Acupuncture inhibits Notch1 and Hes1 protein expression in the basal ganglia of rats with cerebral hemorrhage

Notch pathway activation maintains neural stem cells in a proliferating state and increases nerve repair capacity. To date, studies have rarely focused on changes or damage to signal transduction pathways during cerebral hemorrhage. Here, we examined the effect of acupuncture in a rat model of cerebral hemorrhage. We examined four groups: in the control group, rats received no treatment. In the model group, cerebral hemorrhage models were established by infusing non-heparinized blood into the brain. In the acupuncture group, modeled rats had Baihui(DU20) and Qubin(GB7) acupoints treated once a day for 30 minutes. In the DAPT group, modeled rats had 0.15 μg/m L DAPT solution(10 m L) infused into the brain. Immunohistochemistry and western blot results showed that acupuncture effectively inhibits Notch1 and Hes1 protein expression in rat basal ganglia. These inhibitory effects were identical to DAPT, a Notch signaling pathway inhibitor. Our results suggest that acupuncture has a neuroprotective effect on cerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting Notch-Hes signaling pathway transduction in rat basal ganglia after cerebral hemorrhage.     

GDNF and bFGF are differentially involved in glial cell differentiation and neurite bundle formation in cultures from chick embryonic ciliary ganglia

We have shown that the neurotrophic factors glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) exert different effects on glial cells in cultures from chick embryo ciliary ganglia. bFGF acts as a mitogen on glial cells, and induces their aggregation to neuronal bodies; after 48 h of culture no glial cells could be observed along neurites. GDNF has no proliferative role; in contrast, it promotes the expression of the differentiative marker O4 and the association of glial cell bodies to neurites to form robust bundles.     

Transfection of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor gene promotes neuronal differentiation简

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor recombinant adenovirus vector-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells using inductive medium containing retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor. Cell viability, micro- tubule-associated protein 2-positive cell ratio, and the expression levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and growth-associated protein-43 protein in the su- pernatant were significantly higher in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells compared with empty virus plasmid-transfected bone marrow mes- enchymal stem cells. Furthermore, microtubule-associated protein 2, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and growth-associated protein743 mRNA levels in cell pellets were statistically higher in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/bone marrow mesen- chymal stem cells compared with empty virus plasmid-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. These results suggest that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor/bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a higher rate of induction into neuron-like cells, and this enhanced differentiation into neuron-like cells may be associated with up-regulated expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor and growth-associated protein-43.     

Normalization of ventral tegmental area structure following acupuncture in a rat model of heroin relapse

Drugs can cause obvious damage to the brain. To verify the relationship between acupuncture, neurotrophic factor expression and brain cell structural changes, this study established a rat model of heroin relapse using intramuscular injection of increasing amounts of heroin. During the detoxification period, rat models received acupuncture at Baihui （DU20） and Dazhui （DU14）. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the structure of the ventral tegmental area in heroin relapse rats gradually became normalized after acupuncture treatment. Immunohistochem- ical staining exhibited that the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor increased in the ventral tegmental area following acupuncture. Moreover, the effects were similar to that of methadone, a type of medicine called an opioid. Results suggested that acupuncture at Baihui and Dazhui protected brain neurons against injury in rats with heroin relapse by promoting brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-de-rived neurotrophic factor expression.     

Secretion of nerve growth factor,brain-derived neurotrophic factor,and glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor in co-culture of four cell types in cerebrospinal fluid-containing medium

The present study co-cultured human embryonic olfactory ensheathing cells, human Schwann cells, human amniotic epithelial cells and human vascular endothelial cells in complete culture medium- containing cerebrospinal fluid. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor secretion in the supernatant of co-cultured cells. Results showed that the number of all cell types reached a peak at 7-10 days, and the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor peaked at 9 days. Levels of secreted nerve growth factor were four-fold higher than brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which was three-fold higher than glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Increasing concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (10%, 20% and 30%) in the growth medium caused a decrease of neurotrophic factor secretion Results indicated co-culture of human embryonic olfactory ensheathing cells, human Schwann cells human amniotic epithelial cells and human vascular endothelial cells improved the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. The reduction of cerebrospinal fluid extravasation at the transplant site after spinal cord injury is beneficial for the survival and secretion of neurotrophic factors from transplanted cells.     

Topographical distribution of [I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in unlesioned and MPTP-lesioned rhesus monkey brain following a bolus intraventricular injection

The present study determined the topographical distribution profile for [¹²⁵I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in unlesioned and MPTP-lesioned (unilateral intracarotid injection) rhesus monkeys following an intraventricular injection. Autoradiographic analysis showed that following a bolus intraventricular injection, there was widespread distribution of [¹²⁵I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor throughout the ventricular system (walls of lateral, third, and fourth ventricles and aqueduct), with some accumulation at the lateral ventricle injection site, possibly associated with the ependymal cell layer. In both unlesioned and MPTP-lesioned monkeys, there was labelling of the cerebral cortex, substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area and sequestration of [¹²⁵I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor adjacent to the hippocampal formation, globus pallidus, ventral to and in the substantia nigra. However, [¹²⁵I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor did not appear to diffuse readily or accumulate in the caudate–putamen even though there was some penetration away from the ventricular walls. Throughout the brain, there was also substantial non-parenchymal labelling of [¹²⁵I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, possibly associated with extracellular matrix components, meninges and vasculature due to the heparin binding properties of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. In addition to the extensive loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity within the substantia nigra, there was also decreased accumulation of [¹²⁵I]-glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and reduced glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity ipsilateral to the lesion. Microscopic analysis showed that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity was associated with upper cortical layers including a high density of immunoreactivity at the surface of the cortex (meningeal, pial layer, vasculature) and around the ventricular walls (with some cellular labelling and labelling of vasculature). Moderate staining was observed in nigral cells contralateral to the MPTP-lesion, whereas only minimal levels of that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity were detected ipsilateral to the lesion. This study shows that intraventricularly injected glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor accumulates not only around the ventricular walls, but also in specific brain regions in which sub-populations of cells are more readily accessible than others. The presence of cells labelled with [¹²⁵I] and immunopositive for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the substantia nigra indicates that these cells are a target for the trophic factor following intraventricular administration. Thus, the behavioral improvement observed in MPTP-lesioned monkeys following an intraventricular injection of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is likely the result of activation of nigral cells.     

RNAi靶向沉默预处理星形胶质细胞胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对神经元凋亡的影响

研究表明外源性的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子可对脑缺血损伤时的神经元有保护作用,但关于内源性的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的神经元保护作用目前机制不清。鉴于此,实验以正常培养的星形胶质细胞培养基,胶质细胞源性神经营养因子高表达星形胶质细胞培养基和采用RNAi技术沉默胶质细胞源性神经营养因子表达的星形胶质细胞培养基,作用于缺血神经元,观察不同条件培养基对神经元凋亡的影响。结果验证RNAi靶向沉默预处理星形胶质细胞胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的表达可促进神经元凋亡,氧糖剥夺预处理可上调星形胶质细胞的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的表达,能明显降低神经元的凋亡。     

Intraspinal transplantation of motoneuron-like cell combined with delivery of polymer-based glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for repair of spinal cord contusion injury

To evaluate the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor transplantation combined with adipose-derived stem cells-transdifferentiated motoneuron delivery on spinal cord con-tusion injury, we developed rat models of spinal cord contusion injury, 7 days later, injected adipose-derived stem cells-transdifferentiated motoneurons into the epicenter, rostral and caudal regions of the impact site and simultaneously transplanted glial cell line-derived neuro-trophic factor-gelfoam complex into the myelin sheath. Motoneuron-like cell transplantation combined with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor delivery reduced cavity formations and increased cell density in the transplantation site. The combined therapy exhibited superior promoting effects on recovery of motor function to transplantation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, adipose-derived stem cells or motoneurons alone. These ifndings suggest that motoneuron-like cell transplantation combined with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor delivery holds a great promise for repair of spinal cord injury.     

醒脑开窍针刺法对急性基底核脑梗死患者脑葡萄糖代谢的影响：多中心随机对照

目的 探讨针刺“醒脑开窍”组穴对急性脑梗死患者脑葡萄糖代谢的经穴特异性效应,,研究针刺治疗脑梗塞的中枢机制。方法 选取急性基底节脑梗死患者18例,分为经穴组（基础治疗+醒脑开窍主穴针刺）、非经非穴组（基础治疗+非经非穴针刺）和对照组（基础治疗）,每组6例。以脑梗死患者治疗前后PET-CT的18F-FDG（18氟标记脱氧葡萄糖）显像资料作为中枢代谢改善评价标准,从分子水平动态的观察针刺经穴、非经穴及无针刺干预对脑梗死全脑、脑梗死中心和梗死周围水肿带葡萄糖代谢的影响。结果 观察组患者全脑代谢、脑梗死中心和梗死周围水肿带代谢呈明显激活状态,其激活广度及强度均明显优于非经非穴组和对照组。结论 醒脑开窍针刺法治疗基底节梗死病人,可有效改善病人脑内相应部位葡萄糖代谢,与非经非穴相比有显著的特异性效应。     

Enteric glia mediate neuronal outgrowth through release of neurotrophic factors

Previous studies have shown that transplanted enteric glia enhance axonal regeneration, reduce tissue damage, and promote functional recovery following spinal cord injury. However, the mechanisms by which enteric glia mediate these beneficial effects are unknown. Neurotrophic factors can promote neuronal differentiation, survival and neurite extension. We hypothesized that enteric glia may exert their protective effects against spinal cord injury partially through the secretion of neurotrophic factors. In the present study, we demonstrated that primary enteric glia cells release nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor over time with their concentrations reaching approximately 250, 100 and 50 pg/mL of culture medium respectively after 48 hours. The biological relevance of this secretion was assessed by incubating dissociated dorsal root ganglion neuronal cultures in enteric glia-conditioned medium with and/or without neutralizing antibodies to each of these proteins and evaluating the differences in neurite growth. We discovered that conditioned medium enhances neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Even though there was no detectable amount of neurotrophin-3 secretion using ELISA analysis, the neurite outgrowth effect can be attenuated by the antibody-mediated neutralization of each of the aforementioned neurotrophic factors. Therefore, enteric glia secrete nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 into their surrounding environment in concentrations that can cause a biological effect.     

Resuscitating acupuncture therapy for glucose metabolism in acute cerebral infarction of basal ganglia

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture can improve motor function in patients with cerebral infarction, and activate brain glucose metabolism in relevant brain areas. However, the association between encephalic region activation and acupuncture, as well as the clinical significance of activationremain unclear.OBJECTIVE: Through the use of positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), acute cerebral infarction patients were analyzed for global cerebral metabolism, cerebral infarction focus, peripheral edema, and pyramidal tract pathway changes, which were directly related to clinical symptoms. The influence of resuscitating acupuncture on cerebral glucose metabolism was analyzed in patients with acute cerebral infarction in basal ganglia.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Randomized, controlled, clinical trials were performed from March 2007 to October 2008 at the PET-CT Center of the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,China.PARTICIPANTS: Twelve patients with acute basal ganglia infarction were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, -lianjin Chinese Medicine Hospital, and Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Force.METHODS: The cerebral infarcted patients were randomly assigned to acupuncture and control groups. In addition to routine treatment, the acupuncture group was treated by acupuncture at the main acupoints for resuscitation [Neiguan (PC 6), Renzhong (DU 26), and Sanyinjiao (SP 6)], while the control group received routine treatment.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Before and after treatment, patients with acute cerebral infarction were evaluated for global brain, cerebral infarction focus, and surrounding edema and glucose metabolism in encephalic region of pyramidal tract conduction by 18-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose for PET-CT imaging.RESULTS: The resuscitating acupuncture therapy can significantly activate the metabolism of global brain, infarction center and surrounding edema in patients with cerebral infarction in basal ganglia, also has effects on the activation of glucose metabolism in the encephalic regions of pyramidal tract pathway (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Resuscitating acupuncture was superior to routine treatment for significantly activating glucose metabolism in patients with acute cerebral basal ganglia infarction.     

Antenatal taurine reduces cerebral cell apoptosis in fetal rats with intrauterine growth restriction*

From pregnancy to parturition, Sprague-Dawley rats were daily administered a low protein diet to establish a model of intrauterine growth restriction. From the 12 th day of pregnancy, 300 mg/kg taurine was daily added to food until spontaneous delivery occurred. Brain tissues from normal neonatal rats at 6 hours after delivery, neonatal rats with intrauterine growth restriction, and neo-natal rats with intrauterine growth restriction undergoing taurine supplement were obtained for fur-ther experiments. The terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated biotin-16-dUTP nick-end labeling assay revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in the brain tissue of neonatal rats with intrauterine growth restriction significantly increased. Taurine supplement in pregnant rats reduced cell apoptosis in brain tissue from neonatal rats with intrauterine growth restriction. Immu-nohistochemical staining revealed that taurine supplement increased glial cell line-derived neuro-trophic factor expression and decreased caspase-3 expression in the cerebral cortex of intrauterine growth-restricted fetal rats. These results indicate that taurine supplement reduces cell apoptosis through the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-caspase-3 signaling pathway, resulting in a protective effect on the intrauterine growth-restricted fetal rat brain.     

Localization of nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in nestin-expressing reactive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated C57/Bl mice

To address the hypothesis that reactive astrocytes in the basal ganglia of an animal model of Parkinson's disease serve neurotrophic roles, we studied the expression pattern of neurotrophic factors in the basal ganglia of C57/Bl mice that had been treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce the degeneration of nigral dopamine neurons and parkinsonism. MPTP induced significant neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta as detected with Fluoro-Jade B staining, and this was accompanied by an increase in nestin-expressing astrocytes within the caudate-putamen. The number of nestin-positive reactive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen peaked within 3-5 days following MPTP treatment and then declined progressively toward the basal level by 21 days after treatment. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy confirmed coexpression of nestin or Ki-67 (cell proliferation marker) in glial fibrillary acid protein-positive astrocytes in the caudate-putamen. Double immunolabeling further revealed immunoreactivities for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in nestin-positive reactive astrocytes. Semiquantification of data obtained from mice 5 days after MPTP injection indicated that the majority of nestin-expressing cells expressed NGF (92%), NT3 (90%), or GDNF (86%). Our results present novel evidence of neurotrophic features among reactive astrocytes in the dopamine-depleted striatum. These nestin-expressing reactive astrocytes may therefore play neurotrophic roles in neural remodeling of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease.     

Time-effect relationship of acupuncture on histopathology,ultrastructure, and neuroethology in the acute phase of cerebral hemorrhage

Many clinical studies have addressed the treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage using acupuncture. However, few studies have examined the relationship between time of acupuncture and curative effect on cerebral hemorrhage. By observing the effect of acupuncture on changes in histopathology, ultrastructure, and neuroethology in a cerebral hemorrhage model of rats, we have directly examined the time-effect relationship of acupuncture. The rat model of cerebral hemorrhage was produced by slowly injecting autologous blood to the right caudate nucleus. The experimental groups were: 3-, 9-, 24-, and 48-hour model groups; and 3-, 9-, 24-, and 48-hour acupuncture groups. The sham-operation group was used for comparison. Acupuncture was performed at the Neiguan(PC6) and Renzhong(DU26) acupoints, twice a day, 6 hours apart, for 5 consecutive days. Brain tissue changes were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Neuroethology was assessed using Bederson and Longa scores. Our results show that compared with the sham-operation and model groups, Bederson and Longa scores were lower in each acupuncture group, with visibly improved histopathology and brain tissue ultrastructure. Further, the results were better in the 3-and 9-hour acupuncture groups than the 24-and 48-hour acupuncture groups. Our findings show that acupuncture treatment can relieve pathological and ultrastructural deterioration and neurological impairment caused by the acute phase of cerebral hemorrhage, and may protect brain tissue during this period. In addition, earlier acupuncture intervention following cerebral hemorrhage(by 3 or 9 hours) is associated with a better treatment outcome.     

Neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation in a neonatal rat model of hypoxia/ischemia injury Acupuncture at Ren, Du, and urinary bladder meridians

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture improves the prognosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, the cytological mechanism of acupuncture therapy remains poorly understood. In situ neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation theory proposes that the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs plays an important role in HIE treatment with acupuncture. OBJECTIVE: To investigate NSC proliferation and differentiation in the brain of a rat model of HIE during acupuncture at Ren, Du, and urinary bladder meridians. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory of Shantou University Medical College from July 2005 to June 2009. MATERIALS: A 32~# 1-cun stainless steel acupuncture needle was purchased from Suzhou Acupuncture Supplies Co. Ltd., China. METHODS: A total of 90 Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, were randomly assigned to acupuncture, model and normal groups, with 30 animals in each group. Animals in acupuncture and model groups were subjected to left common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia for 2 hours to establish neonatal HIE models. Acupuncture group rats underwent acupuncture at Ren, Du, and urinary bladder meridians, once a day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number, appearance, and distribution of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of each group were compared. In addition, NSC differentiation in the occipital cortex and hippocampal dentate gyrus 40 days following model establishment was detected. RESULTS: BrdU-positive cells were dispersed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The number of BrdU-positive cells in occipital cortex and hippocampal dentate gyrus of HIE rats remained unchanged following 3 and 7 days of acupuncture, but a significant increase was detected on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). At 40 days, immunofluorescence showed that a majority of BrdU-positive cells were co-lableled with the neuron marker, and neuron specific enolase, and a few were co-labeled with the astrocyte marker, and glial fibrillary acidic protein. CONCLUSION: Acupuncture at Ren, Du, and urinary bladder meridians promoted NSC proliferation in the occipital cortex and hippocampal dentate gyrus of HIE rats. Moreover, acupuncture-induced neoformative NSCs mostly differentiated into neurons.     

Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor prevents ischemic brain injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

To examine a possible protective effect of exogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene expression against ischemic brain injury, a replication-defective adenoviral vector containing GDNF gene (Ad-GDNF) was directly injected into the cerebral cortex at 1 day before 90 minutes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining showed that infarct volume of the Ad-GDNF-injected group at 24 hours after the transient MCAO was significantly smaller than that of vehicle- or Ad-LacZ-treated group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoreactive GDNF demonstrated that GDNF gene products in the Ad-GDNF-injected group were higher than those of vehicle-treated group at 24 hours after transient MCAO. Immunoreactive GDNF staining was obviously detected in the cortex around the needle track just before or 24 hours after MCAO in the Ad-GDNF group, whereas no or slight GDNF staining was detected in the vehicle group. The numbers of TUNEL, immunoreactive caspase-3, and cytochrome c-positive neurons induced in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex at 24 hours after transient MCAO were markedly reduced by the Ad-GDNF group. These results suggest that the successful exogenous GDNF gene transfer ameliorates ischemic brain injury after transient MCAO in association with the reduction of apoptotic signals.     

缺血缺氧新生大鼠脑内原位神经干细胞的增殖与分化：可通过针刺任脉、督脉及膀胱经实现？

[摘要] 目的 检测针刺任脉、督脉及膀胱经对新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病模型鼠脑内神经干细胞的影响,分析针刺诱导神经干细胞增殖、分化的机制,为临床针刺治疗新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病提供新的细胞学理论依据。方法 新生7天SD大鼠结扎左侧颈总动脉并缺氧2小时制作新生鼠缺血缺氧性脑病模型。实验动物共分三组：针刺组、对照组和正常组。针刺组每天针刺任脉、督脉及膀胱经治疗一次。对照组及正常组不作针刺处理。各组动物每天两次腹腔注射Brdu用于标记脑内神经干细胞增殖情况。分别于模型建立后3d、7d、14d和28d取脑组织行抗Brdu的免疫组化染色,并于模型建立后40d行免疫荧光双标,分别观察各组动物海马及皮层Brdu阳性细胞数目、形态、分布以及分化情况; 并比较他们之间的差异。结果 抗Brdu的免疫组化染色显示针刺任脉、督脉及膀胱经治疗第3天及第7天时针刺组动物皮层及海马的Brdu阳性细胞数目和对照组相比,差别无统计学意义;针刺治疗第14天及第28天时针刺组动物皮层及海马的Brdu阳性细胞数目明显比对照组多,差别有统计学意义。针刺后第40天免疫荧光双标显示大部分Brdu阳性细胞和神经元标记物NSE共存,少部分和星形胶质细胞标记物GFAP共存。结论 针刺任脉、督脉及膀胱经能促进HIE模型鼠皮层及海马神经干细胞的增殖潜能;针刺任脉、督脉及膀胱经治疗后新生的神经干细胞大部分分化为神经元,提示针刺后新生的神经细胞有可能有效地补充在缺血缺氧中丧失的神经元,并能促进HIE动物功能的恢复。     

Trophic factor secreting kidney cell lines: in vitro characterization and functional effects following transplantation in ischemic rats

Several kidney cell lines were investigated for their ability to produce glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Cell line-conditioned medium was analyzed using ELISA and two cell lines were identified which produce GDNF in physiologically active concentrations. ELISA analyses revealed that conditioned medium from these two cell lines also contained PDGF, bFGF, TGFβ1 and TGFβ2. Both of these cell lines were then transplanted into the striatal penumbra of rats, 1 h following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Behavioral testing revealed that both cell lines reduced the deficit associated with cerebral ischemia and reduced the infarct volume relative to controls. Reduction of infarct volume was likely achieved by the action of GDNF and/or other growth factors produced by the cells.     

CT定向穿刺术治疗高血压基底节区出血时机的选择及其对患者预后的影响

目的探讨CT定向穿刺技术治疗高血压基底节区出血时机的选择及其对患者预后的影响。方法2007年5月至2010年10月收治经CT证实为高血压基底节区出血且出血量为30～60ml的患者109例,均采取CT定向脑内血肿穿刺术治疗,按手术时机分为三组：A组从发病到手术时间≤6h,B组6～24h,C组24～72h。比较三组患者术后3d内再出血率、术后3个月死亡率及日常生活能力（ADL）分级。结果A组患者术后再出血率（20．00％,8／40）明显高于B组（4．55％,2／44）和c组（0．00％）（P〈0．05）,而B组和C组之间无明显差异fP〉0．05）;术后3月c组死亡率（36．00％,9／25）明显高于B组（4．55％,2／44）和A组（12．50％,5／40）（P〈0．05）,而A组和B组之间无明显差异（P〉0．05）;术后3月c组ADL1-3级患者比例（37．50％,6／16）明显低于A组（71．43％,25／35）和B组（69．05％,29／42）（P〈0．05）,而A组和B组之间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论生命体征平稳的高血压基底节区出血患者,出血后6—24h手术可有效地降低患者再次出血率和死亡率,改善其预后。