彩色多普勒超声在颈椎外伤继发椎动脉损伤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声在颈椎外伤合并椎动脉损伤诊断中的应用。方法：12例闭合性颈椎外伤患者，应用彩色多普勒超声对双侧椎动脉进行检查，检测手术前后椎动脉的走行、内径、内膜、有无血栓，测量血流速度和阻力指数(RI)。结果：发现3例患者单侧椎动脉损伤合并血栓形成、闭塞；1例患者双侧动脉轻度损伤；其余8例患者双侧椎动脉未见异常。轻度损伤的患者及时手术后，避免了椎动脉血栓形成，神经损伤恢复良好。结论：彩色多普勒超声能够提供颈椎外伤继发椎动脉损伤的部位、程度和血流动力学改变等丰富的诊断信息，具有重要临床价值。     

Airway and circulatory collapse due to retropharyngeal hematoma after blunt vertebral artery injury

Retropharyngeal hematoma following blunt cervical spine injury is a known cause of airway obstruction, but it is not known to cause hemorrhagic shock. We report the case of a massive retropharyngeal hematoma caused by a blunt vertebral artery transection leading simultaneously to airway obstruction and hemorrhagic shock.An 83-year-old woman was injured in a motorcycle accident. In the field, the patient exhibited paradoxical breathing with no breath sounds, and her blood pressure could not be measured. Therefore, emergency intubation and fluid resuscitation were initiated and the patient was transferred to the emergency department. Computed tomography angiography revealed a massive retropharyngeal hematoma with contrast extravasation from the right vertebral artery, which caused airway obstruction and hemorrhagic shock. The right vertebral artery was transected at the C5 level, which was associated with C4/C5 dislocation. Vertebral artery transection was successfully treated by endovascular embolization, which was followed by complication of asymptomatic posterior circulation stroke.Blunt vertebral artery transection can cause massive retropharyngeal hematoma, which can rapidly expand and lead to hemorrhagic shock in addition to airway obstruction. In cases of massive retropharyngeal hematoma with hemorrhagic shock following blunt cervical spine injury, blunt vertebral artery transection should be suspected. If blunt vertebral artery transection is detected and hemorrhagic shock is persistent, endovascular embolization should be performed immediately in addition to emergency intubation.     

Complex basilar artery fenestration aneurysm successfully treated with single flow diverter using novel “crossing flow diverter technique” – A rare case report and review of literature

Basilar artery fenestration aneurysms are very rare and endovascular management of large and complex aneurysms is extremely challenging. Most of these type of cases are managed with stent assisted coiling, dual flow diverters (FD) and single FD with additional coiling of aneurysm and occlusion of one of the vertebral artery. Here, we report a case of large complex basilar artery fenestration aneurysm successfully treated with single FD using novel technique called “crossing flow diverter technique” without any additional coiling of aneurysm or occlusion of vertebral artery. Using this technique cost of procedure and procedural complexity inherent with other above mentioned techniques can be significantly reduced.     

颈椎病合并颈椎损伤的MRI诊断

目的：分析颈椎病合并颈椎损伤的磁共振（ＭＲＩ）表现。方法：回顾性分析６２例颈椎病患者与３５例非颈椎病患者颈椎损伤的ＭＲＩ扫描资料与临床资料。结果：颈椎病合并颈椎损伤的ＭＲＩ表现包括椎体骨折与脱位、韧带撕裂,颈髓损伤、椎间盘损伤脱出、推动脉受压扭曲与狭窄、椎前血肿等损伤性表现及椎间盘变性脱出。黄韧带肥厚、椎管狭窄、后纵韧带钙化等颈椎退变表现。颈椎病组颈椎损伤易合并颈髓损伤,且多为无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤,颈髓损伤的位置与范围与颈椎原有病变的位置与范围一致。结论：ＭＲＩ能充分反映颈椎病合并颈椎损伤的表现特征,对治疗和预后有重要意义。     

颈部大血管损伤的两种手术方法

目的：介绍颈部大血管在临近颅底处损伤的两种手术方法。方法和结果：2例颈部邻近颅底处大血管损伤病人以不同方法得到救治。其一为椎动脉在第二颈椎左侧横突处的损伤并伴假性动脉瘤。缝合横突前方残余颈长肌及筋膜，达到与动脉瘤外包裹术相同的效果；另1例为颈内静脉出颅处的不全离断伴休克，远心端在不能结扎和缝合止血的情况下，用明胶海棉揉成团块填塞、压迫，止血疗效肯定。结论：颈部大血管临近颅底处的损伤，上述方法方便、简单、止血快捷，疗效肯定。     

脊柱损伤的MRI分析与诊断

目的：分析和总结脊柱损伤的MRI表现和诊断意义。方法：80例脊柱外伤患者均作MRI检查。结果：80例中颈椎25例，胸椎26例，腰椎29例，其中包括椎骨骨折，椎体脱位，椎间盘突出，韧带损伤，脊髓损伤。结论：通过MRI对脊柱损伤的观察和诊断既能明确的显示脊髓、韧带、椎间盘和椎旁软组织受损伤的细节，还能明确椎骨受伤的情况。     

核磁共振诊断脊柱损伤的影像学分析

目的：分析和总结脊柱损伤的磁共振表现和意义。材料与方法：分析60例脊柱损伤患者MR检查表现。结果：60例中颈椎18例,胸椎20例,腰椎22例,其中包括椎骨骨折,椎体脱位,椎间盘突出,韧带损伤,脊髓损伤。结论：MR I除了可以观察脊柱形态及位置的改变外,还可很好的显示脊柱,脊髓及韧带损伤后的病理改变情况。     

椎弓根钉治疗寰枢椎损伤29例报告

目的：探讨椎弓根钉技术在寰枢椎损伤中的应用方法及疗效。方法：自2007-07-2010-12,我院收治的29例寰枢椎椎损伤患者进行后路椎弓根钉内固定,重建上颈椎稳定性。结果：29例患者手术复位满意,无椎动脉破裂或脊髓损伤等严重并发症。所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6～36个月。全部患者椎间隙高度及颈椎生理曲度维持良好,内固定牢固,无螺钉松动或钉棒断裂现象,术后6～12个月均可见骨性融合。伴有颈髓损伤的患者神经功能均有不同程度恢复。结论：采用椎弓根钉内固定系统治疗寰枢椎损伤可使寰枢椎得到坚强的固定,同时保留枕颈部的活动度,是寰枢椎损伤的复位和固定的有效方法。     

Effect of rotated head posture on dynamic vertebral artery elongation during simulated rear impact

BACKGROUND: Elongation-induced vertebral artery injury has been hypothesized to occur during non-physiological coupled axial rotation and extension of head. No studies have quantified dynamic vertebral artery elongation during head-turned rear impacts. Therefore, we evaluated effect of rotated head posture vs. forward head posture at the time of impact on dynamic vertebral artery elongation during simulated rear impacts. METHODS: A whole cervical spine model with surrogate head and muscle force replication underwent either simulated head-turned (n = 6) or head-forward (n = 6) rear impacts of 3.5, 5, 6.5 and 8 g. Continuous dynamic vertebral artery elongation was recorded using custom transducer and compared to physiological values obtained during intact flexibility testing. FINDINGS: Average (SD) peak dynamic vertebral artery elongation of up to 30.5 (2.6) mm during head-turned rear-impact significantly exceeded (P < 0.05) the physiological beginning at 5 g. Highest peak elongation of 5.8 (2.1) mm during head-forward rear impact did not exceed physiological limit. Head-turned rear impact caused earlier occurrence of average peak vertebral artery elongation, 84.5 (4.2) ms vs. 161.0 (43.8) ms, and higher average peak vertebral artery elongation rate, 1336.7 (74.5) mm/s vs. 211.5 (97.4) mm/s, as compared to head-forward rear impact. INTERPRETATION: Elongation-induced vertebral artery injury is more likely to occur in those with rotated head posture at the time of rear impact, as compared to head-forward.     

Is it time to stop functional pre-manipulation testing of the cervical spine?

The combined extended and rotated cervical spine position has been postulated to affect vertebral artery blood flow by primarily causing a narrowing of the vessel lumen, usually within the artery contralateral to the side of head rotation. The production of brainstem symptoms during the manoeuvre has generally been considered to be a positive test result. As a consequence, functional pre-manipulation testing of the cervical spine has been part of clinical screening undertaken by chiropractors and other manual practitioners to rule out the risk of possible injury to the vertebral artery. To date, these testing procedures are taught to students and carried out in daily clinical practice, despite the considerable controversy that exists about their validity. This paper considers and discusses the usefulness of functional pre-manipulation testing for clinical scenarios, involving dissection, spasm or stenosis of the vertebral artery, and makes the following recommendations: (1) Practitioners must assess the patient thoroughly, through careful history taking and physical examination, for the possibility of vertebral artery dissection. It is important to note that vertebral artery dissection (VAD) may present as pain only, and may not be associated with symptoms and signs of brainstem ischaemia. (2) If there is a strong likelihood of VAD, provocative pre-manipulation tests should not be performed, and the patient must be referred appropriately. (3) In the patient presenting with symptoms of brainstem ischaemia due to non-dissection stenotic vertebral artery pathologies, provocative testing is very unlikely to provide any useful additional diagnostic information. (4) In the patient with unapparent vertebral artery pathology, where spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) is considered as the treatment of choice, provocative testing is very unlikely to provide any useful information in assessing the probability of manipulation induced vertebral artery injury.     

Gross morphology and pathoanatomy of the vertebral arteries

Cerebrovascular accidents are an uncommon, but well documented, complication of cervical spine manipulation. This paper reviews vertebral artery gross morphology and pathoanatomy as they relate to possible mechanisms of injury to this vessel. Certain positions of the head and neck can lead to vertebral artery compromise and may ultimately lead to a cerebrovascular accident. The results obtained from a cadaver study on vertebral artery diameter at the site of the posterior arch of atlas are also presented.     

The “No-Reflow” Phenomenon after Temporary Coronary Occlusion in the Dog

The role of microvascular damage in the genesis of the "no-reflow" phenomenon was investigated in the left ventricular myocardium of dogs subjected to temporary occlusions of a major coronary artery for 40 and 90 min. Intravenous carbon black or thioflavin S (a fluorescent vital stain for endothelium) were used to demonstrate the distribution of coronary arterial flow in control and damaged myocardium. These tracers were injected simultaneously with release of the coronary occlusion or after 5 or 20 min of reflow of coronary arterial blood. After 40 min of ischemia plus arterial reperfusion, usually the tracers were evenly distributed throughout the damaged tissue at each time of reperfusion. On the other hand, when reflow was allowed after 90 min of ischemia, portions of the inner half of damaged myocardium were not penetrated by the tracers. Electron microscopic study of this poorly perfused tissue revealed severe capillary damage; endothelial cells with large intraluminal protrusions and decreased pinocytic vesicles were common. Also, occasional intraluminal fibrin thrombi were noted, as well as extravascular fibrin deposits and erythrocytes. Myocardial cells were swollen in both poorly perfused and well-perfused irreversibly injured tissue. Contraction bands and mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation were prominent features of irreversible injury with reflow at 40 min but were not noted after 90 min of ischemia in areas with poor perfusion. These results suggest that 40 min of ischemia were tolerated by the capillary bed of the dog heart without serious capillary damage or perfusion defects, but that 90 min of ischemic injury was associated with the "no-reflow" phenomenon, i.e., failure to achieve uniform reperfusion. This failure of reflow was associated with extensive capillary damage and myocardial cell swelling. Death of severely ischemic myocardial cells in this model occurs before the onset of capillary damage and the no-reflow phenomenon.     

“三合一”预制皮瓣移植修复拇指脱套伤的临床应用

目的总结“三合一”预制皮瓣移植修复拇指脱套伤的临床应用效果。 方法2007年1月至2018年1月兰州手足外科医院应用“三合一”预制皮瓣移植修复拇指脱套伤8例。其中，男7例，女1例；年龄22~39岁，平均（32.0±9.6）岁。预制皮瓣的旋股外侧降支血管动脉和静脉分别与桡动脉背侧支动脉和静脉相吻合，供区创面行直接缝合。 结果1例供区发生小的切口裂开，经再次缝合后愈合，预制皮瓣全部成活，取得了较满意的效果。术后随访2~5.5年，平均（3.5±1.6）年，供区无明显的功能障碍，受区外形较好。 结论“三合一”预制皮瓣移植技术修复拇指脱套伤效果优良，尤其适合不宜行 甲瓣移植手术的拇指脱套伤。     

Asymptomatic blunt vertebral artery injury after cervical spine nonpenetrating trauma]

OBJECTIVE: To show the possibility of vertebral injury after cervical spine trauma. METHOD: We observed 2 cases of asymptomatic thrombosis of the vertebral artery after cervical fracture. DISCUSSION: Thrombosis of the vertebral artery is acute in 20% of cases of cervical trauma. It may be asymptomatic. Magnetic resonance angiography is the best noninvasive investigation for such cases to systematically detect the complication. Treatment with anticoagulants or antiaggregants should be initiated.     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤程度的影响因素研究

目的探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤程度的影响因素。方法回顾性分析44例无骨折脱位的颈脊髓损伤病例的MRI资料。从矢状位和轴位图像观察记录：脊髓损伤的长度，脊髓损伤处椎间盘突出最大径，椎间盘突出类型，脊髓损伤处椎管前后径、黄韧带厚度、椎体后缘骨赘有无和脊髓损伤节段，同时记录患者的年龄和性别。以脊髓损伤长度为应变量，以性别、年龄、椎间盘突出最大径、椎管前后径、椎间盘突出类型、黄韧带厚度、椎体后缘骨赘有无、脊髓损伤节段为自变量，进行多因素相关性分析。结果①44例中，脊髓损伤的长度为3～22mm，椎间盘突出的最大径为4～8mm，椎管前后径为4～9mm，黄韧带厚度为2—7mm，脊髓损伤平面位于C。～C，水平。②颈脊髓损伤的程度与颈椎间盘突出程度、颈椎管径前后径、颈椎黄韧带的厚度、颈脊髓损伤节段相关，差异有显著性意义（P〈0、01）。结论无骨折脱位的颈脊髓损伤的程度与颈椎间盘突出程度正相关，与颈椎管径前后径负相关，与颈椎黄韧带的厚度、颈脊髓损伤节段相关，与椎间盘突出的类型、椎体后缘有无骨赘、性别和年龄无关。     

骨髓间充质干细胞修复椎动脉型颈椎病的血管损伤

背景：炎症刺激是椎动脉型颈椎病发病的重要因素,骨髓间充质干细胞具有很强的免疫调节作用,能有效抑制炎症,具有治疗椎动脉型颈椎病的潜能。 目的：探讨椎动脉型颈椎病血管损伤机制及骨髓间充质干细胞的治疗作用。 方法：40只日本大耳兔随机分为4组：空白组不作任何处理;模型组、丹参酮组、干细胞组采用硬化剂注射法制作椎动脉型颈椎病模型。造模24 h后,空白组,模型组不进行干预,丹参酮组和干细胞组经耳缘静脉注射丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠溶液10 mL和骨髓间充质干细胞混悬液10 mL,干预2周后取材。 结果与结论：与模型组相比,干细胞组管壁中膜平滑肌细胞肥大增生明显受到抑制,血管内皮皱折较匀称;干细胞组与丹参酮组比较无明显差别。与模型组相比,干细胞组椎动脉血管cathepsin B、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α表达显著下降,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;模型组与丹参酮组比较差异无显著性意义（P 〈0.05）。结果可见炎症反应可能是椎动脉血管受到损伤的机制之一;骨髓间充质干细胞能有效抑制椎动脉血管炎症反应,修复受损椎动脉血管。     

“5·12”汶川大地震中合并有多发伤的脊柱骨折的临床特点和治疗

目的：总结汶川大地震期间合并有多发伤的脊柱骨折的临床特点和治疗经验。方法：回顾分析汶川大地震期间四川大学华西医院收治的281例脊柱骨折,其中223例合并有多发伤,分析其临床特点和治疗方式。结果：223例合并多发伤的脊柱骨折中单纯椎体骨折138例,单纯附件损伤37例,椎体＋附件骨折48例;平均年龄43.45±14.05岁;椎体分布以下胸段和腰段为主,胸腰段占60%左右;致伤原因中砸伤占82.1%;脊柱手术治疗35例,占需手术治疗的27.8%;合并伤共267例次;严重并发症127例次;合并脊髓或马尾神经损伤101例,占45.3%,有15例在搬运中发生脊髓损伤。结论：汶川大地震发生在山区,地震烈度高,伤员多为复合伤,存在严重的并发症,受累椎体多,治疗的重点首先放在处理开放伤、感染、并发症上,影响了脊柱骨折的治疗;早期救援时正确施救才能有效防范继发性脊髓损伤。     

彩色多普勒超声对先天性儿童颅外段椎动脉发育异常的研究

目的探讨超声对小儿先天性颅外段椎动脉异常的诊断价值。方法对82例2.5～14岁头痛、头晕及晕厥病史的患儿进行超声检查,观察椎动脉走行、管壁形态,测量椎动脉内径、中间段收缩期峰值血流速度（PSV）、舒张末期血流速度（RSV）、搏动指数（PI）及阻力指数（RI）等。结果超声检查发现82例患儿中38例患儿为先天性椎动脉异常,占47．5％。其中12例为椎动脉发育不对称,15例为椎动脉椎间孔处扭曲,双侧椎动脉发育不对称伴发椎动脉扭曲5例,6例为先天性椎动脉发育不良。结论超声检查可较准确地显示小儿颅外段异常椎动脉的形态,评价椎动脉的血流动力学改变,对先天忡小儿椎动脉异常的诊断有较高的临床应用价值。     

Trampolines, children, and strokes

Strokes in children related to sports injuries are rare, but pediatric trampoline injuries are dramatically increasing. Minor trauma to the vulnerable extracranial vertebral arteries as they travel superficially through the dorsum of the neck can begin a cascade of events that results in arterial dissection, thrombus formation, and embolization with cerebral infarction. We present the case of an 11-yr-old boy who developed left vertebral artery dissection subsequent to a trampoline injury.     

急性脊柱外伤影像诊断价值比较分析

目的：探讨急性脊柱挫伤的影像诊断价值.材料与方法：搜集60例脊柱外伤患者行X线、CT和MRI检查,对其三者进行对比分析.结果：椎体骨折45例：X线显示椎体骨折41例,累及115节椎体（90.6％）,伴附件骨折32处（61.5％）.CT显示椎体骨折45例,累及127节椎体（100.0％）,伴附件骨折52处（96.2％）,脊髓损伤3例,硬膜外下血肿2例.MR显示椎体骨折44例,累及123节椎体（96.9％）,伴附件骨折48处（92.3％）,韧带损伤16处,脊髓损伤10例,硬膜外下血肿6例.椎体挫伤15例：MRI显示23节椎体挫伤,伴附件挫伤7处;X线和CT均未发现异常.结论：显示骨折CT敏感度优于MRI和X线平片,显示骨挫伤和韧带、脊髓损伤MRI明显优于CT和X线平片.