重组人可溶性B淋巴细胞激活因子的制备及活性分析

目的　制备具有功能活性的人TNF家族的B细胞激活因子 (BcellactivatingfactortotheTNFfamily ,BAFF)胞外区 134～ 2 85氨基酸残基段 ,为BAFF的深入研究创造条件。方法　提取人新鲜扁桃体组织总RNA ,经RT PCR扩增编码人BAFF胞外区 134～ 2 85氨基酸残基cDNA ,经序列测定后 ,构建于原核表达载体 pQE 80L并转化大肠杆菌DH5α ,经IPTG诱导表达及Ni2 NTA柱层析纯化目的蛋白 ,行SDS PAGE和Western印迹检测。最后经MTT法检测其增殖活性。结果　RT PCR扩增得到了 4 5 9bp的cDNA片段 ,序列分析与GenBank中报道的编码人BAFF13 4 2 85的cDNA序列一致 ,SDS PAGE及Western印迹证实表达蛋白确实为 6×His BAFF13 4 2 85融合蛋白并存在于包涵体中。活性检测证实其能明显刺激肿瘤细胞的增殖。结论　利用大肠杆菌可高效表达rhBAFF13 4 2 85,得到的纯化蛋白具有较高的生物学活性 ,为进一步的研究奠定了基础。     

人FasL胞外区cDNA的克隆及表达

应用RT PCR技术从激活的人外周血淋巴细胞总RNA中扩增FasL胞外区cDNA ,克隆入PCR2 1载体 ,测序验证后在大肠杆菌DH5α中表达 ,经亲和层析柱纯化 ,Westernblot鉴定所得表达产物为可溶性人FasL胞外区蛋白。     

LIGHT基因的克隆及其可溶性表达

目的　克隆LIGHT基因 ,构建含有人LIGHT基因的表达载体 ,诱导其在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达 ,并对表达的LIGHT蛋白的生物学活性进行检测。方法　从人的外周血单个核细胞中克隆LIGHT全长cDNA及其胞外区片段 ,并将其胞外区片段亚克隆至原核表达载体pET 11a中 ,筛选阳性重组质粒pET LIGHT ,以IPTG诱导其可溶性表达 ,并以SDS PAGE和Westernblot检测进行分析。表达的蛋白初步纯化后 ,进行生物学活性分析。结果　RT PCR扩增出了LIGHT全长 72 3bp的cDNA。SDS PAGE和Westernblot分析证实重组pET LIGHT质粒可表达出相对分子质量 (Mr)为 19× 10 3的蛋白。可溶性LIGHT重组蛋白可共刺激T细胞的增殖及诱导IFN γ的产生。结论　本实验成功地将LIGHT胞外区片段在大肠杆菌中进行表达 ,表达的蛋白具有生物学功能 ,这为进一步的LIGHT基因的功能研究打下了基础     

斯氏肺吸虫成虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶cDNA片段的克隆和序列分析

目的　克隆斯氏肺吸虫成虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶cDNA片段 ,并对其进行测序和序列分析。方法　利用简并引物 ,进行RT PCR ,扩增斯氏肺吸虫成虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶cDNA片段。TA克隆装入pUCm T载体 ,进行鉴定、测序 ;利用DNASIS程序推导其所编码的氨基酸序列 ,并与相关虫种半胱氨酸蛋白酶进行氨基酸序列的同源性分析。结果　RT PCR扩增出了一约5 0 0bp的cDNA片段 ,对阳性克隆测序后获得其核酸序列 ,长 4 95bp。将推导的氨基酸序列作同源性分析显示 ,该序列与相关虫种半胱氨酸蛋白酶存在着较高的同源性 ,组成半胱氨酸催化三联体的半胱氨酸、组胺酸和天冬酰胺残基高度保守。结论　克隆获得了斯氏肺吸虫成虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶cDNA片段 ,该片段包含了与半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性和空间结构相关的重要基因位点。     

人THANK cDNA的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中表达

目的克隆THANKcDNA,并在大肠杆菌中进行表达。方法采用RT-PCR技术,从人外周血单个核细胞的总RNA中扩增人THANK全长编码区基因及THANK胞外区编码基因,PCR产物直接克隆于pMD-18T载体中,重组克隆进行DNA测序。将测序证实的THANK胞外区基因亚克隆到原核表达载体pET-11a中。阳性重组子,以1mmol/LIPTG进行诱导表达,以SDS-PAGE分析THANK胞外区的表达。对表达的蛋白作初步纯化处理后,进行生物学活性检测。结果RT-PCR扩增出一个858bp的DNA片段,限制性内切酶图谱分析和测序结果显示,该片段为编码人THANK的cDNA,与公布的人THANK基因序列一致。将胞外区片段克隆入表达载体,转化大肠杆菌表达后发现,与阴性对照相比,在相对分子质量（Mr）26×104处多显示出一条条带。对该蛋白进行初步活性测定显示其可显著地抑制U937细胞的生长。结论本实验成功地克隆了人THANK基因,并将其可溶性胞外区片段在大肠杆菌中进行了表达,表达的重组蛋白可抑制U937细胞的生长。这为进一步进行THANK基因的功能研究及其开发和临床应用奠定了基础。     

人PD-L2基因克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的 克隆人PD-L2基因并构建PD-L2胞外区的原核表达载体，在大肠杆菌中进行表达。方法 以RT-PCR方法从活化的人外周血单个核细胞总RNA中克隆PD-L2基因的cDNA，构建PD-L2胞外区的原核表达载体，在大肠杆菌BL21(ED3)中进行表达并鉴定。结果 克隆到PD-L2基因cDNA编码区全长序列，经DNA测序证明其与已报道的序列一致。进而构建了PD-L2胞外区的原核表达载体，并在大肠杆菌表达，免疫印迹分析表明在IPTG诱导后表达PD-L2胞外区蛋白，相对分子质量Mr为22000，与理论值大小相符。结论 成功克隆PD-L2基因，其胞外区蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得表达，为进一步研究PD-L2功能提供了条件。     

人sCD40L基因的克隆及表达

目的 克隆人sCD40L基因片段，并在原核细胞中表达。方法 用RT－PCR技术，从激活的人外周血淋巴细胞总RNA中，扩增CD40L胞外区cDNA，并克隆至载体pGEM-T。测序验证后，转至载体PQE31中，并在大肠杆菌M15中进行表达，最后通过亲和层析柱得到纯化蛋白。结果 纯化所得的产物经Western blot证实，确为人sCD40L蛋白。结论 应用基因重组法构建了人sCD40L基因片段，并在原核细胞内成功地进行了表达，为今后进一步研究CD40L与凋亡、疾病的发病机制及临床治疗奠定了基础。     

人TALL-1基因毕赤酵母表达载体的构建与鉴定

目的克隆人TALL-1基因全长及其胞外区片段，构建人TALL-1及其胞外区蛋白毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体。方法从人新鲜淋巴结组织中提取总RNA，利用RT-PCR技术扩增人TALL-1及其胞外区基因编码区序列，构建人TALL-1及其胞外区cDNA毕赤酵母表达载体，并进行序列测定。结果克隆获得的858bp和459bp片段与文献报道的人TALL-1全长及其胞外区基因编码区cDNA序列一致，将目的基因插入酵母表达载体pPiC-9Ka因子分泌信号肽下游。结论本实验为大量获得人TALL-1蛋白及其可溶性功能蛋白，以及探讨其生物学性能和未来在临床上的应用奠定了实验基础。     

杀菌/通透性增加蛋白N端片段在原核细胞中的表达及其临床应用的初步探讨

目的：构建编码杀菌，通透性增加蛋白(BPI)N端片段基因原核表达载体，并在大肠杆菌中表达重组蛋白。方法：采用RT-PCR技术，从人外周血中性粒细胞的总RNA中扩增BPI蛋白N端片段cDNA编码区基因，DNA序列分析鉴定；将测序证实的BPI蛋白N端片段编码区基因PCR产物直接克隆于原核表达载体pBAD／Thio-TOPO中，再次测序鉴定；通过在大肠杆菌中以L-阿拉伯糖进行诱导表达，然后以SDS-PAGE、Westerm blot对表达的重组蛋白进行分析。重组蛋白经初步纯化处理后，进行生物学活性检测。结果：RT-PCR扩增出一个835bp的DNA片段，DNA测序表明为所需目的基因。限制性内切酶酶切和DNA序列分析表明，BPI蛋白N端片段正确克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pBAD／Thio-TDPO中，SDS-PAGE和Wester blot结果表明在大肠杆菌中成功表达了BPI蛋白N端片段。对该蛋白进行初步活性测定显示其可与BPI单克隆抗体结合并具有杀灭耐药铜绿假单胞菌的活性。结论：成功构建了BPI蛋白N端片段编码区基因原核表达载体，并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达，表达的重组蛋白具有一定的生物活性。     

人可溶性TNF受体(sTNFRI)在大肠杆菌中的表达及其活性鉴定

目的 :构建人可溶性TNF受体I(sTNFRI)基因表达载体 ,并在大肠杆菌中高效表达。方法 :用RT PCR扩增编码人TNFRI胞外段基因片段 ,将其插入到表达载体pET 2 8a ,并转入大肠杆菌进行表达。结果 :在IPTG诱导下 ,转入外源基因的大肠杆菌BL 2 1可高效表达sTNFRI蛋白 ,SDS PAGE显示在 2 7kD处有一特异表达条带 ,其表达量占菌体蛋白总量的 31%。纯化的sTNFRI可有效封闭TNF对L92 9细胞的胞毒效应 ;间接免疫荧光显示它可特异性抑制TNF与靶细胞TNFR的结合。结论 :通过基因工程技术获得了人sTNFRI重组蛋白。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.