葶苈子水提液对CHF大鼠利尿作用的影响

目的 观察葶苈子对CHF大鼠的尿量及尿离子的影响,并探讨其可能的机制。方法 采用腹主动脉缩窄法将Wistar大鼠成功建造CHF模型后,术后8周,将大鼠随机分成生理盐水组,CHF模型组,葶苈子高、中、低剂量组共5组,分别灌胃给药,连续给药4周后,代谢笼在水负荷条件下测定各组大鼠6 h排尿量,并采用MPT光谱仪测定尿中Na⁺、K⁺浓度,滴定法测定Cl^-浓度。结果 葶苈子高、中剂量组能显著增加CHF大鼠排尿量,与模型组比较差异非常显著(P<0.01);葶苈子高、中剂量组尿Na⁺、Cl^-排出量较模型组明显增加(P<0.01),高剂量组K⁺排出明显减少(P<0.05)。结论 葶苈子具有显著的利尿作用,利尿作用的机理可能是通过抑制肾小管对Na⁺、Cl^-和水的重吸收,从而促进Na⁺、Cl^-和水的排出。     

甘西鼠尾草提取物对正常大鼠全血粘度影响及对水负荷大鼠利尿作用

目的:研究甘西鼠尾草提取物对正常大鼠全血粘度影响及对水负荷大鼠利尿作用。方法:Wistar正常大鼠灌胃给予50,100,200 mg·kg-1体质量的甘西鼠尾草提取物,qd,连续给药15 d,末次给药1 h后心脏取血,检测全血粘度。Wistar水负荷大鼠灌胃给予50,100,200 mg·kg-1体质量的甘西鼠尾草提取物,qd,连续给药3 d,末次给药后在代谢笼内收集给药后7 h的尿量。结果:甘西鼠尾草提取物能降低Wistar正常大鼠的全血粘度;能增加Wistar水负荷大鼠7 h内的尿量,且主要增加1～3 h的尿量,增加尿量程度远小于氢氯噻嗪。结论:甘西鼠尾草提取物灌胃给药能够明显降低全血粘度、改善血液循环状态,并具有温和的利尿作用。     

天仙合剂对大鼠的利尿作用

天仙合剂是天仙藤,黑科豆等制成的中药制剂。ＳＤ大鼠为５组,分别给予蒸馏水,氢氯噻嗪０．２５ｇ／ｋｇ＾－１,天仙合剂３．２,６．５和１３．０ｇ．ｋｇ＾－１。给药后收订５ｈ液并采血测定尿Ｎａ＾＋、Ｋ＾＋和血清Ｎａ＾＋、Ｋ＾＋、Ｃｌ＾－浓度。     

强心苷的利尿作用及其对血浆醛固酮的影响

充血性心力衰竭的病因与肾素一血管紧张素一醛固酮系统的活性异常升高有很大的关系,目前国内外研究较多的是通过拮抗剂阻断这一系统的活性而起到治疗心衰的目的。强心苷类是传统的治疗心衰的药物,具有强心、利尿功能,本文通过小鼠代谢笼实验证明了强心苷类的典型药物西地兰D的利尿作用,同时通过放射免疫法,测定了血浆醛固酮浓度,结果表明：强心苷类药物西地兰D在1～2小时有明显的利尿作用,对RAAS有显著的影响,并探讨了强心苷类治疗心衰的机制。     

小剂量多巴胺在肾病综合征中的利尿作用

在肾病综合征的发病过程中往往出现严重的尿量减少、水肿,而单用利尿剂往往效果不佳,我们用小剂量多巴胺加速尿治疗高度水肿伴尿量减少的肾病综合征患者,疗效显著,现报道如下.     

托拉塞米的利尿作用和安全性

目的 观察健康受试者口服托拉塞米的利尿作用和安全性。方法 19名健康男性受试者单次口服不同剂量托拉塞米5,10和20 mg(n=9)或连续7天每日口服托拉塞米10 mg(n=10)。观察血压,尿量,24 h尿钾、钠、氯和血钾、钠、氯,心率,呼吸,心电图和心电监测,血常规,尿常规,血生化等指标。 结果 5,10,20mg 3组单次服药后24 h总尿量分别为2.24,2.60和3.17 L(P<0.05),24 h尿钾、钠、氯的排泄随托拉塞米剂量增加而略增加(P>0.05)。连续服药,首次药后的24h尿量及尿钾、钠、氯的量最多。单次和连续给药后血钾、钠、氯均未见下降,甘油三脂增加0.1~0.4 mmol.L-1(P<0.05)。4例受试者出现药物不良反应。 结论 在5~20 mg,托拉塞米利尿作用随剂量增加而增加,国人对托拉塞米耐受性良好。     

桂苓散的利尿作用

目的 　观察桂苓散的利尿作用。 方法 　采用大鼠代谢笼法及家兔的导尿管法 ,大鼠及家兔给予不同剂量的桂苓散溶液 ,灌胃给药 ,收集给药后 60、12 0、180、2 40 min的尿液 ,并测其尿量。结果 　桂苓散溶液于给药后 1～ 3 h大鼠及家兔的尿量增多 ,与对照组比较有明显的利尿作用( P<0 .0 5 )。 结论 　桂苓散具有一定的利尿作用。     

托拉塞米注射液的耐受性和利尿作用研究

目的观察国家二类新药-托拉塞米注射液在中国健康受试者中的安全性、耐受程度及利尿作用,为II期临床试验给药剂量的确定提供依据.方法本研究采用开放、随机的试验设计,将符合入选标准的30名健康中国男性受试者随机分为5组,每组6名,分别注射托拉塞米注射液2.5,10,20,40,80mg,观察临床体征、实验室检查指标的变化及其尿量的变化.结果在静脉注射托拉塞米注射液的所有剂量组,受试者都能耐受.40mg组开始出现药物不良反应,其中2例头晕和1例恶心是中度的,其它均为轻度.80mg组的1例肌肉痉挛是中度的,1例头晕和呕吐是重度的,但持续时间较短,其它均为轻度.在静脉注射托拉塞米注射液10 mg后,已表现出利尿作用,在40mg剂量组达最大,而且与80mg组的利尿作用无显著差异.结论在剂量2.5～80mg范围内的所有剂量显示对健康受试者是安全和耐受的,临床推荐以不超过80mg为宜.     

柳珊瑚酸促进抗利尿释放而引起大鼠水潴留

目的：了解柳珊瑚酸抗利尿作用的机制。方法：清醒大鼠给予水负荷后ｉｇ Ｓｕｂ ３．１６ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１,收集尿液,用原子发射光谱仪测定尿离子的总排出量;放射免疫法测尿ＰＧＥ以及血浆ＰＧＥ,ＡＤＨ和醛固酮水平。结果：给药后２４ｈ内,Ｓｕｂ减少正常大鼠的累积尿量以及钠和钾的总排出量,此作用随时间逐渐减弱,并可因大鼠去垂体而几乎完全消失,但不受去肾上腺影响。     

Diuretic effect and disposition of furosemide in cystic fibrosis

Summary The pharmacodynamics and kinetics of single oral and intravenous doses of furosemide were studied in 9 patients (mean age 18.5 y) with cystic fibrosis.The diuretic effect of furosemide lasted for 6 h after oral administration and 2 h following intravenous injection of the drug.The patients with cystic fibrosis had a more pronounced diuretic response both to the oral and intravenous treatments than that reported in normals. Furosemide caused a marked decrease in urine pH for 5 h following the oral dose and between the 2nd and 3rd h after i.v. injection. The baseline nocturnal urine flow rate in 7 of the 9 patients given furosemide orally was increased by 30.6% compared to that reported in healthy subjects.The bioavailability of furosemide, its mean absorption rate and the mean plasma and urinary elimination half-lives both of the oral and the intravenous drug were similar to those reported in normal subjects. The patients with cystic fibrosis showed, however, about double normal mean total clearance after both the oral and i.v. treatments, and its renal clearance was almost half the plasma clearance. Nonrenal clearance was markedly increased in the patients, which agreed with a considerable decrease in the renal excretion of the drug. The mean apparent volume of distribution was also markedly increased compared to data in the literature. Oral furosemide resulted in a moderate increase in haematocrit and haemoglobin levels in 7 of 9 patients with cystic fibrosis and marked hypokalemia developed in 6 of the 9 patients 6 h after dosing. Pulmonary function tests performed at that time were changed in an inconsistent manner. The sweat test was significantly perturbed in those subjects, although the concentration of chloride in sweat did not fall below 60 mEq/l in any of the sweat samples tested.     

黄芪药材利尿作用的谱效关系研究

目的 阐述黄芪的高效液相色谱(HPLC)图谱与利尿药效的相关性,表征黄芪药材的药效物质基础。方法 对不同产地的10批黄芪药材乙酸乙酯部位进行HPLC指纹图谱研究;以小鼠的排尿量为指标来研究利尿作用：氢氯噻嗪(0.6 g·kg^-1)为阳性对照组,小鼠灌胃乙酸乙酯部位的浸膏7 d(1.4 g·kg^-1);采用灰关联度分析方法研究其谱效关系。结果 黄芪乙酸乙酯部位的利尿作用是其所有化学成分共同作用的结果,各特征峰代表各自化学成分,其对利尿作用贡献的大小顺序(按特征峰编号)：P₇>P₆>P₈>P₅>P₄>P₂>P₁>P₃。其中4号峰为毛蕊异黄酮,7号峰为芒柄花素。结论 乙酸乙酯部分含较多中等极性的黄酮类化合物,能明显提高小鼠的排尿量,其HPLC指纹图谱与利尿作用之间有一定对应关系,这为进一步探讨黄芪对肾炎蛋白尿的治疗作用奠定了基础。     

Acute and chronic diuretic effect of ethanolic extract of leaves of Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diles in normal rats

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic diuretic effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diles. Methods The ethanolic extract was administered (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) in Wistar rats. In the acute study, rats received drugs orally and urine was collected after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h. The chronic study involved repeated administration of ethanolic extract for 28 days and urine was collected on day 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The parameters were total urine volume, concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^‐ ions, creatinine in urine and serum. Urine output, electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^‐ ions) and creatinine were determined on day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Key findings The highest dose (400 mg/kg) of the ethanolic extract significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced urine output. Excretion of cations (Na⁺ and K⁺ ions) and anions (Cl^‐ ions) increased significantly with respect to the control (gum acacia 2% dissolved in saline, 10 ml/kg) group. The increase of cations in the urine after treatment with ethanolic extract was dose dependent. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. hirsutus (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and furosemide (10 mg/kg) did not significantly change the concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^‐ ions in serum. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. hirsutus (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and furosemide (10 mg/kg) increased the excretion of creatinine in urine but with a corresponding decrease in serum. Conclusions It was concluded that the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. hirsutus (400 mg/kg) had significant diuretic effect in rats.     

牡丹皮水提取物及乙醇提取物的抗菌作用研究

目的研究牡丹皮水提取物及不同浓度乙醇提取物的体外抑菌和杀菌作用。方法用试管内药液稀释法测定牡丹皮水提取物及不同浓度乙醇提取物的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果牡丹皮水提取物和乙醇提取物对金黄色葡萄糖球菌、大肠杆菌及绿脓杆菌均有较强的抑制作用和一定的杀灭作用,且水提取物的作用强于乙醇提物。结论牡丹皮具有抗菌作用。     

阿托伐他汀钙对冠心病心力衰竭患者心功能的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀钙对冠心病充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心功能的影响。方法 79例冠心病心力衰竭患者为2组,对照组按心衰治疗常规进行治疗,实验组加用阿托伐他汀钙治疗。治疗6个月后,比较两组患者心功能变化。结果实验组患者治疗6个月后左心射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)改善较对照组明显,差异有统计学意义(t=8.3、5.3、4.0,P<0.05)。实验组心功能改善率(80.0%)明显高于对照组(53.9%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.12,P<0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀钙应用于冠心病心力衰竭患者,可明显改善患者的心功能。     

小檗碱抗心力衰竭作用研究概况

小檗碱为异喹啉类生物碱，药理作用广泛，近年来药理学发现其具有治疗心力衰竭的作用。该文对小檗碱从心肌收缩力的正性肌力作用和负性肌力作用两方面在心力衰竭中的应用研究进行综述，并且提出了对小檗碱治疗舒张性心力衰竭的展望。     

Diuretic action of bumetanide in advanced chronic renal insufficiency

Summary The effect of bumetanide, a new potent diuretic, was studied in twelve patients with severe chronic renal failure (GFR 2.7 – 10.7 ml/min). Bumetanide 8 mg i.v. caused increased excretion of water and sodium in all patients. In some patients sodium excretion was greater than 50 % of filtered load indicating an effect on proximal tubules. Bumetanide 2 mg i.v. was significantly less effective than 8 mg and a greater diuretic effect was produced by bumetanide 16 mg. In a comparative study bumetanide 8 mg was less potent than furosemide 250 mg, a finding in contrast to the potency ratio of 1/40 in other conditions. Side effects consisted of mild to moderate muscle pain and stiffness, especially localized in the neck, shoulders and calves. These side effects occurred only in patients with a GFR less than 5.3 ml/min. They were noted in all patients receiving 16 mg and in 3 out of 12 patients who took bumetanide 8 mg. There was no relationship between the occurrence of side effects and plasma bumetanide levels, electrolyte levels or the renal excretion of bumetanide and electrolytes.     

血竭提取物对急性心衰大鼠脑缺血耐受的作用研究

目的 研究血竭提取物对大鼠急性心力衰竭（acute heart failure,AHF）致脑功能损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 将25只SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组、心衰模型组和血竭提取物干预组。空白对照组和心衰模型组每日生理盐水灌胃,干预组按照血竭提取物浓度分为低剂量（300 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）、中剂量（450 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）和高剂量（600 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）3组,每日灌胃。采用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠的空间学习记忆能力的变化;检测超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性及丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量;HE染色观察脑组织病理变化。结果 Morris水迷宫试验中,空白对照组和血竭提取物高、中剂量组的逃避潜伏期均短于心衰模型组,运动平均速度和目标象限时间百分比均大于心衰模型组;心衰模型组的MDA含量较空白对照组增加,SOD活性反之;血竭提取物干预组的MDA含量较心衰模型组下降,SOD活性反之。结论 急性心力衰竭单次发作即可损伤脑功能,血竭提取物可能通过抗氧化和清除氧自由基等对防治大鼠急性心力衰竭所致的脑功能损伤具有积极的保护作用。