湿疹及皮炎

1％硝酸益康唑与0．1％曲安奈德霜治疗皮炎湿疹类皮肤病临床疗效观察；冰黄肤乐软膏治疗小儿皮炎湿疹类疾病疗效观察；1％硝酸益康唑与曲安奈德霜治疗阴囊湿疹疗效和生活质量观察；复方甘草酸苷合桑龙止痒丸治疗慢性湿疹临床观察；苦参止痒汤外治慢性湿疹46例疗效观察；     

硝酸益康唑和曲安奈德复方乳膏治疗皮炎湿疹类皮肤病临床疗效观察

硝酸益康唑和曲安奈德复方乳膏(派瑞松)是西安杨森制药有限公司研究开发的一种抗炎抗菌复方制剂,适用于皮炎湿疹类皮肤病。作者于2000年9月至2001年5月应用派瑞松治疗皮炎湿疹类皮肤病共54例。     

硝酸益康唑 /曲安奈德霜治疗皮炎湿疹 150例

采用硝酸益康唑／曲安奈德霜（派瑞松霜）治疗150例皮肤湿疹类皮肤病，取得良好效果。结果显示痊愈率为75．33％，总有效率为87．33％。     

湿疹及皮炎

20072373曲安奈德益康唑霜治疗皮炎湿疹类皮肤病疗效观察/赵恩兵(西安交大一附院皮肤科),王欣,刘彤…∥陕西医学杂志.-2007,36(2).-211对45例湿疹皮炎患者采用曲安奈德益康唑霜外擦,2次/d,观察3周。结果示总痊愈率为51.1%,总显效率31.1%(14/45),总好转率为15.6%(7/45),总无效率     

硝酸益康唑 /曲安奈德霜与丁酸氢化可的松软膏治疗亚急性慢性湿疹皮炎

观察临床70例亚急性慢性湿疹皮炎患者外用复方制剂硝酸益康唑／曲安奈德霜（派瑞松霜）与单方制剂丁酸氢化可的松软膏的疗效及安全性。结果发现两种药物治疗亚急性慢性湿疹皮炎均有明显疗效，但派瑞松霜对皮损的改善程度明显优于单方制剂丁酸氢化可的松软膏，尤其对慢性湿疹皮炎患者疗效更为显著。     

0.05%丙酸氟体卡松乳膏治疗皮炎湿疹类皮肤病疗效观察

0．05％丙酸氟体卡松乳膏（商品名：克廷肤）是新型的“软性激素”,为了验证其临床疗效,笔者于2004年12月-2005年2月采用克廷肤治疗皮炎、湿疹类皮肤病,并以复方硝酸益康唑霜（含1％硝酸益康唑与0．1％曲安奈德）作为对照,比较两种药物治疗皮炎、湿疹类皮肤病的效果,现将结果报告如下。     

派瑞松霜治疗皮炎湿疹尖皮肤病疗效观察

皮炎湿疹类皮肤病是皮肤病中的常见多发病 ,因其病因复杂 ,是治疗中的难题。本文用派瑞松霜 (含 1%硝酸益康唑和 0 1%曲安奈德 )治疗此类疾病 45例取得良好疗效 ,现报告如下 :1　资料与方法1 1　 45例患者皆为门诊就诊患者 ,其中男 2 0例 ,女 2 5例 ,年龄最大 72岁 ,最小 6岁 ,平均 42 5岁 ;病期最短 2天 ,最长 6年 ;急性湿疹 18例 ,慢性湿疹 10例 ;接触性皮炎 6例 ,神经性皮炎 11例。1 2　病例选择及用药方法凡不能随诊、中断治疗及对硝酸益康唑、曲安奈德过敏者不能入选。用药方法 :每例患者在首次就诊时给予药物 ,嘱患者将药膏薄薄地涂…     

非特应性的湿疹皮炎患者皮肤菌群的测定与分析

目的：探讨非特应性的湿疹皮炎患者携带细菌尤其是金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌）的携带情况。方法：选取正常人30名及门诊非特应性的湿疹皮炎患者186例，以棉签法分别在正常人及皮损部位反复擦拭后进行细菌培养及鉴定。结果：正常人未检出金葡菌；湿疹继发感染患者皮损金葡菌及细菌总检出率均为92.9%；非特应性的湿疹皮炎患者金葡菌检出率和细菌总检出率分别为30.1%和67.7%；临床无感染的湿疹皮炎患者金葡菌检出率和细菌总检出率分别为25.0%和65.7%，后两者金葡菌及细菌总检出率均显著低于湿疹继发感染患者，而金葡菌检出率显著高于正常人。结论：金葡菌与一部分非特应性的湿疹皮炎可能有一定的关系。     

特应性皮炎皮损微生物与外用药对比治疗研究

目的 研究特应性皮炎(AD)皮损微生物感染、金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)耐药与外用药的疗效.方法 2001年11月至2002年3月在北京中日友好医院及北京市儿童医院皮肤科门诊,按照Hanifin-Rajka诊断标准,共诊断AD患者71例.治疗前后于皮损处取材进行真菌直接镜检、真菌培养、细菌培养及药敏试验,以SCORAD方法计分,将其中66例患者随机分成两组,分别采用1%硝酸益康唑+0.1%曲安奈德霜与0.1%丁酸氢化可的松软膏外用对比治疗AD患者.结果 AD患者以婴幼儿、儿童为主(≤12岁者占73.24%);皮损细菌培养阳性率为53.51%(金葡菌阳性率为35.21%),真菌阳性率为1.41%;药敏结果显示金葡菌对利福平、万古霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、环丙沙星、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛等敏感性好;1%硝酸益康唑+0.1%曲安奈德霜与0.1%丁酸氢化可的松软膏外用治疗AD4周时,前者疗效优于后者(P<0.05),细菌阴转率前者高于后者(P<0.01).两组外用药治疗的患者均未见不良反应.结论 具有抗感染与抗炎双重作用的1%硝酸益康唑+0.1%曲安奈德霜治疗AD的疗效优于0.1%丁酸氢化可的松软膏.     

复方硝酸益康唑治疗湿疹临床疗效及抗细菌作用评价

近年来,复方硝酸益康唑已被广泛用于临床治疗浅部真菌病及皮炎湿疹类皮肤病.我科应用复方硝酸益康唑治疗湿疹45例,取得了满意疗效,同时对抗细菌作用进行了评价,现将结果报道如下.     

湿疹与特应性皮炎皮损处细菌学研究

目的 探讨湿疹和特应性皮炎(AD)皮损处的细菌学特点及金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)在湿疹及AD发病中的作用。方法 多中心随机双盲对207例湿疹患者和119例AD患者皮损及非皮损处取材做细菌培养,并对所分离到的金葡菌进行常规药敏试验和噬菌体分型。结果 207例湿疹患者皮损处的细菌检出阳性率、金葡菌的比例及定植均明显高于非皮损处,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。119例AD患者皮损处的细菌检出阳性率及金葡菌的定植明显高于非皮损处,差异有显著性。对分离到的141株金葡菌进行噬菌体分型。Ⅰ组占6.3%,Ⅱ组占7.0%,Ⅲ组占3.5%,Ⅴ组占0.7%,杂组占1.4%,不能分型占56%,MRSA分型噬菌体26株混合组占6.3%。药敏试验结果表明在常用的6种外用抗菌药物中莫匹罗星对金葡菌和表皮葡萄球菌的抗菌活性最强,其MIC范围、MIC₉₀和MIC₅₀是6种抗菌药物中最低的。且莫匹罗星对金葡菌及其中的各噬菌体分型和表皮葡萄球菌中的耐甲氧西林和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性菌株也有较好的抑菌能力。结论 湿疹和AD的发病与细菌感染密切相关,其中金葡菌是最重要的细菌,对湿疹和AD患者外用药治疗合并使用外用抗菌药物是必要的,根据对金葡菌抗菌活性的测定,莫匹罗星的效果较好。     

特应性皮炎皮损金黄色葡萄球菌检出情况的研究

目的 :　探讨特应性皮炎 (AD)皮损微生物定植情况 ,为临床合理选用抗菌药物有效控制该病提供依据。方法 :　无菌生理盐水浸湿的棉拭子于 4 3例AD患者皮损处取标本 ,同时对 39例患者非皮损处及 10例健康人取标本作对照 ,进行细菌培养及菌落计数 ,金葡菌予常规药敏试验。结果 :　AD患者皮损细菌阳性率为 74 .4 2 % ,金葡菌为主要的致病菌 ,占 6 5 .6 3% ;非皮损处也可分离出细菌 ,但金葡菌阳性率及密度均明显低于皮损处 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :　微生物感染因素 ,尤其金葡菌感染或定植 ,在AD的发病中起着重要的作用     

Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus has a peculiar ability to colonize the skin of patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis (AD), and is consistently found in eczematous skin lesions in these patients. A correlation between the severity of the eczema and colonization with S. aureus has been demonstrated, and it has been determined that bacterial colonization is an important factor aggravating skin lesions. Patients colonized with S. aureus have been treated with antibiotics in several open and double-blind placebo-controlled studies, with conflicting results. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the colonizing features of S. aureus in the lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with eczema and AD in China and to compare the therapeutic effect of mupirocin plus hydrocortisone butyrate with vehicle ointment plus hydrocortisone butyrate. METHODS: A multicentre, double-blind randomized trial was conducted. Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores were evaluated before the start of the trial and on the 7th, 14th and 28th day of treatment. Swabs for bacterial isolation were taken from lesional skin before the start of the trial and on the 7th, 14th and 28th day of treatment, and from nonlesional skin only before the start of the trial. A combination topical therapy with mupirocin plus hydrocortisone butyrate ointment was used in the experimental group, with vehicle ointment plus hydrocortisone butyrate ointment as a control. RESULTS: Of 327 patients enrolled in the study, 208 had eczema and 119 had AD. Bacteria were isolated from 70.2% of lesional and 32.7% of nonlesional skin samples from patients with eczema, of which S. aureus accounted for 47.3% and 27.9%, respectively. Bacteria were isolated from 74.8% of lesional and 34.5% of nonlesional skin samples from patients with AD, of which S. aureus accounted for 79.8% and 80.5%, respectively. The colonization density of S. aureus was markedly higher in lesional than in nonlesional skin, both in patients with eczema and with AD (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), and was positively correlated with lesion severity. Considering the EASI scores before and after treatment and the final effective rate, good therapeutic effects were obtained in both the combination experimental groups and the control groups (P < 0.01), and there were no differences in the global therapeutic effect between the two groups in patients with eczema and with AD (P > 0.05). However, in patients with eczema with a clinical score of > 8 or in patients with AD with a clinical score of > 7, the therapeutic effect in the experimental groups was superior to that in the control groups (P < 0.05) on the 7th day of treatment. There were no differences between the two groups on the 14th and 28th days of treatment (P > 0.05). Following the improvement of symptoms and signs of eczema and AD, the positive rates of bacteria and S. aureus were reduced on the 7th day of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that lesional skin of patients with eczema and AD was more frequently colonized with S. aureus than was nonlesional skin. The more severe the eczema, the higher the colonization rate of S. aureus, and S. aureus was also more often present in lesional and nonlesional skin in patients with AD than in those with eczema. Staphylococcus aureus infection is related to the pathogenesis of eczema and AD. An antibiotic-corticosteroid combination and corticosteroid alone both gave good therapeutic effect in eczema and in AD, and both reduced colonization by S. aureus. Early combined topical therapy is beneficial to patients with moderate to severe eczema and AD, and it is unnecessary to use antibiotics at later stages of disease or in mild eczema or AD.     

Staphylococcus aureus in Atopic Dermatitis and in Nonatopic Dermatitis

Skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was examined in 30 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), in 25 patients with nonatopic eczema (NAE) and in 30 individuals as healthy controls (HC). Bacteria growth was examined in aerobic cultures and the population densities per dish were estimated; S. aureus colonization was found in the eczematous skin of 24 of 30 (80%) AD patients and in 13 of 25 (52%) NAE patients (NS, p greater than 0.1). In nonaffected skin S. aureus colonization was found in 19 of 30 (63%) of all AD patients compared with 6 of 25 (24%) in NAE patients and 1 of 30 (3%) in HC, respectively (p less than 0.05). In nonaffected skin, coagulase negative strains of staphylococcus were found in 25 of 30 (84%) controls and in 18 of 25 (72%) NAE patients compared with 12 of 30 (40%) patients with AD. It seems that colonization with S. aureus is not a characteristic feature for atopic dermatitis but is a frequent event in damaged skin; significantly elevated values were also observed in nonatopic eczema. The degree of colonization may depend on the severity and duration of the eczematous lesions.     

湿疹和特应性皮炎皮损处细菌定植情况及药物联合治疗的分析

目的 探讨湿疹和特应性皮炎(AD)皮损处金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)及其他细菌的定植情况,评价抗菌药物与糖皮质激素联合用药的疗效。方法 采用多中心、随机、双盲试验,在筛选日及治疗后第7、14和28天对皮损评分,并在皮损和非皮损处分离细菌。试验组外用抗菌药物和糖皮质激素,对照组外用基质和糖皮质激素。结果 共入选患者327例,湿疹208例,AD119例。湿疹皮损处细菌的阳性率为70.19%,金葡菌占47.26%;非皮损部位细菌阳性率为32.69%,金葡菌占27.94%。AD皮损处细菌阳性率为74.79%,金葡菌占79.78%;非皮损部位细菌阳性率为34.45%,金葡菌占80.49%。湿疹和AD皮损部位金葡菌的定植量均高于非皮损部位(P<0.01,P<0.05),细菌的定植量与皮损的严重程度呈正相关。两组患者治疗后总体疗效无明显差异(P>0.05),但湿疹临床症状评分指数>8分者及AD评分指数>7分者,在治疗的第7天,试验组与对照组的症状评分指数改善率存在显著差异(P<0.05),在治疗的第14天和第28天,两组差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 湿疹和AD患者皮损部位细菌的检出率和金葡菌的带菌率均明显增高,说明金葡菌与湿疹皮炎的关系密切,早期联用抗菌药物可提高疗效。     

Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis and its therapeutic implications

Skin colonization with Staphylococcus aureus is a characteristic feature of atopic dermatitis with more than 90% of patients being colonized. Extracellular matrix proteins are important for the adherence of S. aureus to human keratinocytes. The bacterium interferes in the inflammatory process of atopic dermatitis in various ways, among which the ability to release superantigens in a high percentage of clinical isolates is of great importance. As the colonization correlates significantly with the severity of eczema, anti-staphylococcal treatment measurements are widely used. In cases of atopic dermatitis exacerbation with wide-spread weeping lesions, a systemic antibiotic treatment is warranted, with erythromycin no longer being recommended due to an increased resistance rate. In localized superinfected lesions the topical application of an antibiotic-glucocorticoid preparation may offer advantages to the mere steroid application. Based on efficacy and resistance data, fusidic acid is the antibiotic of choice. There is evidence that phototherapy in atopic dermatitis may be even more effective when combined with anti-staphylococcal measurements. In the future new therapeutical options may be available.     

Flucloxacillin in the treatment of atopic dermatitis

Although colonization of atopic dermatitis by Staphylococcus aureus is universal and bacterial infection is common, it is not known whether antibiotic therapy is helpful in eczematous children who do not have any signs suggestive of bacterial infection. Fifty children aged 1–16 years with atopic dermatitis took part in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of 4 weeks treatment with oral flucloxacillin, with an 8-week follow-up period. The change in the mean of the log₁₀ of the counts/cm² of S. aureus after 4 weeks of treatment was significantly different for patients receiving treatment, compared with the change for those receiving the placebo ( P  = 0.008). However, the difference in the change at 14 days after stopping treatment was not significant ( P  = 0.32). Methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus were cultured from five children during or after treatment. Flucloxacillin did not improve the symptoms or clinical appearance of atopic dermatitis and only temporarily changed skin colonization by S. aureus .     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in children with atopic dermatitis

Children with atopic dermatitis are more frequently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus than children without atopic dermatitis. However, little epidemiological data exist regarding the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus among children with atopic dermatitis. Recent studies have revealed an increasing prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus among patients presenting to hospitals with serious bacterial infections, particularly those with cutaneous and soft tissue infections. As many atopic dermatitis patients are treated empirically with antibiotics for secondary skin infections, an understanding of the epidemiology of bacterial colonization and superinfection is essential for directing proper treatment in the atopic patient population. This study investigates the prevalence of risk factors for community-associated, methicillin-resistant S. aureus colonization among pediatric atopic dermatitis patients encountered at an academic pediatric dermatology clinic. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in which 54 patients previously diagnosed with atopic dermatitis were enrolled. A detailed patient questionnaire, a complete cutaneous examination, and an evaluation of eczema severity according to the Eczema Area and Severity Index were completed at the time of enrollment. Bacterial cultures from the skin and nares were obtained to determine the frequency of colonization with either methicillin-sensitive S. aureus or methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Although most atopic dermatitis patients studied were colonized with S. aureus (43/54 [80%]), methicillin-resistant S. aureus was isolated from only seven atopic dermatitis patients (7/43 [16%]). Patients colonized with S. aureus were more likely to be male, to have been previously hospitalized, to have used a topical calcineurin inhibitor in combination with a topical steroid, and less likely to have used topical antibiotics. Bivariable analysis, however, revealed that only previous hospitalization was independently associated with an increased risk of methicillin-resistant S. aureus colonization. We observed that 80% of atopic dermatitis patients were colonized with S. aureus, and that of these patients, 16% of colonized patients were colonized with a methicillin-resistant strain. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus colonization was found to be significantly associated with previous hospitalization. Evidence also indicates that topical calcineurin inhibitors used in conjunction with topical steroids is associated with increased S. aureus colonization, while topical antibiotic use appears to decrease S. aureus colonization.     

Secondary infections in patients with atopic dermatitis

Clinicians have long since been aware that bacteria and other microorganisms play a role in the etiology of atopic dermatitis. Indeed, the immunological profile of atopy favors colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, and the bacteria are present in most patients with atopic dermatitis, even in the absence of skin lesions. Clinical signs of impetiginization, such as weeping and crusting, periauricular fissuration, or small superficial pustules are a sensitive indicator that the numbers of S. aureus may have increased and a clinical indication of secondary infected dermatitis. However, recent research that has focussed on the role of S. aureus in atopic dermatitis, offers a reversed perspective, by presenting evidence that the underlying pathology of atopic dermatitis, i.e. an alteration of the skin barrier and inflammation of the upper dermis, depends itself on the presence of an infectious process. In other words, secondary infection with S. aureus emerges as a cause of atopic dermatitis. Secondary infections due to fungi have, comparatively, received less attention, but there is evidence for a role for Malassezia spp. as a factor in dermatitis with a head and neck distribution pattern. Viral infections, such as herpes simplex virus, and mixed infections of intertriginous spaces, may complicate an underlying atopic dermatitis, but are not perceived as etiologic factors. Recent research has greatly contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiological potential of S.aureus superantigens in atopic dermatitis, suggesting that antibiotic therapy might be an important element in the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis. At present, however, the clinical evidence is scarce with regards to demonstrating a clear advantage of combined anti-inflammatory and antibiotic treatment, compared with anti-inflammatory treatment alone. If there is a consensus that the presence of clinically infected lesions in atopic dermatitis warrants a course of specific antibiotic topical therapy, the clinical benefit of antibiotic agents in apparently uninfected atopic dermatitis, as present in the majority of patients, remains an open question.Moreover, the impact of adjuvant skin care on the cutaneous microflora needs to be quantified in order to properly assess the role of specific antibiotic therapy in clinically uninfected atopic dermatitis. In the meantime, secondary infections in atopic dermatitis remain a secondary problem in clinical atopic dermatitis management, and specific anti-infective therapy remains a method of fine-tuning for optimizing individual atopic dermatitis treatment.     

Age-related prevalence and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic staphylococci and streptococci in children with infected atopic dermatitis at a single-specialty center

BACKGROUND: Skin staphylococci and streptococci are known to exacerbate atopic dermatitis, but the prevalence changes that occur with age are unknown. This study examined the age-related prevalence and antibiotic resistance of these pathogenic bacteria in children with atopic dermatitis and suspected skin infections. OBSERVATIONS: Medical records of 150 children with atopic dermatitis referred to a regional center, who had skin swabs taken for suspected infection, were studied retrospectively. All patients carried Staphylococcus aureus. The prevalence of methicillin sodium-resistant (P =.05) and fusidic acid-resistant (P =.001) S aureus tripled from infancy to school age. Lancefield groups A and G streptococci were the other pathogens found. The prevalence of group A streptococci was highest in children aged 3 to 6 (53%), compared with 11% of infants and 21% of patients aged 9 to 16 (P =.002). CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in the age-related prevalence of group A streptococci skin carriage and antibiotic resistance of S aureus isolates occurred in this group of children with atopic dermatitis and suspected skin infections. Skin swabs to determine bacterial type and antibiotic sensitivities provide an important guide to antibiotic prescribing in these children.