乙型肝炎病毒前S蛋白检测及其与病毒复制标志的关系

采用LAB-ELISA对80份肝病患者血清前S_1及前S_2蛋白进行了检测,并与多种病毒复制标志进行比较。这些标本中,HBsAg的阳性率为61.3％.前S_1及前S_2的阳性率分别为53.8％及47.5％,且仅见于HBsAg阳性者。与血清HBV-DNA、PHSAR、HBcAg、HBeAg及抗-HBc/IgM等乙肝病毒复制标志之间有较好的平行关系。     

IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENETIC MARKERS IN THE THAI POPULATION

Serum samples of 200 Thai donors and of 138 individuals belonging to twenty-two families were tested for allotypes of IgG and IgA heavy chains, i.e. G1m, G2m, G3m and A2m respectively, and of K type light chains, i.e. Km (formerly called Inv). The heavy chain allotypes are inherited in fixed combinations called haplotypes. The composition of the haplotypes present in Thai could be deduced from family studies. The main haplotypes encountered were those that are characteristic for Orientals and the frequencies agreed with those found in other Southern Asian countries. Ten samples showed phenotypes that could not result from the prevailing haplotypes. The probable genotype of these samples is undecided.     

MEASLES ANTIBODIES AND HLA

Blood samples were collected from healthy twin pairs of the same sex, living in the same households and attending the same schools. The occurrence of HLA antigens and seven red cell antigens was determined. The serum titres of antibodies against three different components of measles virus were measured by haemagglutination inhibition, by haemolysis inhibition and by nucleocapsid complement fixation tests. The variability of titres within twin pairs was significantly greater among seventy dizygotic twins than among seventy monozygotic twins, suggesting an influence of genetic factors on the measles antibody response. However, no evidence for a genetic linkage between HLA loci and the loci involved in the antibody response was apparent, since the variability of antibody titres among eighteen dizygotic pairs with common HLA haplotypes was about similar to that among twenty-three pairs with different haplotypes. A possible association between antibody titres and HLA-A3 and B7 antigens was also analysed in the present material. The comparisons were made between groups of single individuals in the twin pairs. The presence or absence of HLA-A3 antigen did not significantly influence the mean titres of groups. However, in two out of six comparisons, the mean antibody titre was significantly higher in the group of individuals who had HLA-B7.     

MATERNAL HLA CLASS II ALLOGENOTYPES ARE MARKERS FOR THE PREDISPOSITION TO FETAL LOSSES IN FAMILIES OF WOMEN WITH UNEXPLAINED RECURRENT FETAL LOSS

The HLA allogenotypes DRl/Br, DR3 and DR10 (entitled risk HLA markers) have been reported as being genetic markers for the predisposition to experience unexplained recurrent fetal losses. The aim of the study was to determine whether the putative risk HLA markers might also be markers for the risk of pregnancy loss in sisters and wives of brothers of women with unexplained recurrent fetal losses. Information concerning pregnancy outcomes among the relatives of 146 consecutive women with unexplained recurrent fetal losses was collected. Ninety-five of the full sisters, 69 of the full brothers and 50 of the wives of the brothers were HLA typed. Sisters who had experienced at least one previous pregnancy loss (affected women) shared more HLA haplotypes with the proband than unaffected sisters, when the proband was positive for the risk markers (P= 0.02). More affected than unaffected sisters and brothers’ wives were positive for the risk markers (P < 0.005 and P < 0.03; respectively). The lowest estimate of the odds ratio for experiencing pregnancy loss among sisters and brothers’ wives who were positive compared with those negative for the risk markers was 3.5 (95% credible interval = 1.9-5.8). It is concluded that maternal DRl/Br, DR3 and DR10 allogenotypes seem to be genetic markers for the risk of pregnancy loss among relatives of women with unexplained recurrent fetal losses. The pattern of inheritance suggests a polygenic mode of inheritance with alleles linked to the risk HLA markers interacting with non-HLA linked genes expressed on the fetus or the trophoblast.     

高流行区恶性疟患者的抗恶性疟原虫抗体与免疫状态的关系

用戊二醛固定、空气干燥的单层感染红细胞作抗原,以RESA-IFA试验检测恶性疟患者的RESA抗体可反映患者对恶性疟原虫感染的临床免疫状况。患者的RESA抗体滴度与年龄及在疫区居住时间呈正相关(r_s分别为0.531和0.313,P均<0.05);与原虫密度呈负相关(r_s=0.353,P<0.05)。但全虫抗原及环状体抗原检出的抗体滴度与上述指标似无关。     

HLA DQ AND DP IN FINNISH FAMILIES WITH CELIAC DISEASE

We studied DQA1, DQB1, and DPB1 alleles in 31 Finnish families with celiac disease (CD). All healthy first-degree relatives underwent clinical investigation, including in most cases biopsy, to establish whether clinically silent CD was present. Our results indicate that all patients, having either full clinical CD or its silent form, had the susceptibility alleles DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0201. The different clinical outcomes of CD were therefore not directly determined by the DQ alleles. The frequency of DPB1*0101 was also higher in CD patients, but the association appeared secondary to those of DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0201 (DQ2). The primary association of CD with the DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0201 alleles, rather than with HLA haplotypes, was confirmed in multiplex families.     

IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN SUBJECTS WITH SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES

Immunoglobulins A, G and M have been measured in three groups of patients with sex chromosome abnormalities, 47,XXY, 47,XYY and 47,XXX. The most significant finding is a greatly elevated IgG level in 47,XXY males and 47.XYY males. In the case of 47,XXY males it was possible to show that the increase in level was almost confined to those who were patients in mental subnormality and maximum security hospitals. Only a few abnormally high IgG values were found in patients referred to endocrine clinics. Low IgA levels were found in institutionalized patients whether or not chromosome abnormalities were present. In 47,XXY males IgM levels were significantly higher than in 46,XY males and the same as those in 46.XX females. Although serious illnesses were recorded in a high proportion of males with a 47,XXY karyotype, the level of IgG was not closely related to a history of disease. Possible reasons for the findings are discussed.     

HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS AND OTHER GENETIC MARKERS IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS AND INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES

Of 118 Dutch patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 81.4% were found to be positive for the HLA antigen B27. The B27 frequency proved to be significantly higher in patients in whom the disease had an early onset. In addition to B27, another HLA antigen may be associated with AS; the antigen Bw16 was found to be significantly increased in B27 negative AS patients. HLA phenotype frequencies were also determined in 109 patients with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In fifty-eight ulcerative colitis (UC) patients a raised incidence of A11 was noticed. In fifty-one patients with Crohn's disease (CD) the antigen B18 showed an increased frequency. Both deviations were statistically significant. In thirty-nine patients suffering from both AS and IBD 50% proved to be B27 positive, which is significantly different from the B27 frequency in patients with AS alone. In the B27 negative patients with AS and IBD an increased frequency of Bw16 was also shown.     

EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE ON SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN AND COMPLEMENT LEVELS

Serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM), C3 and C4 complement protein levels were examined in the male workers of the municipality who routinely applied pesticides for at least one year, and compared to healthy male controls in order to determine whether immune alterations were evident in the pesticide-exposed workers. Pyrethroids were the most commonly used pesticides for the last 3 years. Serum immunoglobulins and complement levels were measured by turbidimetry. Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 complement levels were found to be unchanged when compared to controls whereas a significant decrease was observed in serum C4 complement levels of the workers.     

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES IN EUROPEAN POPULATIONS. IV. Gm,Am AND Km ALLOTYPIC MARKERS IN VALENCIA,SPAIN

The distribution of Glm(f, z, a and x), G3m(b0, b1, b3, b5, c3, c5, g, s and t), A2m (1 and 2) and Km(1) allotypic determinants in a series of Spanish blood donors. The following results were obtained: Gm^z,a;gAm¹= 0.199; Gm^z,a;gAm²= 0.019; Gm^z,a;bAm¹= 0.081; Gm^z,a,x;gAm²= 0.005; Gm^f;bAm¹= 0.677; Gm^z,a;bAm¹= 0.019 and Km¹= 0.096. The results are similar to those reported for adjacent Basque and Portuguese populations. The origin of the Gm^z,a;bAm¹ haplotype is unknown.     

SEROPREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS E VIRUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN G AND M ANTIBODIES IN ADULTS: A HOSPITAL-BASED STUDY

Sporadic cases of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection occur throughout the year in Pakistan. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HEV immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies in 93 hepatitis B and C-negative patients as such patients are not routinely tested further despite having signs and symptoms of hepatitis. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM were detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay technique. Among them five patients (5.4%) were positive for HEV IgG and IgM, with an average age of 30.95 ± 15.35 years. Hepatitis E infection was independent of the sex. Liver function tests of hepatitis E-positive IgG and IgM patients showed increased values of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin that indicate damaged hapatocytes and malfunctioning of the liver.     

HLA,IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA: A FAMILY STUDY

Investigation of an informative family including two probands with male multiplex retinitis pigmentosa revealed that the putative disease susceptibility loci were not linked to those of HLA. In addition, analysis of immunological data obtained yielded evidence suggestive of X-linked inheritance of susceptibility to cell-mediated immune aberration in this family.     

DOUBLE LINE PHENOTYPES IN RABBIT IgG ALLOTYPES AND THEIR RELATION TO THE CIS/TRANS CONFIGURATION OF THE IgG MARKERS

Rabbit antiallotype sera raised against heavy chain markers sometimes show double precipitin lines with all or some of the corresponding antigens (double and single line phenotypes). In a number of cases the double line phenotypes behave as alleles of the single line phenotypes and this feature allows a genetic and immunochemical analysis of these systems. In three cases that have been analysed, the double line phenotype arises when a precipitating a locus allotype and a non-precipitating d or e locus allotype are present on the same molecule (a1 and d14), (a1 and d11), (a3 and d11). This only happens when the corresponding genes are present on the same chromosome (cis configuration) of the diploid pair. These sera are therefore useful for determining directly the genotype of the animals.     

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES AND RESPONSE TO TETANUS TOXOID IN PAPUA,NEW GUINEA

The data indicates that Papuans with the Austronesian haplotype Gm^f,a;b produce significantly higher levels of tetanus specific antibody, than Papuans without this haplotype, suggesting that response to tetanus toxoid in man is associated with the Gm phenotype of the individual. Km (1) status was not related to response.     

弓形虫IgM抗体检测方法的研究

本文以鼠抗人μ链单克隆抗体捕获被测人血清中ＩｇＭ抗体，再以辣根过氧化物酶标记的弓形虫抗原进行直接酶联免疫吸附试验，检测人血清中特异性抗弓形虫ＩｇＭ抗体，并以阻断试验证实该方法的特异性。与风疹病毒ＩｇＭ抗体阳性血清，巨细胞病毒ＩｇＭ抗体阳性血清和类风湿因子等无交叉反应。与进口试剂盒以酶联免疫吸附试验双夹心法（ＤＳ－ＥＬＩＳＡ－Ｔｏｘ－ＩｇＭ）进行比较检测了临床血清样品１０５３份，两者阳性符合率为９５．５６％，ＤＳ－ＥＬＩＳＡ阴性血清在Ｄ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法亦阴性，而且后者灵敏度略高。酶标记抗原和包被抗体的酶标板在４℃中保存６个月仍稳定。试剂盒操作简便，快速，适用于弓形虫病的早期诊断。     

HLA ANTIGENS AS POSSIBLE MARKERS OF HETEROGENEITY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

The distribution of HLA-A-, -B- and -C-locus antigens was tested in 200 male patients with final diagnosis of schizophrenia. A significant increase of HLA-A28 and HLA-Cw4 antigens and haplotype A10-B18 was found. Indications were obtained for the increase of HLA-Al in hebephrenic patients. It was presumed that the increase of Cw4 represents the common denominator of the diverse findings on paranoid schizophrenia. The increase of Cw4 indicates that the paranoid schizophrenia disease susceptibility locus is either the C locus itself or another closely linked locus (or loci). This would stress the importance of the HLA ‘central' regions for HLA and disease associations. A hypothesis is presented which points to the possibility that HLA antigens could be genetic markers of three ethiopathogenetic subgroups of schizophrenia. The possible tests of this hypothesis are also suggested.