscopic Versus Open Total Mesorectal Excision for Middle and Low Rectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Results of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract Background: Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LTME) for rectal cancer remains controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is to compare LTME and open total mesorectal excision (OTME) as the primary treatment for patients with middle and low rectal cancer with regard to short-term outcomes. Materials and Methods: Literature searches of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library) and manual searches up to October 30, 2011 were performed. Prospective randomized clinical trials were eligible if they included patients with middle and low rectal cancer treated by LTME versus OTME. Fixed and random effects models were used. Review Manager version 5.1 software was used for pooled estimates. Results: Four RCTs enrolling 624 participants (LTME group, 308 cases; OTME group, 316 cases) were included in the meta-analysis. LTME for rectal cancer was associated with a significantly longer operative time but significantly less intraoperative blood loss and earlier time to pass first flatus. We found no significant differences in the number of lymph nodes, overall morbidity, and perioperative mortality rates between the two groups. Time to resume liquid diet, time to resume normal diet, and length of hospital stay, although not significantly different between the two groups, did suggest a positive trend toward LTME. Conclusions: It may be concluded that LTME is a safe and effective alternative to OTME and is justifiable under the setting of clinical trials. Additional RCTs that compare LTME and OTME and investigate the long-term oncological outcomes of LTME are required to determine the advantages of LTME over OTME.     

微创化全直肠系膜切除保肛治疗低位直肠癌: 机遇与挑战

直肠癌的发病率逐年上升 ,居消化道恶性肿瘤之首 ;低位直肠癌位于腹膜返折以下 ,约占直肠癌总数的 70 % ,其中约 2 / 3属低位直肠癌患者需实施切除肛门的改道手术。所以 ,提高肿瘤切除率、降低局部复发率、提高 5年生存率、提高保肛率及改善患者术后的生活质量一直是普外学科努力的方向。全直肠系膜切除术 (ｔｏｔａｌｍｅｓｏｒｅｃｔａｌｅｘｃｉｓｉｏｎ ,ＴＭＥ)这一具有划时代意义的创新术式 ,应用于临床 2 0余年 ,降低了局部复发率 ,提高了 5年生存率及保肛率 ,已为越来越多的结、直肠外科医生作为直肠癌治疗的金标准。随着ＴＭＥ理念…     

应用TME技术治疗中低位直肠癌的体会

目的探讨全直肠系膜切除术（total mesorectal excision，TME）在治疗中低位直肠癌中的技术操作与效果。方法对47例应用TME技术治疗的中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果27例行低位前切除术，20例行腹会阴联合切除术（Miles术），全部病例均顺利完成手术并出院，平均出血量250ml；术后发生吻合口漏2例；术后随访0．5～3年，局部复发5例，因肝转移死亡2例。结论应用TME技术治疗中低位直肠癌有其适应证，术中须遵循其操作规范，同时应注意采取适当的措施预防吻合口漏。     

The Impact of the Introduction of Total Mesorectal Excision on Local Recurrence Rate and Survival in Rectal Cancer: Long-Term Results

Purpose  

To investigate the influence of the introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME) on local recurrence rate and survival in patients with rectal cancer.     

Factors Influencing Pathologic Results after Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: Analysis of Consecutive 100 Cases

Background The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and anatomical factors affecting the pathologic quality of the resected specimen after total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer. Methods A total of 100 patients who underwent TME for mid or low rectal cancer were evaluated prospectively. MRI pelvimetry data (transverse diameter, obstetric conjugate, interspinous distance, sacrum length, and sacrum depth) were analyzed as anatomically affecting factors to postoperative specimen quality. Sex, body mass index (BMI), type of surgery, tumor size, and tumor distance from the anal verge were analyzed as clinically affecting factors. The gross judgment of resected specimen, circumferential resection margin and the number of harvested lymph nodes were used to access postoperative specimen quality. Results The univariate and multivariate analysis showed that narrow obstetric conjugate and shorter interspinous distance were related to the inadequate quality of the mesorectum in the specimen (P = 0.022, P = 0.030). Interspinous distance was a predicting factor of a positive circumferential resection margin (P = 0.007). There were no clinical factors affecting the inadequate quality of the mesorectum or positive circumferential resection margin. Moreover, there were no clinico-anatomical factors affecting the number of harvested lymph nodes after TME. Conclusion Narrow obstetric conjugate and shorter interspinous distance were factors leading to poor postoperative specimen quality. Rectal cancer patients with narrow obstetric conjugate or shorter interspinous distance should be considered as high-risk patients with regard to specimen quality, which is in turn related to oncological outcome.     

Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery vs. Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision for T2N0 Rectal Cancer

Objective

The aim was to compare transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and laparoscopic resection (LR) in terms of short-term and oncologic outcomes in patients with a preoperatively diagnosed T2N0 extraperitoneal rectal cancer.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospective database. All patients with a preoperatively staged T2N0 extraperitoneal rectal adenocarcinoma were considered for LR. Patients refusing LR or medically unfit for LR were considered for TEM, which was associated with neoadjuvant RT in the last cases. Only patients with a minimum follow-up of 36?months were included.

Results

Seventy-eight patients were included. TEM was indicated or preferred in 43 patients; of these, 11 underwent neoadjuvant RT. Morbidity was significantly lower after TEM (p?<?0.001). The median follow-up was 70 (36?C140) months. A higher local recurrence rate was noted after TEM (26?%), compared to neoadjuvant RT + TEM (0?%) and LR (9?%) (p?=?0.070). Overall, 5-year survival rate was 76?% after TEM, 77.8?% after RT + TEM, and 96?% after LR, respectively (p?=?0.134).

Conclusions

While TEM alone may only be considered a palliative treatment, it might allow similar oncologic results to abdominal resection in responders to neoadjuvant RT. Large prospective randomized trials are awaited to confirm these findings.     

Outcome of Tumor-Specific Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: The Impact of Laparoscopic Resection

Objective

The study aimed to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic and open resection for rectal cancer in 1,063 consecutive cases in a single center.

Methods

We performed an analysis of 11 years of experience in rectal cancer surgery and compared the outcome of laparoscopic and open surgery. Multivariate and subgroup analysis was performed to look at the effect of the level of tumor and stage of disease on short-term outcomes like conversion rate, anastomotic leak rate, length of stay, complication rate, 30-day mortality, and long-term outcomes like local recurrence and survival.

Results

A total of 1,063 patients underwent rectal resection with 470 (44.2 %) patients undergoing the laparoscopic approach. Groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, or co-morbidities, and the operating time was longer in the laparoscopic group (210 vs. 150 min; p value < 0.001). A conversion rate of 6.8 % was noted, with an anastomotic leak rate of 3.87 % in the open group and 2.97 % in the laparoscopic group. The laparoscopic group had a lower blood loss (100 vs. 350 ml; p < 0.001), lower complication rates, and shorter length of stay (6 vs. 9 days). The local recurrence rate was comparable, and the laparoscopic approach had better overall and cancer-specific survival, even after adjusting for stages. The laparoscopic approach was an independent factor associated with better overall and cancer-specific survival on multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

We confirmed the oncological safety of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery. Laparoscopic surgery also showed superiority in the short-term and long-term outcomes of rectal cancer.     

腹腔镜与开腹全直肠系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌的临床对照研究

目的评价腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术(TME)治疗中低位直肠癌的可行性、安全性、根治性及近期、中期临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2005年10月至2008年10月期间行TME的腹腔镜Dixon术式52例和传统开腹Dixon术式46例并无预防性造口的中低位直肠癌患者的临床资料,对2组的手术学指标、术后恢复情况、肿瘤学指标和近期、中期疗效进行比较。结果 2组患者中除腹腔镜组有2例(3.8%)中转开腹外,其余患者手术均获成功,无围手术期死亡患者。腹腔镜组的术中出血量、术后肠道功能恢复时间(排气时间)和切口愈合情况均优于开腹组(P<0.05),而术后吻合口漏和肺部感染情况2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组手术切除标本远切缘和环周切缘病理学检查均为阴性;清扫淋巴结数目和肿瘤下缘距远切缘距离比较,2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组术后肿瘤相关死亡、局部复发、远处转移和3年生存率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜TME安全、可行,具有明显的微创优势,根治效果满意,近期、中期疗效与开腹手术相近。