Endoscopic bronchial exploration under local anesthesia in children]

One hundred and forty-two flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopies were carried out in 1 year, under local anaesthesia, in 123 children aged between 15 days and 17 years. Indications were tuberculosis (n = 26), persistent pneumonia (n = 20), suspected foreign body or control after extraction (n = 18), asthma (n = 17), atelectasis (n = 14), recurrent pneumonia (n = 13), opportunistic pneumonia (n = 11), permanent bronchial obstruction (n = 10), miscellaneous disease (n = 13). Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was abnormal in 101 patients (80%) and led to a change in the treatment in 84 cases (68%). True complications (n = 5) were all transient and were followed by complete recovery. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy under local anaesthesia is a simple and safe procedure. It is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the management of pediatric respiratory disorders.     

先天性食管闭锁术后5至9年随访

目的 分析食管吻合术远期并发症,探讨长期随访必要性.方法 对先天性食管闭锁Ⅲ型手术治疗痊愈出院的28例追踪随访5～9年,记录儿保科检查生长发育情况;肺功能、气管CT扫描、气管镜、消化道造影、胃镜.结果 22例生长发育正常范围,6例发育落后,其中反复呼吸道感染4例、气管软化症2例、胃食管反流1例,随访至12个月后发育落后纠正;气管软化症11例,8例治愈,死亡3例.严重软化2例行气管内支架植入,1例成功,1例因气道内肉芽生长行球囊扩张3次.随访至平均(48.4±5.2)个月,存在反复喘息、肺炎7例,5例出现肺功能异常,2例6岁以上患儿存在气道高反应性;7例随访平均(11.4±2.3)个月发生吻合口狭窄,3例为术后吻合口漏患儿.其中5例行球囊扩张术1次,1例扩张2次,1例扩张3次,随访食管造影无复发;9例胃食管反流,临床表现吞咽困难、疼痛、咳嗽、喘息及反复肺炎等,经保守治疗治愈4例,缓解2例,无效3例.平均随访(62.1±7.8)个月,2例轻度反流,1例中度反流,1例重度反流.3例肺功能异常、2例6岁以上患儿气道高反应性.结论 先天性食管闭锁术后存在涉及多学科并发症,长期随访可做到早期发现及进一步治疗.     

Indications for flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric patients

Although the availability of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) has been a major advance in adult pulmonary medicine, the role of FFB in pediatrics has remained less well defined. Therefore, a two-year retrospective study was undertaken to determine the indications for FFB in 95 pediatric patients (mean age, 6.9 years) who underwent 129 FFB procedures. Indications for FFB included stridor (41/129), abnormal chest roentgenogram (38/129), airway evaluation in patients with tracheostomy (13/129), airway obstruction (11/129), hoarseness (9/129), recurrent pneumonia (7/129), chronic cough (4/129), failed extubation (3/129), tracheal injury (2/129), and hemoptysis (1/129). Overall, a specific diagnosis was made in 88% of cases, of which 48% involved a lower airway disorder. A minor complication rate of 2% was observed with no major complications.     

软式支气管镜在儿童呼吸系统疾病中的应用

目的探讨软式支气管镜在儿童呼吸系统疾病中的临床应用价值。方法对80例因呼吸系统疾病住院(包括重症肺炎、肺炎支原体肺炎并肺不张/肺实变/局限性肺气肿、迁延性肺炎、咳喘原因待查、慢性咳嗽查因、喉喘鸣)接受软式支气管镜检查/肺泡灌洗治疗患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果支气管镜检查发现,80例患儿均有支气管内膜炎症,其中分泌物严重雍塞气道28例。在支气管内膜炎症基础上合并先天性气道发育异常24例,另发现支气管异物3例。咳喘原因待查及喉喘鸣的患儿中,部分患儿存在先天性气道发育异常或支气管异物等病变。27例肺炎支原体肺炎患儿中,分泌物严重雍塞/栓塞气道26例;25例患儿(93%)在肺泡灌洗治疗后2周复查胸部影像学,显示肺部完全或大部分复张。行支气管镜检查的80例患儿中,术中出现严重低氧血症3例,鼻出血1例,肺泡灌洗术中少量出血1例,支气管短暂性痉挛3例,术后发热5例,均经对症处理后好转。结论软式支气管镜在儿童呼吸系统疾病的临床应用是安全可靠的。重症/难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿建议早期行软式支气管镜下肺泡灌洗治疗,可改善预后。反复咳喘及持续喉喘鸣患儿均建议积极行软式支气管镜检查,内镜直视下了解咽喉部及气道情况,避免误诊和漏诊。     

纤维支气管镜诊治小儿气管支气管软化症53例分析

目的探讨小儿气管支气管软化症（TBM）的临床特征,并分析纤维支气管镜术在其诊断中的价值。方法2004年4月至2006年4月因诊治需要对229名患儿行纤维支气管镜术,依据术中直观检查诊断TBM53例,对其内镜下病变特征、一般情况、临床表现、其他辅助检查、治疗及转归等进行综合分析。结果（1）53例TBM中仅22例术前疑诊此病,另31例在术前的临床诊断主要为难治性肺炎及哮喘、原因不明肺不张等。（2）TBM年龄构成：患儿年龄为1个月-8岁,〈1岁41例,-2岁6例,-3岁4例,〉3岁2例;性别构成：女10例,男43例。（3）TBM病变部位：总气管软化11例,气管-支气管软化24例,支气管软化18例;两肺分布：左肺支气管软化12例;右肺支气管软化11例,左右肺均有软化19例;病变程度：轻度病变21例,中度病变25例,重度病变7例。（4）53例TBM患儿中,临床表现为反复或持续喘息28例,慢性咳嗽16例,反复呼吸道感染5例,肺不张2例,呼吸困难2例。结论TBM多见于婴幼儿,临床表现多样,多有呼气性喘鸣和咳嗽;纤维支气管镜检查可提高其诊断准确率,避免漏诊、误诊。     

纤维支气管镜术在反复喘息性疾病诊断及治疗中的应用

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)术对小儿反复喘息性疾病的诊断及治疗价值.方法 收集本院2006年4月-2011年4月因反复喘息住院并应用纤支镜诊疗的72例患儿的临床资料.病例均在局部表面麻醉下行纤支镜术,通过镜下直视、支气管内膜刷检、支气管肺泡灌洗液病原学检查进一步明确病因,行支气管肺泡灌洗及注药等局部治疗,并评判其疗效和并发症发生情况.结果 72例反复喘息患儿镜下表现:支气管内膜炎改变45例(62.5％),支气管异物11例(15.3％),支气管软化10例(13.9％),支气管狭窄4例(5.6％),支气管内膜结核2例(2.8％).45例患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原学检查阳性5例(11.1％),其中肺炎克雷伯杆菌1例,肺炎支原体和支气管内膜结核各2例.镜下炎症改变重、分泌物黏稠、痰栓阻塞患儿经纤支镜支气管冲洗,咳喘明显减轻,取得较好疗效.11例支气管异物经纤支镜成功取出9例.12例行纤支镜术的患儿出现术中或术后轻微一过性并发症,经相应对症处理后均消失.结论 小儿反复喘息的病因以炎症、先天性发育异常及呼吸道异物多见,婴幼儿反复喘息应警惕心肺发育异常及呼吸道异物.纤支镜检查对儿童反复喘息的病因诊断具有重要价值.     

Ultrathin flexible bronchoscopy in neonatal intensive care units.

Thirty seven flexible bronchoscopies were performed in 33 infants in a neonatal intensive care unit, using a 2.2 mm flexible ultrathin bronchoscope. Twenty eight procedures were performed via an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy and nine in spontaneously breathing infants. Indications for endoscopy included persistent atelectasis and/or emphysema (n = 21), unexplained acute respiratory distress (n = 10), stridor (n = 3), assessment of congenital abnormalities of the tracheobronchial tree (n = 2), and follow up of an endobronchial granuloma during the course of corticosteroid treatment (n = 1). Abnormal airway dynamics and/or abnormal structure were seen in 23 of 37 cases. In 54% of the procedures, the results of bronchoscopy had a direct effect on further management. The procedure was well tolerated and completed in less than two minutes. Our results suggest that the ultrathin flexible bronchoscope improves airway exploration and the understanding of respiratory disorders during the first months of life, particularly in ventilated infants.     

异丙酚静脉复合麻醉在小儿支气管镜检查术中的应用

目的　探讨异丙酚静脉复合麻醉在儿童支气管镜检查术中的应用。方法　在以异丙酚为主的静脉复合麻醉下对 5 6例患儿进行了 62例次支气管镜检查 ,其中硬质支气管镜检查5 0例次 ,纤维支气管镜检查 1 2例次 ;6例同时行局部冲洗或肺泡灌洗。结果　 62例次支气管镜检查过程中 ,1例并发双侧气胸及纵隔气肿 ;1例出现喉痉挛 ;1例因缺氧发作终止操作。全部患儿无呼吸抑制、低血压、心律失常、出血及死亡。术前怀疑异物吸入 44例中 ,经硬质支气管镜检查 ,发现异物 32例 ,分泌物阻塞 (痰栓 ) 1 0例 ,肉芽肿 2例。反复或持续肺炎 1 1例经纤维支气管镜检查及局部冲洗或肺泡灌洗检查 ,7例治愈 ,2例好转 ;1例确诊为特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症 ,1例右上肺实变仍诊断不明。 1例不明原因咯血 ,经检查发现右主支气管黏膜 3处糜烂。结论　异丙酚静脉复合麻醉安全、副作用少 ,是儿童支气管镜检查的一种理想的麻醉方式。     

Fungal pneumonia: the predominant lung infection causing death in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation

The study included 6 children (aged 4–14 years) receiving a conditioning regimen for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and 14 children (aged 2-14 years) with bone marrow transplants (13 allo-geneic, 1 autologous). The children underwent flexible fibre-optic bronchoscopy (FFB) with broncho-alveolar lavage during 6 and 17 episodes of pneumonia, respectively. The aim was to compare the results of the two groups with respect to bronchoscopy findings, pneumonia-causing agents and outcome. During the conditioning regimen, the aetiological agents were recovered by bronchoscopy in 1/6 (17%) episodes and revealed by autopsy in another episode. In three episodes where the aetiology was uncertain, bacterial pneumonia was suspected in two, and Candida pneumonia in one. In episodes after transplantation the aetiological agents were recovered from bronchoscopy material in 14/17 (82%) patients. Autopsy confirmed the premortal diagnosis in the four children who died. In three episodes, bacterial pneumonia was clinically suspected. Based on clinical manifestations, FFB and autopsy findings, bacterial and fungal pneumonia were the most common diagnoses both during conditioning and after BMT. Fungal pneumonia was the most common cause of death in both groups.     

Tracheobronchography and angiocardiography of paediatric cardiac patients with airway disorders

OBJECTIVE: We report our experience in combining tracheobronchography and angiocardiography in the assessment of a selected cohort of paediatric cardiac patients with problematic airway disorders. METHODOLOGY: The clinical records of 11 patients who underwent 17 studies at a median age of 5.5 months (range 3 months to 10.8 years) were reviewed. Tracheobronchography and angiocardiography were performed under general anaesthesia using a non-ionic contrast agent. The findings were compared with those of flexible bronchoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Seven patients had cardiac lesions associated with vascular anomalies potentially compressing the airway, while four had no identifiable aberrant or enlarged vessels. All examinations but one were performed without complications. Tracheobronchography demonstrated extrinsic vascular compression with secondary airway malacia in three (27%), intrinsic tracheobronchial stenosis in five (45%), and airway malacia in three patients (27%). Precise measurement of the airway calibre and real-time fluoroscopic monitoring facilitated transcatheter tracheobronchial interventions (six balloon dilations, three stent implantations) in four patients. In conjunction with angiocardiography, cine-tracheobronchography provided detailed information on the spatial relationship between vascular and airway structures in all patients; allowed dynamic assessment of airway malacia; and facilitated preoperative planning in six patients. In contrast, bronchoscopy failed to differentiate malacia from extrinsic compression in four patients (36%), while MRI, performed in six patients, was unsatisfactory in one due to a motion artefact and failed to diagnose airway malacia and extrinsic compression in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tracheobronchography is relatively safe in paediatric cardiac patients. Combined tracheobronchography and angiocardiography, a less operator-dependent imaging modality compared to bronchoscopy and MRI, delineated the airway and vascular anatomy in detail; facilitated preoperative planning; and permitted transcatheter tracheo-bronchial interventions. The dynamic capability of tracheobronchography supplements that of flexible bronchoscopy and MRI in the diagnosis of airway malacia.     

Late presentation of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in children

The diagnosis of tracheobronchial foreign body (FB) aspiration in children is often delayed or overlooked. The aim of this study is to examine the causes of delay (>1 month) in the diagnosis and to study the complications of late presentation and their management. During the period between July 1993 and August 2002, 128 patients with suspected FB aspiration were admitted to KKUH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Twenty-eight patients out of 128 patients presented late (>1 month). The medical records of those 28 patients were reviewed in respect to: history of FB aspiration, physical signs of symptoms, reason for delayed presentation, radiological investigation, complications and their management, and follow-up. There were 16 males and 12 females; the average age was 3.28 years (range 1--11 years). All of them experienced chronic cough at presentation. Thirteen (48 per cent) children had a history suggestive of FB aspiration. Seventeen (63 per cent) children presented with complications that included pneumonia (n=13), bronchiectasis (n=3), and bronchoesophageal fistula (n=1). The diagnostic delay was attributed to physician misdiagnosis (n=9), failure by parents to seek early medical advice (n=4), patients left against medical advice (n=1), and the cause of delay was unknown in the remaining 14 children. Rigid bronchoscopy was performed in all patients. FB was found in all cases except four. Complications were treated as follows: pneumonia with intravenous antibiotics, bronchiectasis conservatively and bronchoesophageal fistula repaired surgically. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 48 months. Diagnostic delay of tracheobronchial FB aspiration has significant morbidity in children. A high index of suspicion and early referral are essential in preventing such complications.     

Bronchoalveolar lavage in HIV infected patients with interstitial pneumonitis.

The value of taking microbiological and cytological specimens by flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage under local anaesthesia was assessed on 43 occasions in 35 HIV infected children, aged 3 months to 16 years, with interstitial pneumonitis. In acute interstitial pneumonitis (n = 22, 26 specimens from bronchoalveolar lavages) the microbiological yield was 73%, Pneumocystis carinii being the commonest infective agent (n = 14). P carinii pneumonia was found only in children with deficient antigen induced lymphocyte proliferative responses who had not been treated with long term prophylactic co-trimoxazole. In contrast, in 13 children with chronic interstitial pneumonitis that was consistent with a diagnosis of pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage on 17 occasions, there were two isolates of cytomegalovirus and one of adenovirus, but P carinii was not found. Ten of the 13 children had normal antigen induced lymphocyte proliferative responses. Useful cytological data were also gleaned from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Lymphocytosis was significantly higher in pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia (36(SD 11)%) than in P carinii pneumonia (24(19)%) whereas the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was significantly lower (3(2)% compared with 12(13)%). Flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is safe even in young infants and should reduce the necessity for open lung biopsy in the management of HIV infected children with interstitial pneumonitis.     

The relevance of surgical therapy for bilateral and/or multiple pulmonary metastases in children.

PURPOSE: Pulmonary surgery is frequently used for the treatment of metastases in children with various malignant diseases. The benefit of an aggressive surgical treatment in children with bilateral and/or multiple pulmonary metastases is still discussed controversially. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 10 children (7 girls, 3 boys; age range from 2 to 16.5 years) who underwent thoracotomy for bilateral and/or multiple pulmonary metastases was performed. The primary malignancies were osteosarcoma (n = 4), hepatoblastoma (n = 3), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (n = 1), adrenocortical carcinoma (n = 1) and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 1). Unilateral but multiple pulmonary metastases were found in 3 children. 7 patients showed bilateral pulmonary metastases. Preoperative induction chemotherapy with tumor regression and a subsequent decrease in the size and number of pulmonary metastases was mandatory for the surgery of metastases. RESULTS: Standardized bilateral thoracotomy was performed in 4 patients in 1 operation (in 1 patient combined with a hemihepatectomy), and in 3 patients, in 2 operations on different days. 5 children underwent re-thoracotomy due to recurrent pulmonary metastases (2 patients: unilateral; 3 patients: bilateral; 1 patient: twice bilateral). All visible and palpable metastases (1 - 25) were excised, either by wedge resection, by segment resection or by lobectomy. Postoperative artificial ventilation was necessary for 0 to 24 hours. Postoperative complications included intrathoracic secondary hemorrhage in 3 cases and pneumonia in 1 patient. 2 patients (20%) died of recurrent metastatic disease (osteosarcoma: 1; adrenocortical carcinoma: 1). During a mean follow-up period of 49 months (14 to 66 months after the last thoracotomy), 8 patients (80%) remained in complete remission without clinically relevant respiratory restrictions. CONCLUSION: Complete surgical resection of pulmonary metastases after response to induction chemotherapy may increase survival in carefully selected children, even in cases with multiple and recurrent metastatic disease. In children, bilateral thoracotomy within a single operation is possible without an increased complication rate.     

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目的分析儿童咯血病因构成、临床特点及支气管镜表现。方法收集2002年1月至2011年3月于北京儿童医院住院治疗的104例咯血患儿临床资料,分析其临床特点、影像学特点和支气管镜表现,总结儿童咯血的病因构成。结果 104例中特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症24例、支气管炎29例、肺炎11例、支气管扩张症7例、支气管内膜结核3例、支气管异物5例、支气管动脉肺动脉瘘6例、肺静脉闭塞或缺如3例、疑诊支气管-肺血管发育异常10例(未行血管造影确诊)、肺囊性腺瘤样畸形1例、支气管黏液表皮样癌1例、支气管炎性假瘤1例、韦格纳肉芽肿1例、未分化结缔组织病1例、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)相关性小血管炎1例。结论儿童咯血病因复杂,需要结合咯血特点、影像学和支气管镜检查进行诊断和鉴别诊断,急慢性下呼吸道感染、特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症和先天性支气管肺血管发育异常是引起儿童咯血主要病因。     

纤维支气管镜在大血管疾病合并气道狭窄中的诊断价值

目的 评价纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)在先天性大血管病变合并气道狭窄中的诊断价值及安全性.方法回顾性分析2005年10月至2009年6月NICU收治的经纤支镜检查确诊气道狭窄的先天性大血管病变患儿34例,其中血管环10例,主动脉梗阻性病变24例,年龄6 d～11个月,体重2.2～8.7 kg[(4.6±1.4)kg];记录纤支镜发现的气道狭窄情况、CT及手术所见确诊的心血管畸形及气道狭窄情况,总结分析纤支镜检查发现的气道狭窄与心血管畸形的关系、气道狭窄的处理及转归.结果 所有病例均在NICU或手术过程中顺利完成纤支镜检查.(1)34例气道狭窄的首发症状为气促、喘鸣、反复肺部感染和呼吸机依赖.(2)10例血管环患儿均先经纤支镜检查,发现气道外压性狭窄,提示血管环,气道狭窄以气管下段为主;9例经CT、1例经手术证实为血管环,其中7例伴先天性气管狭窄.(3)24例主动脉病变中5例为术前CT提示气管狭窄,其中1例纤支镜提示气道狭窄,余19例在主动脉梗阻性畸形矫治术中、术后经纤支镜发现气道压迫狭窄.24例主动脉病变中21例有左主支气管狭窄,2例有先天性气管狭窄.纤支镜检查与CT检查对气管狭窄的诊断基本吻合.(4)34例纤支镜检查过程中2例出现一过性血氧饱和度下降,5例出现一过性心动过速,其余患儿无不良反应.结论 纤支镜检查在大血管畸形伴气道狭窄的诊断中起重要作用,具有准确、安全、方便、快捷的优点,但对气管狭窄的情况、气管周围结构和血管畸形的了解需结合CT检查.     

Tracheal bronchus: association with respiratory morbidity in childhood

An aberrant right upper lobe (RUL) bronchus arising from the trachea (tracheal bronchus) can be responsible for recurrent pneumonia. In this hospital, 2% of children requiring bronchoscopy for respiratory symptoms are found to have a tracheal bronchus, which is frequently thought to be an incidental finding. We reviewed findings in 18 patients to determine when a tracheal bronchus is of clinical significance. The age at presentation ranged from 1 day to 54 months (mean 17 months). The children had recurrent pneumonia (nine), stridor (six), respiratory distress (two) and a thoracic mass (one). Other congenital abnormalities were present in 14, including Down syndrome (two), tracheoesophageal fistula (two), and fused or hypoplastic first and second ribs (four). Recurrent RUL pneumonia was present in five. Bronchiectasis or bronchial stenosis was shown by bronchography in four of five; in all five the right upper lobe was surgically resected, with resolution of the recurrent pneumonias. The presence of a clinically significant tracheal bronchus should be considered in every child with recurrent RUL pneumonia, especially in children with Down syndrome or rib abnormalities; if bronchiectasis or bronchial stenosis is found, surgical resection should be performed.     

Management strategies in foreign-body aspiration

Objective  The aim of this study is to outline a management algorithm to ensure effective teamwork in decreasing morbidity and mortality in pediatric Foreign-Body Aspirations (FBA). Furthermore, the role of flexible bronchoscopy when compared to rigid bronchoscopy in FBA was evaluated. Methods  Charts of patients with suspected FBA from October 1999 to September 2006 were reviewed and data with regards to the history, presenting symptoms, diagnostics and therapeutic tactics, was collected. Results  A total of 77 children with suspicion of FBA were managed in the 7 year period. Bronchoscopies were performed in 63 patients and in 26 foreign-bodies (FB) were found and extracted. At referral, 53 patients did not present acute respiratory symptoms, but had a positive history of FBA, and in 13 FB were found. Despite negative chest x-rays in 55 patients, FB were found in 8. Rigid bronchoscopy was performed in 53 and flexible in 10 patients. In 3 out of 10 patients who had undergone flexible bronchoscopy a FB was identified, the extraction of which was performed using a rigid bronchoscope. Conclusion  Clinical and radiological findings in children with typical history of suspected FBA are not enough to confirm the presence of FB. Successful management with an extremely low rate of morbidity and no mortality was observed using the algorithm used at our center. Flexible bronchoscopy reduces the chances of airway tract injury; however a rigid bronchoscope is necessary for FB removal.     

A video questionnaire identifies upper airway abnormalities in preschool children with reported wheeze.

BACKGROUND: Accurate characterisation of subjects is essential to interpret data from studies investigating preschool wheezing. AIM: To assess whether a video questionnaire (VQ) identifies upper airway abnormalities in preschool children with reported wheeze. METHODS: Forty three children (median age 17 months, range 3-58) undergoing fibreoptic bronchoscopy for clinical investigation of troublesome noisy breathing at a tertiary centre were studied. Parents were shown a VQ with four clips (wheeze, stridor, and two other upper respiratory noises) and chose the clip(s) resembling their child's main symptom. Doctor observed symptoms, parental reported symptoms, and symptoms identified on VQ were related to bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Thirty subjects had wheeze as the main symptom: 19 had doctor observed wheeze (DOW) and 11 had parental reported wheeze (RW). Parents of two of the subjects with RW identified wheeze alone on VQ and both had normal bronchoscopic findings. Five of the remaining nine subjects with RW had upper airway abnormalities at bronchoscopy. Parents of six subjects with RW identified a noise other than wheeze on VQ; four of these had upper airway abnormalities. Parents of two subjects with RW did not identify a noise on VQ; one had upper airway abnormalities. Of the 19 with DOW, nine parents identified wheeze alone on VQ, and all had a normal upper airway. Parents of nine subjects with DOW identified a noise other than wheeze as an equal or only symptom, (no noise identified in one), and five had upper airway abnormalities. CONCLUSION: A VQ helps to identify upper airway abnormalities in preschool children with a history of wheezing.     

先天性上气道疾病相关性吸入性肺炎72例病例系列报告

目的 探讨先天性上气道疾病相关性吸入性肺炎的临床特点。方法 选择2014年12月1日至2018年6月30日在复旦大学附属儿科医院住院明确有上气道疾病的吸入性肺炎患儿,回顾性收集临床资料进行分析,并按是否合并神经系统疾病分组。结果 72例进入本文分析,男47例,中位年龄4个月。上气道疾病种类中,单纯喉软化最常见(59.7%),可合并下气道及其他系统异常。主要临床症状以咳嗽、呛奶、喘息最常见。80.6%患儿起病年龄＜3个月。69例患儿行核素唾液显像检查,肺吸入54例(78.3%);35例行上消化道造影检查,肺吸入20例(57.1%);64例行电子纤维喉镜检查,上气道异常61例(95.3%);27例行软式支气管镜检查,上气道异常13例(48.1%),下气道异常7例(25.9%)。病原学阳性50例(69.4%)。54例接受鼻饲喂养。15例需要ICU治疗。3例死亡。合并神经系统疾病患儿更易反复肺炎,住院费用更高。结论 先天性上气道疾病相关性吸入性肺炎多在生后3个月内起病,容易出现气道复合病变以及呼吸系统外合并症,伴有神经系统异常患儿更易反复肺炎,疾病负担更重。内窥镜、核素唾液显像等检查有助于疾病诊断。