甘氨酰谷氨酰胺二肽对猪自体移植小肠的营养作用

目的 观察甘氨酰谷氨酰胺（Ｇｌｙ－Ｇｌｎ）二肽对猪自体移植小肠的作用。方法 杂种猪１０只,自体小肠移植术后随机分为两组：标准ＴＰＮ组（ＳＴＰＮ组）５只,接受标准ＴＰＮ支持２８天;Ｇｌｙ－Ｇｌｎ二肽组（ＧＴＰＮ组）５只,接受含Ｇｌｙ－Ｇｌｎ的ＴＰＮ支持２８天。分别于术或术后１天和术后２８天测定血浆谷氨酰胺（Ｇｌｎ）,移植小肠粘膜Ｇｌｎ、蛋白质,绒毛ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ,肠粘膜绒毛高度、表表面、隐窝深度和肠     

谷氨酰胺和生长激素联合应用对大鼠氨基酸水平的影响

本文对化疗后大鼠肠外补充谷氨酰胺和生长激素 ,研究血浆和组织 (肌肉和小肠 )中游离氨基酸的变化 ,探讨谷氨酰胺和生长激素联合应用对氨基酸代谢的影响。材料与方法1.研究方法5 0只雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠平均体重 184ｇ± 12 .4ｇ。在手术日晨行中心静脉插管 ,随机分为 5组 ,每组 10只 :Ａ组普通饮食 (Ｃｈｏｗ) ;Ｂ组肠外营养 (ＰＮ) ;Ｃ组肠外营养加甘氨酰-谷氨酰胺双肽 (Ｇｌｙ -Ｇｌｎ) ;Ｄ组肠外营养加生长激素(ＧＨ) ;Ｅ组肠外营养加谷氨酰胺双肽和生长激素 (Ｇｌｎ加ＧＨ)。Ａ组提供普通饮食 ,其它组给予等氮 2 .5ｇ/ (ｋｇ·ｄ)、等…     

EGF对TPN大鼠肠膜细胞EGFR表达的影响

目的：利用大鼠全肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）模型,搪塞表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）对ＴＰＮ支持后肠膜细胞表皮生长因子受体（ＥＧＦＲ）表达的影响。方法：４８只ＳＤ大鼠随机分为对照组,常规ＴＰＮ组及ＴＰＮ－ＥＧＦ组。实验持续１４天,采用免疫组化结合计算机图象分析的方法,分别测定颌下腺内ＥＧＦ含量以及小肠粘膜细胞中ＥＧＦ和ＥＧＦＲ含理。结果：ＴＰＮ及ＴＰＮ－ＥＧＦ组大鼠人ＥＧＦ含量均明显下降;ＴＰＮ组小肠粘膜细胞中ＥＧ     

表皮生长因子对全胃肠外营养大鼠小肠和肌肉谷氨酰胺代谢…

通过大鼠全胃肠外营养（ＴＰＮ（模型，观察表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）以ＴＰＮ大鼠小肠和肌肉谷氨酰胺代谢酶活性的影响，结果发现：长期ＴＰＮ可致小肠粘膜谷安酶活性降低，而骨骼肌谷氨酰胺合成酶活性增高；ＴＰＮ同时加用ＥＧＦ后，小肠安酶活性相应地升高，骨骼肌谷氨酰胺合成酶活性进一步提高。提示ＥＧＦ可以通过改变ＴＰＮ大鼠小肠放肌肉的谷氨代谢酶活性来增强肠道对谷氨酰胺的作用，从而阻止ＴＰＮ所致的肠粘膜萎缩，保护肠粘     

谷氨酸胺对短肠综合征大鼠残留小肠代偿作用的影响

目的;观察谷氨酰胺对短肠综合征大鼠残留小肠代偿作用的影响。方法：２３只雄性ＳＤ大鼠切除８０％小肠,随机分三组;饮食组（ｎ＝８）术后自由进食：全胃肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）组（ｎ＝８）输ＴＰＮ标准液;谷氨酸胺（Ｇｌｎ）组（ｎ＝７）输ＴＰＮ＋Ｇｌｎ;正常大鼠８只,作为正常对照组。术后第７天,称体重,取回盲部淋巴结和门静脉血作细菌培养,取残留空肠和回肠进行组织学检查。     

肠康复治疗对促进移植小肠结构修复作用的观察

目的：观察小肠移植术后应用肠康复治疗（生长激素和谷氨酰胺强化的TP支持）对移植小肠结构修复的促进作用。方法：采用大鼠异基因异位全小肠移植及TPN模型48只，分为4组，每组12只。I组：标准TPN组；Ⅱ组：谷氨酰胺强化TPN组；Ⅲ组：生长激素组，STPN的基础上加用生长激素；Ⅳ组：肠康复治疗组。生长激素用法为术后第1天起每日皮下注射1U／kg,GTPN每日补充谷氨酰胺3．6g/kg,CsA为每日肌注10mg/kg。术后检测各组移植小肠粘膜的形态学参数。结果：I组移植小肠粘膜在术后第8天明显萎缩，其它3组移植小肠粘膜的改变显著轻于I组。术后第14天。I组各参数进一步下降，而其它3组已开始恢复，特别是Ⅳ组，各指标与术前水平已无明显差异并且显著优于I组。结论：联合应用谷氨酰胺和生长激素的肠康复治疗顺应了移植术后机体的代谢特点，能够更为有效地促进移植小肠粘膜结构的修复。     

表皮生长因子对重症胰腺炎肠外营养大鼠肠道细菌易位的影响

探讨表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）对重症胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）全肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）支持大鼠肠道细菌易位的影响。方法：４８只ＳＤ大鼠随机分为ＳＡＰ组、ＳＡＰ＋ＴＰＮ组及ＳＡＰ＋ＴＰＮ＋ＥＧＦ组。分别测定肠系膜淋巴结、肝脏及脾脏细菌易位率,利用图像分析仪对小肠粘膜进行检测,并测定回肠粘膜厌氧菌与需氧菌的比率。结果：ＳＡＰ＋ＴＰＮ＋ＥＧＦ组肠系膜淋巴结、肝脏及脾脏细菌易位率明显降低,小肠粘膜绒毛面积、高度、隐窝深度增加,回肠厌氧菌与需氧菌的比率显著提高。结论：ＥＧＦ具有保护重症胰腺炎全肠外营养大鼠肠粘膜机械屏障、生物屏障和降低肠道细菌易位率的作用。     

血清生长激素结合蛋白浓度和肝脏生长激素受体表达与肾病大鼠生长障碍的关系

目的：探讨营养不良、肾病本身和糖皮质激素作为各自独立因素对大鼠血清生长激素结合蛋白（ＧＨＢＰ）及肝脏生长激素受体（ＧＨＲ）表达的影响。阐明ＧＨＢＰ／ＧＨＲ改变与肾病综合征（ＮＳ）大鼠生长障碍的关系。方法２４只周龄相同体重相近的雄性ＳＤ大鼠被随机分成正常,食物对照,阿霉素（５ｍｇ．ｋｇ）肾病的地塞米松（１．８ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１）治疗的阿霉素肾病４组。血清ＧＨＢＰ、ＧＨＢＰ－１浓度及肝脏ＧＨＲ     

TGF-β1基因修饰的未成熟树突状细胞对小肠移植大鼠外周血及移植肠浸润T细胞的影响

目的探讨经转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）基因修饰的未成熟树突状细胞（imDC）预处理大鼠小肠移植受体后的外周血及移植肠浸润T细胞的变化及意义。方法选用近交系F344／N和BN大鼠建立全小肠异位移植模型,实验分4组（每组24只）：同基因移植组（BN-BN组）、异基因移植组（F344／N-BN组）、异基因移植＋TGF-β1基因转染imDC组（F344／N-BN＋TGF-β1组）和异基因移植＋TGF-β1基因转染imDC＋FK506组（F344／N-BN＋TGF-β1＋FK506组）。各组大鼠分别于术后3、5、7d各处死6只,获取大鼠静脉血和移植肠。应用免疫组化SABC法检测受体鼠外周血及移植肠CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD25^＋细胞和IL-4的表达。同时行移植肠组织病理学检查并观察大鼠生存情况。结果TGF-β1修饰的DC细胞能显著抑制外周血及移植肠浸润淋巴细胞CD4^＋、CD8^＋及CD25^＋的表达,并提高IL-4的表达;显著延长受体大鼠的生存时间,但移植肠仍有排斥反应的病理组织学征象。结论TGF-β1修饰的DC通过影响受体外周血及移植肠浸润T细胞对大鼠小肠移植发挥免疫抑制作用。     

脾切除对脂质代谢影响的实验研究

目的 探讨脾切除对脂质代谢的影响,以及保留部分和自体脾移植是否对脂质代谢产生有益的作用。方法 将３５只大鼠随机均分为普通饮食组（ＯＦ）、高胆固醇饮食组（ＡＣＦ）、脾切除＋高胆固醇饮食组（ＳＴ）、部分脾切除＋高胆固醇饮食组（ＨＳＴ）、脾切除＋自体脾移植＋高胆固醇饮食组（ＳＴＳＡ）。观察血脂变化。结果 ＡＣＦ组血清甘油三酯（ＴＧ）,胆固醇（ＣＨＯＬ）呈升高趋势。ＳＴ组血清ＴＧ,ＣＨＯＬ进一步升高,高密     

Trophic effect of enteral rehabilitative therapy in rat small bowel transplantation

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to observe the trophic effects on graft structure and recipient metabolism of enteral rehabilitative therapy in rat small bowel transplantation (SBT). METHODS: Forty-eight recipients of rat allogeneic heterotopic SBT (Sprague-Dawley to Wistar rat) were divided into four groups randomly according to the presence of glutamine or growth hormone in the nutritional support regimen. We compared the histologic indices of graft mucosa and metabolic variables, including changes in body weight, nitrogen balance, urinary 3-methyl histidine excretion, and plasma albumin levels during 14 days after transplantation. RESULTS: Glutamine and growth hormone promoted recovery of graft structure and improved recipient protein metabolism, as evidenced by indices of the enteral rehabilitative therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Glutamine and growth hormone potentiated their effects in enteral rehabilitative therapy, which produced potent trophic effects on graft structure and recipient metabolism in rat SBT.     

The inflammatory modulation effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in postoperative gastrointestinal cancer patients

The objective of this study is to explore the inflammatory modulation effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) by investigating the alterations of inflammation-related cytokines in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients postoperatively. Fifty GI cancer patients received postoperative 7 days of isocaloric and isonitrogenous TPN after operation. They were randomly divided to receive either glutamine-enriched TPN or standard TPN. The inflammation-related cytokines including interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α were also determined. Records of nutritional assessments, inflammatory status, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Of 50 enrolled patients, 25 patients were classified as the intervention group, and the control group also comprised 25 patients. The differences of gender, age, primary GI malignancies, and hematological and biochemical data between the two compared groups were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). Compared with standard TPN, a higher serum prealbumin level and better nitrogen balance were observed in glutamine-enriched TPN (P = 0.039 and 0.048 respectively). A significantly lower serum interleukin-6 level was found in comparing glutamine-enriched with standard TPN (P = 0.01), but not in interleukin-10 (P = 0.374) and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P = 0.653). Moreover, a significant lower serum C-reactive protein level was detected in glutamine-enriched TPN compared with standard TPN (P = 0.013). Indeed, four cases of postoperative infectious complications were noted in the control group, but no postoperative infectious complications were observed in the interventional group (P = 0.037). Our present study shows that glutamine-enriched TPN may be beneficial in improving the inflammatory status and decreasing the infectious morbidity in postoperative GI cancer patients.     

Studies in small bowel transplantation. Prevention of graft-versus-host disease with preservation of allograft function by donor pretreatment with antilymphocyte serum

Donor pretreatment with antilymphocyte serum (ALS) effectively prevents graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a unidirectional (parent-to-F1 hybrid) rat small bowel transplantation model. ALS must be administered prior to or at the time of transplantation, and the intraperitoneal route is more effective than subcutaneous administration. Donor pretreatment with ALS uniformly prevents GVHD without impairing subsequent allograft function as measured by absorption of dietary energy and nitrogen, weight gain, and bowel morphology. These rodent studies suggest that ALS treatment of donors as well as recipients in small bowel transplantation may be a highly effective, simple, and easily applicable method to prevent or ameliorate GVHD in human small bowel transplantation.     

A prospective randomized study of the optimal source of nonprotein calories in total parenteral nutrition

We previously showed that providing 30% of nonprotein calories as lipid eliminated glucose intolerance and ameliorated the other troublesome metabolic complications of total parenteral nutrition (TPN): hepatic abnormalities and hypertriglyceridemia. Whether such a mixed-fuel system is as effective as a hypertonic glucose-only TPN fuel system in achieving an anabolic state was tested in 88 consenting patients randomized to either conventional TPN (25% dextrose and 4.25% amino acids) or modified TPN (15% dextrose, fat, and 5% amino acids). Treatment groups were: group A, no surgery, TPN only; group B, postoperative TPN starting 48 hours after surgery; and group C, preoperative TPN, surgery on day 7 and with continued postoperative TPN. In all groups TPN was given for 14 days while patients were given nothing by mouth. Changes in the indexes of body protein metabolism, reflected by nitrogen balance, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and weight, were measured on days 1 and 14. Nitrogen balance improved in patients randomized to either regimen, but there was no significant difference in the degree of improvement. Albumin levels were maintained, and differences between initial and final values were not significant. Blood urea nitrogen increased in all groups (p less than 0.05); however there was no significant difference between regimens. Patients maintained their weight, and fluid balance data indicated no water retention. Observed weight changes were not statistically significant. In each treatment group an anabolic state occurred and gains in measured protein indexes were similar. Isocaloric replacement of 30% of TPN glucose calories with fat was as effective as glucose-only TPN in achieving an anabolic state without the metabolic complications associated with glucose-only TPN.     

Use of L-glutamine in total parenteral nutrition

Gut atrophy develops during prolonged total parenteral nutrition (TPN). TPN solutions do not contain glutamine, an energy substrate of the intestinal tract. This study evaluated the effect of addition of L-glutamine to TPN on gut nitrogen content, histology, and disaccharidase enzyme activity. Five groups of six Fisher 344 rats received rat chow, D5W, TPN (23% calories as lipid), or TPN with 1 or 2% L-glutamine. Animals given TPN received 30 kcal and 0.22 g nitrogen/100 g/day. Metabolic cages allowed nitrogen balance for each group. After 6 days infusion, stomach, small bowel, and colon were assayed for total nitrogen and sucrase, lactase, and maltase activity. Mucosal height and fatty infiltration of the liver were determined from histologic sections. Adding either 1 or 2% L-glutamine resulted in no toxic clinical effects. Glutamine preserved intestinal nitrogen content of the stomach and colon compared to standard TPN and increased nitrogen content of small bowel to greater than that in chow-fed animals. Glutamine maintained mucosal height of the stomach and colon, but was no better than TPN alone in maintenance of small bowel mucosal height. One percent glutamine increased and standard TPN depressed maltase activity compared to chow. Standard TPN and 1% glutamine both stimulated sucrase and lactase activity compared to chow. Addition of 1 or 2% glutamine protected the liver from fatty infiltration seen with standard TPN. These studies would suggest the addition of glutamine might be beneficial during provision of standard total parenteral nutrition.     

环孢素与激素在大鼠小肠移植中的联合应用

报道了应用环孢素Ａ、环孢素Ａ＋强的松及不用免疫抑制剂的条件下小肠移植的大鼠存活、排斥反应情况。结果提示应用环孢素Ａ的受体较对照组大鼠存活时间明显延长；环孢素Ａ强的松联合应用较单用环孢素Ａ的最长存活时间、平均存活时间明显延长。     

The effects of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition on tumor growth and host tissues.

The effects of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN+GLN) were studied in tumor-bearing rats because glutamine can benefit host tissues but also may stimulate tumor growth. Rats were implanted with the methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma (MCA sarcoma) and were studied when the tumor constituted less than 5% of carcass weight (small tumor) and when the tumor constituted 10% of carcass weight (large tumor). Provision of 20% of TPN protein as glutamine produced a significant increase in the arterial glutamine level and maintained the skeletal muscle intracellular glutamine concentration (2.02 +/- 0.1 versus 1.39 +/- 0.07 mumol/g, p less than 0.01). Concurrently, hindquarter GLN fractional release increased nearly threefold (p less than 0.05) in the TPN+GLN group. Glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition did not affect carcass weight, tumor weight, tumor DNA content, or tumor glutaminase activity. Furthermore, DNA flow cytometric analysis did not demonstrate any difference in percentage of aneuploid tumor cells within the G1, S, or G2M cell cycles. However, the ratio of aneuploid to diploid cells within the tumor mass increased by 20% in animals receiving glutamine. Glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition had no effect on tumor glutathione (GSH) levels. No increase in hepatic GSH levels was observed, but gut mucosal GSH levels were 20% greater in the TPN+GLN group (p less than 0.05). The provision of glutamine-enriched TPN may be beneficial to the host by maintaining skeletal muscle glutamine stores and by supporting gut GSH biosynthesis. In this tumor model, TPN+GLN does not appear to increase tumor size, tumor DNA content, or tumor glutamine metabolism, but the ratio of tumor cells to host infiltrating cells within the tumor mass appears to be increased.     

Growth hormone induces anabolism in malnourished maintenance haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Growth hormone (GH) promotes anabolism in patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). However, no studies have examined the effects of GH on protein anabolism in MHD patients using full nitrogen-balance techniques. This study tested the hypothesis that recombinant human GH (rhGH) will induce an anabolic response, as assessed by long-term classic nitrogen-balance techniques, in malnourished MHD patients. METHODS: Six adult MHD patients with protein-energy malnutrition underwent nitrogen-balance studies in a general clinical research centre for 28-35 days each. Patients were maintained on a constant dialysis regimen and protein and energy intakes that were similar to their dialysis regimen and diet prior to hospitalization. The first 14-21 hospital days constituted a baseline phase; during the subsequent 8-21 days, patients were given daily subcutaneous injections of rhGH (0.05 mg/kg body weight/day). RESULTS: During treatment with rhGH, serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increased by approximately 225% (P = 0.002), nitrogen balance became strongly positive (+2.35 g/day; P = 0.034 vs baseline) and there was a reduction in serum urea nitrogen (-32%; P = 0.001). Two patients who became acutely ill and had the lowest dietary protein intakes developed a much smaller rise in serum IGF-I levels and increase in nitrogen balance when they received the rhGH treatment. In the remaining four responders, the decrease in nitrogen output was sustained throughout the entire period of treatment with rhGH. There was no change in body weight during the baseline or treatment phases of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Injections of rhGH induce a strong and sustained anabolic effect, as indicated by positive nitrogen balance, in MHD patients with protein-energy malnutrition. This response was attenuated in two patients who were acutely ill with low protein intakes, suggesting that they may have developed partial resistance to GH.     

富含谷氨酰胺二肽的新型氨基酸对全肠外营养短肠综合征大鼠血清蛋白及肝功能的影响

目的观察富含谷氨酰胺二肽的新型氨基酸对Wistar大鼠短肠模型血清蛋白和肝功能的影响及探讨其减轻脂肪乳剂引起肝损害的作用机制.方法30只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为富含谷氨酰胺二肽新型氨基酸组(20AA组)、标准组(17AA组)、无氮组,观察不同组动物之间血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白(pre-albumin,PA)、纤维结合蛋白(fibronectin,FN)以及丙氨酸转氨酶和胆红素的变化.结果20AA组血清总蛋白、纤维结合蛋白与17AA组相比无明显差别,但高于无氮组(P＜0.05),白蛋白、前白蛋白明显高于17AA组和无氮组(P＜0.05);总胆红素和直接胆红素3组之间均有差别,20AA组最低(P＜0.05).结论富含谷氨酰胺二肽新型氨基酸能提高短肠综合征大鼠血清白蛋白、前白蛋白的含量,抑制全肠外营养(TPN)引起的肝内淤胆作用,减轻脂肪乳剂对肝功能损害,增强其生存能力.     

Synergistic Effect of Photochemical Donor Pretreatment and Cyclosporin Therapy of the Recipient on Rat Renal Allograft Survival

Dose-response studies of cyclosporin (CsA) established thatdoses of 2 mg/kg body weight on 4 consecutive days (0–3)or higher gave complete suppression of rejection and permanentsurvival of all rat kidney allografts, while a dose of 2 mg/kgbody weight on day 0 was much less effective in preventing deleteriousrejection (30% permanent survival). Photochemical pretreatmentof the kidney donor with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and directlong-wave ultraviolet irradiation (UVA) of the kidney (PUVAtherapy) significantly prolonged the subsequent graft survivalin allogeneic recipients. Forty per cent of the animals survivedmore than 100 days. However, when PUVA-treated kidney allograftswere transplanted into temporary CsA immunosuppressed recipients(2 mg/kg on day 0) the graft survival rate was further improved.Seventy per cent of the PUVA + CsA-treated recipients survivedpermanently. Therefore, a synergistic effect of PUVA pretreatmentand low-dose CsA therapy on rat renal allograft survival wasdemonstrated. The results suggested a possible clinical application of thistreatment regimen in order to avoid high nephrotoxic CsA doses.