Evaluation of disinfectants in the domestic environment under 'in use' conditions

An 'in use' test was developed to investigate effectiveness of disinfectant application and of detergent of hot water cleaning at kitchen, bathroom and toilet sites in the domestic environment. Detergent and hot water cleaning produced no observable reduction in microbial contamination. Single and daily application tests demonstrated that hypochlorite and phenolic disinfectants can be used to produce substantial reductions in bacterial contamination in the home. Results indicate that maximum protection afforded by disinfection is relatively brief; 3-6 h after disinfection, contamination levels were only marginally less than those observed at pretreatment. Some suggestions are made for improvements in home hygiene.     

Evaluation of disinfectants in the domestic environment under 'in use' conditions.

An ''in use'' test was developed to investigate effectiveness of disinfectant application and of detergent of hot water cleaning at kitchen, bathroom and toilet sites in the domestic environment. Detergent and hot water cleaning produced no observable reduction in microbial contamination. Single and daily application tests demonstrated that hypochlorite and phenolic disinfectants can be used to produce substantial reductions in bacterial contamination in the home. Results indicate that maximum protection afforded by disinfection is relatively brief; 3-6 h after disinfection, contamination levels were only marginally less than those observed at pretreatment. Some suggestions are made for improvements in home hygiene.     

医院使用中消毒液污染状况分析与对策

目的 规范使用中消毒液的管理，以保障使用消毒液安全。方法 医院感染控制专职人员定期对各科室使用中消毒液进行监测，按《消毒技术规范》要求采样并检测细菌总数和真菌生长情况。结果 共采样704份，平均合格率为99％。使用中消毒液更换前1d有8份样本细菌总数超标；使用24h的消毒液合格率为100．00％，48h为95．00％，72h为85．00％。结论 使用中消毒液的污染来自许多方面，使用时间越长合格率越低。医院感染控制专职人员应针对监测结果提出改进措施。     

超声波清洗、戊二醛消毒后内窥镜微生物学检测与评价

目的探讨如何更有效地做好内镜清洗消毒的规范化管理,评价经经不同方法清洗高效消毒剂消毒后内窥镜消毒效果,预防和控制由内镜检查所造成的医源性感染,确保医疗安全。方法内窥镜用不同方法彻底清洗后用2.00%戊二醛浸泡消毒进行细菌学检测。结果经超声波清洗机适酶溶液超声清洗内窥镜的戊二醛浸泡消毒30 m in后细菌学检测合格率达92.30%,普通方法手工清洗后经戊二醛浸泡30 m in消毒后细菌学检测合格率达仅占67.47%。结论内镜的规范化清洗是保证消毒质量的关键,对内镜的清洗消毒效果监测后建议采用超声波清洗机适酶溶液超声清洗,如果手工清洗,增加消毒浸泡时间以便达到规范的消毒效果。     

过氧乙酸类消毒剂对生物膜消毒清除效果

目的研究3种过氧乙酸消毒剂对铜绿假单胞菌人工生物膜的去除率,并对使用过的内镜进行临床消毒试验,评估3种消毒剂对生物膜的去除效果。方法参照T/WSJD 002-2019人工制备生物膜;按照WS507-2016和GB 15982-2012进行内镜的临床消毒试验,并采样检测内镜消毒的质量,综合评价消毒剂去除生物膜的效果。结果平整表面培养法和管腔内表面培养法制备的人工生物膜细菌计数达1×107~1×108CFU/样本;消毒作用1 min,3种消毒剂对两种生物膜的去除率均为100.00%;243条内镜临床试验的菌落总数A0<20 CFU/件,B090%,达到合格标准;表明消毒剂可达到高水平消毒,对生物膜有清洁去除效果。     

超声波清洗、戊二醛消毒后内窥镜微生物学检测与评价

目的探讨如何更有效地做好内镜清洗消毒的规范化管理,评价经经不同方法清洗高效消毒剂消毒后内窥镜消毒效果,预防和控制由内镜检查所造成的医源性感染,确保医疗安全。方法内窥镜用不同方法彻底清洗后用2%戊二醛浸泡消毒进行细菌学检测。结果经超声波清洗机适酶溶液超声清洗内窥镜的戊二醛浸泡消毒30 min后细菌学检测合格率达92.30%,普通方法手工清洗后经戊二醛浸泡30min消毒后细菌学检测合格率达仅占67.47%。结论内镜的规范化清洗是保证消毒质量的关键,对内镜的清洗消毒效果监测后建议采用超声波清洗机适酶溶液超声清洗,如果手工清洗,增加消毒浸泡时间以便达到规范的消毒效果。     

7所医院医疗保洁的调查

目的掌握军队医疗机构的社会化保洁工作现状,探索医疗保洁的管理方法. 方法采用现场监督的方法,对北京地区7所医院的5家保洁结构基本状况、从业人员体检、现场保洁程序、消毒剂使用等进行检查. 结果5所医院的保洁工作机构质量有很大差别,体检、培训项目不统一;多数保洁实行了分区,有使用传统的保洁方法;洁具的清洗消毒存在交叉污染,消毒剂的配制缺乏规范. 结论迫切需要对保洁机构的卫生进行规范和监督.     

Disinfection of gastrointestinal fibrescopes: an evaluation of the Pauldrach Endocleaner, and various chemical agents

The Pauldrach Endocleaner was evaluated for the disinfection of gastrointestinal fibrescopes, and found to be a convenient, relatively inexpensive machine for use in endoscopy clinics. An experimental procedure was designed, for use with the endocleaner, which allowed application of an inoculum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a Fujinon OX52 endoscope and its subsequent quantitation before and after disinfection procedures. Using aldehyde based disinfectants ('Cidex', 'Kohrsolin' and 'Gigasept') it was possible to achieve a 99.999% reduction in the recovery of viable Ps. aeruginosa with a minimum exposure time of 20 min 'Dettox ABC' and buffered hypochlorite (100 ppm) were less effective achieving an approximately 99% reduction with a minimum exposure time of 30 min. Following apparently adequate disinfection and irrespective of the disinfectant used, the endoscope was found to be heavily contaminated with Ps. aeruginosa when examined after overnight storage at room temperature thus emphasising the need for meticulous disinfection of instruments prior to use in a day's list.     

Effective reprocessing of reusable dispensers for surface disinfection tissues – the devil is in the details

Background: It has recently been reported that reusable dispensers for surface disinfection tissues may be contaminated, especially with adapted Achromobacter species 3, when products based on surface-active ingredients are used. Fresh solution may quickly become recontaminated if dispensers are not processed adequately. Methods: We evaluated the abilities of six manual and three automatic processes for processing contaminated dispensers to prevent recolonisation of a freshly-prepared disinfectant solution (Mikrobac forte 0.5%). Dispensers were left at room temperature for 28 days. Samples of the disinfectant solution were taken every 7 days and assessed quantitatively for bacterial contamination. Results: All automatic procedures prevented recolonisation of the disinfectant solution when a temperature of 60–70°C was ensured for at least 5 min, with or without the addition of chemical cleaning agents. Manual procedures prevented recontamination of the disinfectant solution when rinsing with hot water or a thorough cleaning step was performed before treating all surfaces with an alcohol-based disinfectant or an oxygen-releaser. Other cleaning and disinfection procedures, including the use of an alcohol-based disinfectant, did not prevent recolonisation.Conclusions: These results indicate that not all processes are effective for processing reusable dispensers for surface-disinfectant tissues, and that a high temperature during the cleaning step or use of a biofilm-active cleaning agent are essential.     

Chemical disinfection of non-porous inanimate surfaces experimentally contaminated with four human pathogenic viruses

The chemical disinfection of virus-contaminated non-porous inanimate surfaces was investigated using coxsackievirus B3, adenovirus type 5, parainfluenza virus type 3 and coronavirus 229E as representatives of important nosocomial viral pathogens. A 10 microliter amount of the test virus, suspended in either faeces or mucin, was placed onto each stainless steel disk (about 1 cm in diameter) and the inoculum allowed to dry for 1 h under ambient conditions. Sixteen disinfectant formulations were selected for this study based on the findings of an earlier investigation with a human rotavirus. After 1 min exposure to 20 microliters of the disinfectant, the virus from the disks was immediately eluted into tryptose phosphate broth and plaque assayed. Using an efficacy criterion of a 3 log10 or greater reduction in virus infectivity titre and irrespective of the virus suspending medium, only the following five disinfectants proved to be effective against all the four viruses tested: (1) 2% glutaraldehyde normally used as an instrument soak, (2) a strongly alkaline mixture of 0.5% sodium o-benzyl-p-chlorophenate and 0.6% sodium lauryl sulphate, generally used as a domestic disinfectant cleaner for hard surfaces, (3) a 0.04% solution of a quaternary ammonium compound containing 7% hydrochloric acid, which is the basis of many toilet bowl cleaners, (4) chloramine T at a minimum free chlorine level of 3000 p.p.m. and (5) sodium hypochlorite at a minimum free chlorine concentration of 5000 p.p.m. Of those chemicals suitable for use as topical antiseptics, 70% ethanol alone or products containing at least 70% ethanol were ineffective only against coxsackievirus B3. These results emphasize the care needed in selecting chemical disinfectants for routine use in infection control.     

两种内镜消毒剂相关性能比较

目的比较一元过氧乙酸消毒剂II型和含氯消毒剂的相关性能,为临床消毒剂的选择提供参考。方法本研究按照相关标准规范通过现场消毒试验方法,对一元过氧乙酸消毒剂II型和含氯消毒剂消毒后胃镜进行采样,比较分析两种消毒剂的消毒效果并进行稳定性及腐蚀性研究。结果一元过氧乙酸消毒剂II型对胃镜高水平消毒的合格率(98.5%)高于含氯消毒剂(88.9%),但有效成分含量的下降率低于含氯消毒剂(P<0.05)。两种消毒剂对不锈钢无腐蚀性,对碳钢、铝和铜均为轻度腐蚀。结论一元过氧乙酸消毒剂II型能达到胃镜高水平消毒标准且稳定性高,综合性能优于含氯消毒剂。     

淋病奈瑟菌对化学消毒剂的抗力研究

目的了解淋病奈瑟菌对化学消毒剂的抗力。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验，观察不同菌株对化学消毒剂的抗力。选择抗力较高的菌株，观察在不同浓度有机干扰物存在时对消毒效果的影响。结果含有效氯100mg／L消毒剂对淋病奈瑟菌标准菌株29105及临床分离株分别作用4min，其杀灭对数均值分别为5．50和7．11；含有效碘50mg/L消毒剂对上述两菌分别作用4min，其杀灭对数均值分别为5．01和5．32。达到消毒要求所需的消毒剂浓度，在3．0％牛血清蛋白存在时，是含PBS菌悬液的5-6倍。结论淋病奈瑟菌标准菌株29105对化学消毒剂的抗力略强于临床分离淋病奈瑟菌株。淋病奈瑟菌对化学消毒剂的抗力随有机干扰物浓度增高而增强。     

A method to evaluate the cleaning and disinfectant action of surface disinfectants

Surface disinfection tests, used to evaluate new disinfectants, do not take into account the effects of detergents or of the mechanical cleaning process. We describe methods which evaluate both the disinfection and cleaning effect of disinfectants on organic matter. When testing alcohols at high concentrations (greater than or equal to 70%) on blood spots contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, we found that the organisms were trapped and fixed to the test surface, probably due to denaturation of the blood. This gave a low inactivating factor (IF), as well as a poor subjective cleaning effect (SC). If serum was used instead of blood, we observed less pronounced trapping, resulting in a high IF although the SC was still poor. When broth was used, both IF and SC were satisfactory. With alcohols at a concentration of 42%, trapping was markedly reduced which improved the SC in blood contamination, with serum or broth contamination trapping did not occur. However, 42% ethanol lost its killing effect (i.e. low IF), whereas 42% isopropanol still demonstrated a high IF.     

静脉用药调配中心转运药箱清洁消毒方法及效果研究

目的 对静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)转运药箱的清洁消毒方法及效果维持时间进行研究,以保证患者的成品输液安全.方法 选取某院正常使用中的转运药箱64个,采用医用消毒湿巾清洁消毒后,分别于0、12、24、36、48 h进行目视检测和微生物检测,并进行统计分析.结果 清洁消毒0 h后,目测法和微生物检测法检测结果合格率均为...     

Recombinant feline herpesvirus type 1 expressing immunogenic proteins inducible virus neutralizing antibody against feline calicivirus in cats

In this study, an entire open reading frame encoding the capsid protein of feline calicivirus (FCV) F4 strain was inserted into the deletion locus (SmaI site) of the thymidine kinase (TK) deficient mutant (C7301dlTK) of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) and the resulting recombinant virus was designated as C7301dlTK-Cap. Expression of the FCV antigens by C7301dlTK-Cap was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay and immunoblot analysis. To assess whether the recombinant virus can induce virus neutralizing (VN) antibody against FCV in the natural host, three cats were inoculated intranasally and orally with C7301dlTK-Cap (two cats) or C7301dlTK (one cat). As a result, sera collected from cats inoculated with the C7301dlTK-Cap possessed VN antibody against FCV. This recombinant virus is expected as a new polyvalent recombinant vaccine against FHV-1 and FCV infections.     

Efficacy of various disinfectants against SARS coronavirus

The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Asia and Northern America led to broad use of various types of disinfectant in order to control the public spread of the highly contagious virus. However, only limited data were available to demonstrate their efficacy against SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We therefore investigated eight disinfectants for their activity against SARS-CoV according to prEN 14476. Four hand rubs were tested at 30s (Sterillium, based on 45% iso-propanol, 30% n-propanol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulphate; Sterillium Rub, based on 80% ethanol; Sterillium Gel, based on 85% ethanol; Sterillium Virugard, based on 95% ethanol). Three surface disinfectants were investigated at 0.5% for 30 min and 60 min (Mikrobac forte, based on benzalkonium chloride and laurylamine; Kohrsolin FF, based on benzalkonium chloride, glutaraldehyde and didecyldimonium chloride; Dismozon pur, based on magnesium monoperphthalate), and one instrument disinfectant was investigated at 4% for 15 min, 3% for 30 min and 2% for 60 min [Korsolex basic, based on glutaraldehyde and (ethylenedioxy)dimethanol]. Three types of organic load were used: 0.3% albumin, 10% fetal calf serum, and 0.3% albumin with 0.3% sheep erythrocytes. Virus titres were determined by a quantitative test (endpoint titration) in 96-well microtitre plates. With all tested preparations, SARS-CoV was inactivated to below the limit of detection (reduction factor mostly > or =4), regardless of the type of organic load. In summary, SARS-CoV can be inactivated quite easily with many commonly used disinfectants.     

A microbiological study of various food premises with an assessment of cleaning and disinfection practices.

A study of cleaning and disinfection methods in a variety of types of catering premises has been carried out. The level of bacterial contamination of the hands and of equipment was related to cleaning methods and to the type of catering establishment. Wiping cloths were frequently contaminated with Escherichia coli, and these may be important reservoirs of bacteria for contamination of the hands of catering staff. Regular and efficient cleaning of food surfaces and equipment was found to be more important than the use of a disinfectant as part of the cleaning process. Methods for reducing the risks of cross-contamination in catering premises are discussed.     

The higher disinfectant resistance of nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella oxytoca: how reliable are indicator organisms in disinfectant testing?

The Children's Clinic in Giessen, Germany recently reported several severe infections with Klebsiella oxytoca resulting in deaths of two neonates. The putative source of the infections was a contaminated infusion solution. The resistance to disinfectant of the K. oxytoca isolates was investigated in three independent laboratories and was indeed found to be significantly increased. Comparative tests with standard strains of K. oxytoca and other recommended bacterial surrogates showed the disinfection procedures used were fully effective. The higher resistance of the nosocomial isolates may have developed due to improper handling and storage of the cleaning utensils. This report describes the events and draws conclusions concerning the use of disinfectants, the treatment of cleaning utensils, the reliability of procedures for testing disinfectants, and suggests additional measures.     

A microbiological study of various food premises with an assessment of cleaning and disinfection practices

A study of cleaning and disinfection methods in a variety of types of catering premises has been carried out. The level of bacterial contamination of the hands and of equipment was related to cleaning methods and to the type of catering establishment. Wiping cloths were frequently contaminated with Escherichia coli, and these may be important reservoirs of bacteria for contamination of the hands of catering staff. Regular and efficient cleaning of food surfaces and equipment was found to be more important than the use of a disinfectant as part of the cleaning process. Methods for reducing the risks of cross-contamination in catering premises are discussed.