经鼻内镜岩斜坡及颞下窝肿瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨经鼻内镜手术治疗岩斜区及颞下窝肿瘤的可行性和外科手术技术。方法2002年1月至2005年2月间对17例侵犯岩斜坡或颞下窝肿瘤单独采用内镜经鼻手术入路进行了治疗，详尽阐述外科手术技术及介绍典型病例。结果17例患者中脊索瘤5例，脑膜瘤4例，颅咽管瘤1例，神经鞘膜瘤1例，血管母细胞瘤1例，嗅神经母细胞瘤1例，恶性淋巴瘤1例，脊索肉瘤1例，腮腺癌颅底转移1例，甲状腺癌颅底转移1例。15例患者术后复查影像显示肿瘤全部被切除，2例大部分切除。所有病例随访5～43个月，良性肿瘤中有1例脊索瘤术后5个月复发，后行2次手术，其余均无复发。5例恶性肿瘤患者均随访2年以上，无复发或死亡。术后1例蛛网膜下腔出血、2例出现脑脊液鼻漏，其中1例经保守治疗痊愈、1例经2次鼻内镜手术修补成功。无颅内感染及死亡病例。结论经鼻内镜外科技术为岩斜区和颞下窝肿瘤的外科治疗提供了一种新的方法。这种入路能够简单和迅速地到达岩斜区和颞下窝，且既能够达到微侵袭目的，又能够满足全切肿瘤的要求。但需要术者熟练掌握内镜颅底解剖学、内镜手术操作及对各区域病变丰富的外科手术经验。术中应用影像导航系统将有助于识别解剖标志，使手术过程更加安全。     

头皮半冠状联合下颌下切口治疗颞下窝肿瘤

目的 探讨颞下窝肿瘤切除的手术进路和手术方法.方法 根据肿瘤的性质和大小,对1998年10月～2006年6月收治的9例患者,全部采用头皮半冠状切口联合下颌下切口进路进行手术治疗.结果 全部9例患者,3例良性肿瘤手术后3年随访无1例复发;6例恶性肿瘤患者手术后均进行50 Gy～70 Gy的放射治疗,经过最长3年随访,1例因肿瘤再次复发大出血而死亡,1例带瘤生存,1例1年后失访,3例未见有明显复发.结论 颞下窝肿瘤位置较深,发现较晚,瘤体较大,采用头皮半冠状切口联合下颌下切口进路进行手术,肿瘤相对较易切除彻底,风险小,安全,并能有效修复遗留死腔.     

Endoscopic access to the infratemporal fossa and skull base: a cadaveric study.

OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate that the regions of the infratemporal fossa and skull base at the level of the foramen ovale can be visualized endoscopically and that structures can be manipulated within these regions using endoscopic instruments. METHODS: Cadaveric dissection of 3 human cadavers using an endoscopic optical dissector. In all, 6 endoscopic infratemporal fossa and skull base approaches were performed. SETTING: Human temporal bone laboratory. RESULTS: A Gillies incision was coupled with a lateral brow incision, and then subperiosteal planes were developed. Endoscopic visualization and instrumentation was then performed. The infratemporal fossa was readily identified. The skull base at the level of the foramen ovale and the branches of the third division of the trigeminal nerve were seen distinctly. A probe was placed with ease within the foramen ovale itself. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic access to the infratemporal fossa is readily accomplished, with excellent visualization and instrumentation ability. This novel technique provides access to this remote region for evaluation, possible biopsy, and potential treatment of infratemporal fossa lesions.     

Robotic skull base surgery: preclinical investigations to human clinical application

OBJECTIVE: To develop a minimally invasive surgical technique for the treatment of parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa skull base neoplasms using the technical and optical advantages of robotic surgical instrumentation. DESIGN: A robotics skull base surgery program at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, was initiated in the fall of 2005. Six experimental procedures focusing on developing approaches to the parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa were performed on a total of 2 cadavers and 1 mongrel dog. Based on the preclinical work, transoral robotic surgery (TORS) was then performed in February 2007 on 1 human patient with a parapharyngeal to infratemporal fossa cystic neoplasm as part of a large prospective human trial. SETTING: In each cadaver and in the dog, a TORS approach to parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa was performed bilaterally and in an approved training facility using the da Vinci Surgical System. For the human surgical case, a TORS approach was evaluated on one side for a benign neoplasm. The human patient underwent TORS of the parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa under an institutional review board-approved prospective clinical trial. PATIENTS: For the human clinical trial, a TORS approach was evaluated for a patient with a benign neoplasm of the parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ability to access and dissect tissues within the various areas of the parapharynx and infratemporal fossa was evaluated, and techniques to enhance visualization and instrumentation were developed. RESULTS: Using TORS approaches permitted excellent access, visualization, and tissue dissection within the parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa in both the cadaver and canine experiments. In the first known human surgical case, TORS was used to remove a parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa cystic neoplasm. Wide visualization, followed by complete resection using the identical techniques developed in the preclinical models, was achieved. The robotic procedure allowed adequate and safe identification of the internal carotid artery and cranial nerves, and excellent hemostasis was achieved with no complications during or after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The TORS approaches provided excellent 3-dimensional visualization and instrument access that allowed successful parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa surgical resections from cadaver models to the first known human patient application. Robotic surgery for the skull base holds potential as a minimally invasive approach to skull base neoplasms; however, continued development and investigation is warranted in a prospective human clinical trial before final conclusions can be drawn as to the full advantages and limitations of this approach.     

儿童侧颅底肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的:探讨儿童侧颅底肿瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法.方法:回顾性分析8例儿童侧颅底肿瘤的临床表现、影像学特点及治疗方法.其中颞部并中、后颅窝巨大三叉神经鞘膜瘤1例.颞部并中、后颅窝黑色素神经外胚层肿瘤1例,婴幼儿颞骨纤维瘤病1例,斜坡脊索瘤1例,鼻咽部胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤2例,神经母细胞瘤2例.1例经颞下窝Fisch C型及迷路上联合径路、1例经岩骨径路、4例经颞下窝Fisch C型径路将肿瘤全切除,1例经腭径路行肿瘤次全切,1例单纯行化疗未做手术.7例手术患儿中4例术前、术后化疗,3例术后化疗.结果:除1例脊索瘤患儿术后5个月复发死亡外,其余7例患儿均存活(6例手术、1例未手术),其中2例鼻咽部胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤术后小灶复发,1例神经母细胞瘤化疗后未行手术的患儿,6个月后复发.除术前1例外展神经、3例三叉神经受累及外,术后2例出现短暂脑脊液漏,1例同侧听力丧失.1例声嘶(同侧声带外展麻痹),2例吞咽困难,术后3～4个月渐恢复.7例手术患儿均无伤口感染裂开及皮瓣坏死,未出现面瘫、脑膜炎及偏瘫、死亡等严重并发症.结论:儿童侧颅底肿瘤生长部位深在、临床症状复杂多样、隐匿、不典型,往往确诊时已为晚期,积极行CT和MRI检查有助于提高早期诊断率.手术切除肿瘤仍为首选,手术前后配合放、化疗.手术径路的选择应依据病变的部位和范围,颞骨和颞下窝联合径路可以最大限度切除侵及该区域的肿瘤,保存脑神经功能,减少并发症.     

Synovial sarcoma of the infratemporal fossa

OBJECTIVES: A case is reported in which synovial sarcoma (SS) is arising within the infratemporal fossa. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case report and literature review from an academic tertiary referral practice. RESULTS: A 46-year-old white woman presented with a 1-month history of having paresthesias on the left side of her head. There was a sensory deficit at the level of the third division dermatome (V3) of the fifth left cranial nerve. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass centered in the left infratemporal fossa. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) revealed a spindle cell neoplasm. An endoscopic, transantral biopsy of the mass revealed SS. The SS in the infratemporal fossa was surgically removed en bloc. The patient had postoperative chemoradiotherapy and is free of disease at 1 year from completion of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first reported case from the United States of America of SS located in the infratemporal fossa and the third case to be reported in the English language literature.     

颞骨和颞下窝联合入路侧颅底肿瘤切除术

探讨安全和彻底摘除广侵侧颅底及其相邻区的肿瘤的手术入路和方法。方法通过颞骨和颞下窝联合入路,应用显微外科技术摘除肿瘤,并尽可能维护或重建颅底和颅神经。     

The infratemporal fossa approach for nasopharyngeal tumors

The technique and results of the infratemporal fossa surgical removal of carcinomas and juvenile angiofibromas of the nasopharynx are presented. Effective palliative removal of T4 and radical removal of T1 and T2 nasopharyngeal carcinomas was achieved. A classification of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is presented. The infratemporal fossa approach allows radical removal of type III tumors and subtotal removal of type IV tumors. If residual tumor has to be left back in the cavernous sinus, irradiation is used to stop further growth of the tumor. If radiotherapy fails the neurosurgical removal of the intracranial portion of the tumor is indicated.     

颞下窝肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 :探讨颞下窝肿瘤的手术进路及手术方法。方法 :根据肿瘤病变的性质及范围采用耳前上、耳后下、改良Ferguson Weber及下颌骨下 4种手术进路。 结果 :手术结果按Kaplan Meire生存率计算 ,其 2年生存率良性肿瘤为 10 0 % ,恶性肿瘤为 4 7.1%。结论 :应根据肿瘤部位、性质与相邻解剖关系选择合适的手术进路 ,以保证手术能安全、有效及顺利进行     

Transnasal endoscopic resection of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma without preoperative embolization

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign, highly vascular, and locally invasive tumor. Because the location of these tumors makes conventional surgery difficult, interest in endoscopic resection is increasing, particularly for the treatment of lesions that do not extend laterally into the infratemporal fossa. We report the results of our series of 23 patients with JNA (stage IIB or lower) who underwent transnasal endoscopic resection under hypotensive general anesthesia without preoperative embolization of the tumor All tumors were successfully excised. The amount of intraoperative blood loss was acceptable. We observed only 1 recurrence, which was diagnosed 19 months postoperatively in a patient with a stage IIB primary tumor. We observed only 3 complications during follow-up-all synechia. We conclude that endoscopic resection of JNAs is safe and effective. The low incidence of recurrence and complications in this series indicates that preoperative embolization may not be necessary for lesions that have not undergone extensive spread; instead, intraoperative bleeding can be adequately controlled with good hypotensive general anesthesia.     

Endoscopic sinus surgery for benign and malignant nasal and sinus neoplasm

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Endoscopic sinus surgery has become widely accepted as the standard of treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses unresponsive to medical treatment. With increased skill with endoscopic surgical technique, advanced technologies such as intraoperative imaging systems, and a better understanding of the complex anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and surrounding vital structures, many otolaryngologists have increasingly applied their expertise in endoscopic sinus surgery to the resection of nasal and sinus neoplasms. The following represents a review of the recent literature on the latest trends regarding endoscopic resection of nasal and paranasal sinus neoplasms. RECENT FINDINGS: There has been an increasing popularity in the removal of nasal and paranasal sinus neoplasms through an endoscopic approach. In the recent literature, emphasis has been on the endoscopic surgery of benign tumors, especially inverted papilloma and nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Other benign neoplasms have also been reported, but only in small case reports. There have been a few recent reports supporting endoscopic removal of malignant neoplasms as well. However, the follow-up is too short and study groups too small to make definitive conclusions. SUMMARY: In the hand of experienced and skilled surgeons, complete endoscopic removal is attainable in most cases. Especially for the more common benign neoplasms, such as inverted papilloma and early stage angiofibroma. En bloc resection is not necessary to achieve oncologic cure. However, several factors have to be considered before selection of this surgical approach. Large tumor size, intracranial or orbital extension, and extensive frontal or infratemporal fossa involvement are relative, but not absolute limitations.     

不同内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度比较及其临床应用价值探讨

目的应用不同的内镜手术入路解剖翼腭窝及颞下窝,比较内镜下各手术入路的显露范围,为恰当选择内镜手术入路处理翼腭窝及颞下窝病变提供解剖学方面的依据。方法 4具8侧成人尸头标本,0°内镜引导下分别采取上颌窦后壁入路、扩大上颌窦后壁入路、鼻腔外侧壁入路、揭翻经上颌窦入路进行解剖学研究,观测各手术入路的有效显露范围。结果上颌窦后壁入路能显露翼腭窝上部和颞下窝内侧区深部;扩大上颌窦后壁入路在以上手术入路的基础上进一步显露翼腭窝下部;鼻腔外侧壁入路再进一步显露整个上颌窦和上颌窦底壁平面以上的颞下窝内外侧区;揭翻经上颌窦入路则能更进一步显露整个颞下窝。结论不同的内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度各不相同,以此为基础选择相应的手术入路处理不同范围的翼腭窝及颞下窝病变将有利于充分显露和有效切除病变,并尽可能避免不必要的手术损伤和并发症。     

The infratemporal fossa approach to skull base surgery.

The infratemporal fossa approach, in conjunction with the application of microsurgical technique and improved perioperative care, has permitted significant advances in lateral skull base surgery. The glomus jugulare tumor is the prototypical neoplasm resected by this approach, although this technique can be applied to a host of additional benign and malignant lesions of the skull base. This approach entails identification and control of the cranial nerves and great vessels in the neck, anterior transposition of the facial nerve, and infralabyrinthine petrosectomy. Intracranial tumor extension and petrous carotid artery involvement remain limiting factors. Significant morbidity, particularly neurologic deficit and hemorrhage, may occur due tot the nature and location of lateral skull base tumors. Recent advances in preoperative embolization and temporary carotid artery balloon occlusion have advanced the limits of resection via the infratemporal fossa approach.     

Subtemporal-preauricular approach in the management of infratemporal and nasopharyngeal tumours

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the indication, advantages, and results of the subtemporal-preauricular approach in the resection of tumours arising in the infratemporal fossa and related structures of the lateral cranial base. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patients treated by the subtemporal-preauricular approach to resect nasopharyngeal and infratemporal tumours. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. METHODS: Forty patients with lateral skull base lesions were managed with the subtemporal-preauricular approach. There were 19 benign lesions and 21 malignant tumours, the most common being nasopharyngeal carcinomas, juvenile angiofibromas, and adenoid-cystic carcinomas. Most of the tumours were at an advanced stage, with skull base involvement in 13 benign tumours and in 14 malignant ones. RESULTS: Major complications occurred in 6 (14%) patients, and there were 2 (5%) postoperative deaths. All 19 patients with benign tumours are alive, although 5 of them (26%) presented with residual or recurrent disease. The 5-year estimated survival rate of the 21 patients with malignant neoplasms was 39%. CONCLUSIONS: The subtemporal-preauricular approach is a safe and versatile approach to the infratemporal fossa and neighbouring areas of the lateral cranial base, offering satisfactory oncologic results in the absence of intracranial involvement.     

Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint: an extensive case with skull-base involvement

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign lesion of unclear etiology involving the synovial membranes of joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths. Its occurrence in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is distinctly rare. Despite its benign nature, PVNS is locally destructive to the surrounding structures. Misdiagnosis and delay in diagnosis contribute to the frequency of tumors presenting at an advanced stage at the time of treatment. Thus, PVNS often requires extensive surgery. A case of PVNS of the left TMJ, involving the left infratemporal fossa and subtemporal cranial base, is presented herein. Preoperative computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy were used to establish a presumptive diagnosis and to determine the extent of the lesion. Complete excision of the lesion through an infratemporal fossa approach has provided 7 years of a disease-free period with adequate preservation of function.     

Endoscopic surgery for juvenile angiofibroma: when and how

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: In recent years, the indications for endoscopic surgery of the sinonasal tract, originally introduced for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, have been expanded to include selected cases of benign and malignant neoplastic lesions. The aim of the present study was to establish the efficacy of endoscopic surgery in the management of small and intermediate-sized juvenile angiofibromas.STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records and the preoperative and postoperative imaging studies of 15 patients with juvenile angiofibroma who were treated with an endoscopic approach after embolization in the period from January 1994 to April 2000. All patients were prospectively followed by endoscopic and magnetic resonance imaging evaluations performed at regular intervals (every 4 months during the first year and, subsequently, every 6 months). RESULTS: According to a staging system reported in 1989, there were two patients with a type I, nine with a type II, three with a type IIIA, and one with a type IIIB juvenile angiofibroma. Angiography demonstrated that the vascular supply was strictly unilateral in 11 patients and bilateral in 4. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 80 to 600 mL (mean blood loss, 372 mL). During follow-up (range, 24-93 mo; mean follow-up, 50 mo [SD +/- 19.9 mo]), only one patient presented a residual lesion on magnetic resonance imaging, which was 16 mm in diameter and was detected 24 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic approach is a safe and effective technique that allows removal of small and intermediate-sized juvenile angiofibromas (without extensive involvement of the infratemporal fossa and cavernous sinus) with a low morbidity. Advanced lesions are more appropriately treated by external approaches.     

Endoscopic sinus surgery for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a rare tumour of the head and neck with very specific characteristics: adolescent males, choana-nasopharynx, pterygomaxillary fossa widening, specific and intense vascularisation. Staging is very important in the decision of the surgical approach. Endoscopic management of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is technically possible after preoperative embolisation. Up to now 13 angiofibroma have been treated using the endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery approach in Belgium (Leuven 8; Mont-Godinne 2; Ghent 1; Liege 1; Woluwe 1). In smaller tumors endoscopic resection has been successful in four cases without any recurrence. Five larger tumors, extending in the pterygomaxillary fossa, were also successfully resected. Extension into the infratemporal fossa or the cavernous sinus can be endoscopically removed, but recurrences may occur as they do after classical, external approaches. In conclusion, the endoscopic approach is an acceptable alternative in small to middle sized juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.     

Endonasal endoscopic resection of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Juvenile angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare benign but locally aggressive tumour of the nasopharynx that primarily occurs in adolescent males. We report a series of 6 consecutive cases operated by exclusive endoscopic approach between from March 1996 and June 2003. All were male. The mean age was 17.2 years old (range: 11-23 years). The tumour involved the nasopharynx in all the cases (6/6), the sphenoid sinus (3/6) and the medial part of the pterygopalatine fossa (4/6). According to Radkowski's classification (Table 1), one patient was stage Ia, one was stage Ib and four patients were stage IIb. The mean duration of the surgery was 2 hours. The mean intraoperative blood loss was 575 ml despite a preoperative hyperselective embolization. The mean follow-up after the first operation was 67 months. All patients but one were free of disease. One patient had a recurrence in the nasopharynx and sphenoid sinuses requiring a successful revision procedure 3 years after the primary surgery. Another patient presented with a 5 mm non-symptomatic nodule in the pterygopalatine fossa, regressing on MRI during the 4 years following the surgery. In conclusion, endoscopic resection of JNA is a difficult but effective operation in experienced hands. Based upon the recent international literature, endonasal surgery combined with a preoperative embolization of the arterial supply is indicated for small and middle size JNAs but also for large tumours extended to the pterygopalatine fossa and medial aspect of the infratemporal fossa. Minimal intracranial extension is not an absolute contraindication if there is no clinical or radiological involvement of the cavernous sinus. A tridimentional guiding system can be of some help in large tumours.     

The infratemporal fossa approach for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the skull base and nasopharynx.

The infratemporal fossa approach to the skull base is an established method of treating neoplasms of this region. The type C variation has proved an effective means of removing adenoid cystic carcinoma invading the infratemporal fossa and skull base from the nasopharynx. A classification of these tumors is proposed, the surgical technique is described, and the results are given in this article.     

Dermoid cyst of the infratemporal fossa

Dermoid cysts are rare benign tumours, they represent the simplest form of teratoma. Approximately seven per cent affect the head and neck region, within this region they are frequently encountered in the area of the lateral eyebrow, the orbit and the nose. A case of a 17-year-old girl who developed a rapidly growing facial swelling due to an infratemporal fossa dermoid cyst is presented. A review of the literature using Medline has not revealed any previous reports of similar cases. The lesion was completely excised using a lateral approach to the infratemporal fossa.