同一个体食管贲门双源癌中人乳头瘤病毒感染和p16INK4A蛋白表达

目的 探讨河南食管癌高发区HPV感染与食管/贲门癌变的关系和p16INK4A蛋白表达的意义。方法 利用聚合酶链式反应技术（PCR）检测17例双源癌患者食管鳞癌组织和贲门腺癌组织人乳头瘤病毒16型（HPV16）感染情况,应用免疫组织化学方法检测p16INK4A蛋白在17例双源癌鳞癌组织和腺癌组织中的表达。结果 17例双源癌组织中8例食管鳞癌组织,5例贲门腺癌组织中检测到HPV16-DNA（47% vs. 29%）,且有2例患者食管鳞癌和贲门腺癌组织中同时检测到HPV16-DNA的存在。p16INK4A蛋白在两种组织中均有较高表达。在HPV相关的双源癌中,p16INK4A蛋白表达在腺癌组织中较鳞癌组织高（75% vs.25%,P＜0.05）。结论 河南食管癌高发区同一个体食管鳞癌和贲门腺癌中均有不同程度HPV感染,提示HPV可能是二者共同相关致病危险因素,高危型HPV16感染可能在河南食管癌高发区食管和贲门癌变过程中起重要作用。p16INK4A蛋白表达在腺癌组织中较鳞癌组织高,有可能成为HPV相关性贲门癌的一个筛查指标。     

食管鳞癌组织HPV的检测及其意义的研究

目的:探讨人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)与食管鳞癌的相关性,进一步明确人乳头瘤痛毒感染在食管癌病因学中的作用.方法:采用可检测23种HPV基因型的基因芯片和实时荧光定量PCR检测方法检测140例新鲜食管鳞癌组织的HPV型别,同时对照检测85例宫颈鳞癌组织中HPV的感染率.结果:85例宫颈鳞癌组织中HPV的阳性率为95.29%(81/85),共检测到9种HPV基因型,分别为HPV16、18、45、33、58、59、73、31和56,均为高危型感染.其中HPV16最常见,检出率达72.9%(62/85),其次是HPV18为16.5%(14/85),其他7型占28.2%(24/85),HPV双重感染检出率为11.8%(10/85).而在140例食管鳞癌组织中,未检测到任何基因型的HPV.结论:HPV感染似乎可能与高发区食管鳞癌的发生无关.     

高危型人乳头瘤状病毒感染与湖北十堰食管鳞癌发生的关系研究

目的:检测高危型人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)在十堰地区食管鳞癌(esophageal squa-mous cell carcinoma,ESCC)组织中的感染率,分析其相关性.方法:收集十堰地区87例食管鳞癌组织和50例对照组食管组织,实时荧光定量PCR法检测组织中HPV16感染率.结果:食管鳞癌组织和对照组食管组织中HPV16的检出率分别为57.5%和36.0%,食管鳞癌组织中HPV16感染率显著高于对照组(P=0.016<0.05).分析食管鳞癌患者年龄、性别、病理分级、大体分型、浸润深度、淋巴结侵犯以及TNM分期与HPV16感染的关系,差异均无统计学意义.HPV16感染与食管鳞癌患者临床特征未见显著相关性.结论:HPV16感染可能是十堰地区食管鳞癌发生的因素之一,针对高危型HPV感染的防治对于该地区食管鳞癌的发生具有重要意义.     

HPV16型-E6、E7在食管鳞癌组织与非癌组织中的表达

背景与目的:越来越多的证据表明高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(humanpapillomavirus,HPV),特别是HPV16型与多种肿瘤发生、发展密切相关。本研究旨在分析人乳头状瘤病毒HPV16型E6、E7在食管正常组织、不典型增生组织和癌组织中的表达,以探讨HPV16型在食管鳞癌发生、发展中的生物学意义。方法:采用PicTureTM免疫组织化学方法对70例食管癌切除标本上、下切缘的正常粘膜上皮组织、43例不典型增生组织以及18例癌组织中的HPV16型E6、E7蛋白表达情况进行研究。结果:E6蛋白阳性率在正常食管粘膜上皮组织中为59.3%,在上皮不典型增生组织中为88.4%,在癌组织中为83.3%;E7蛋白在上述3种组织中的阳性率分别为62.1%、90.7%和88.9%。与正常食管粘膜上皮相比,上皮不典型增生组织和癌组织中E6、E7蛋白表达均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。HPV16型E6、E7蛋白在正常食管粘膜组织中同时表达即同步率为25.7%,而在上皮不典型增生组织和癌组织中二者同步率分别为88.3%和83.3%。结论:HPV16型E6、E7蛋白与食管鳞癌发生、发展密切相关,二者协同作用可能是食管鳞癌发生、发展的重要因素之一。     

引物介导原位标记技术检测乳腺癌组织中HPV16和18型感染

探讨引物介导的原位标记技术(Primedinsitulabeling,PRINS)在检测乳腺癌组织中人乳头状瘤病毒(humanpapillomavirus,HPV)16型和18型感染的应用和了解HPV16和18型感染与人乳腺良、恶性病变之间的关系。方法:采用引物介导的原位标记(PRINS)技术和SP法免疫组化技术检测80例乳腺癌,10例乳腺导管上皮不典型性增生,20例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤,30例乳腺腺病,30例正常乳腺组织中HPV16DNA,HPV18DNA和HPV16、18E6蛋白。结果:乳腺癌组中HPV16DNA,HPV18DNAH和HPV16、18E6蛋白的阳性表达与导管上皮不典型性增生组均无显著性差异(P>0.05),但显著高于良性病变组和正常组。中、重不典型性增生组中HPV18DNA和HPV16、18E6蛋白的表达均显著高于轻度不典型性增生组(P<0.05)。癌组中HPV16,HPV18DNA双阳性为45.0%(36/80),导管上皮不典型性增生组中HPV16、18DNA双阳性为40.0%(4/10)。结论:引物介导的原位标记技术可用于乳腺癌组织中HPV16DNA和HPV18DNA的检测,HPV16和HPV18型的混合感染可能与女性乳腺癌的发生、发展密切相关。     

肺癌与人乳头状瘤病毒感染和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ蛋白表达的相关性及其临床意义

目的:研究肺癌发生、发展中人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus, HPV)感染的病因学意义以及胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅱ, IGF-Ⅱ)蛋白的表达,并探讨肺癌发生与这2者之间的相关性.方法:采用PCR和免疫组织化学SP法分别检测68例肺癌组织和12例肺良性病变组织中HPV16/18型DNA﹑高危广谱型HPVE6/E7原癌蛋白和IGF-Ⅱ蛋白的表达水平.结果:肺癌组织的HPV阳性检出率为44.1%,高于肺良性病变组织的8.3%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).HPV感染仅与肿瘤分化程度相关.IGF-Ⅱ蛋白在肺癌组织中的表达水平明显高于肺良性病变组织,且与肿瘤分化程度﹑淋巴结转移和临床分期相关(P<0.05).肺癌组织HPV阳性组与阴性组IGF-Ⅱ蛋白的表达水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),HPV阳性组中IGF-Ⅱ蛋白的表达水平较高.结论:高危HPV16/18型感染在肺癌的发生中具有重要的病因学意义,并可能通过整合的HPVE6/E7原癌蛋白促使有丝分裂原IGF-Ⅱ高表达,从而在肺癌的发生、发展中发挥重要作用.     

宫颈腺癌p53、HPV16/18-E6蛋白和ER的表达及其临床意义

目的　探讨宫颈腺癌组织中 p5 3蛋白、HPV16 / 18 E6蛋白及ER的表达及其临床意义。 方法　采用免疫组织化学S P法对 6 3例宫颈腺癌组织进行p5 3蛋白、HPV16 / 18 E6蛋白及ER检测。结果　 6 3例宫颈腺癌中p5 3、HPV16 / 18 E6蛋白和ER阳性表达率分别为为 5 2 .3%、31.7%和 4 9.2 %。p5 3表达与肿瘤病理分级、临床分期 (Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期 )有关。HPV16 / 18 E6、ER的表达与宫颈腺癌的病理学分级、临床分期无关 ,但与 p5 3表达呈负相关 (P <0 .0 1) ,HPV16 / 18 E6、ER在宫颈腺癌中的表达呈正相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　随宫颈腺癌组织病理分级和临床分期增高p5 3阳性表达率逐渐增高 ,可能与 p5 3突变有关 ,部分宫颈腺癌的发病可能与HPV16 / 18 E6蛋白过度表达有关。部分宫颈腺癌可能属于激素依赖性 ,雌激素可能有协同HPV致癌的作用。     

食管鳞癌中人乳头瘤病毒16型E6、E7和细胞特异性增强子片段的检测

目的:检测食管鳞癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)16 E6、E7基因和细胞特异性增强子片段(CTSE).方法:采用聚合酶链反应法(PCR)检测40例食管鳞癌和20例正常食管黏膜中HPV16 E6、E7基因和病毒长控制区内(long control region,LCR)的细胞型特异性增强子(cell type specific enhancer,CTSE).结果:在40例食管鳞癌中,HPV16 的E6、E7基因和CTSE片段的检出率分别是37.5%(15/40)、42.5%(17/40)和40%(16/40),20例正常食管黏膜中E6、E7和CTSE的检出率分别为0%(0/20)、0%(0/20)和5%(1/20),两者均存在显著性差异(P<0.05).CTSE片段分别与E6和E7 基因有明显相关性(P<0.05).食管鳞癌中E6 、E7基因及CTSE的检出率在患者不同性别、年龄、肿瘤浸润程度、淋巴结转移和组织学分级肿瘤中差异均无显著性(P>0.05). 结论:E6和E7基因与CTSE 片段共存于HPV16感染的食管鳞癌组织中,三者可能与食管鳞癌的发生和发展有关.     

食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌中分泌型卷曲相关蛋白4基因启动子区甲基化状态的联合检测

目的:检测食管鳞癌(esophageal squamous cell cancer,ESCC)和贲门腺癌(gastric cardia adenocarcinoma,GCA)中分泌型卷曲相关蛋白4(secreted frizzled related protein 4, SFRP4)的基因甲基化状态,探讨其与食管鳞癌和贲门腺癌发生的关系.方法:应用甲基化特异性PCR(methylation-specific PCR,MSP)及RT-PCR的方法检测49例食管鳞癌及58例贲门腺癌中SFRP4基因的甲基化状态及其mRNA表达情况,应用免疫组织化学法检测Wnt通路中心因子β-catenin蛋白的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理参数间的关系.结果: 在食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌中,SFRP4基因的甲基化率分别为42.6%(21/49)和72.4%(42/58),均明显高于癌旁非肿瘤组织(P<0.01).在贲门腺癌中SFRP4基因的高甲基化与肿瘤患者的临床分期相关,与病理分级无关;而在食管鳞癌中,该基因的甲基化与各临床病理指标均无关(P>0.05).SFRP4基因在食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌中mRNA阳性表达率分别为69.3%(34/49)和44.8%(26/58),均明显低于癌旁非肿瘤组织(P<0.05),且肿瘤组织中mRNA表达与该基因的甲基化状态明显相关(P<0.01).通路中心因子β-catenin蛋白在食管鳞癌及贲门腺癌中的异质表达率分别为65.3%(32/49)和86.2%(50/58),均明显高于癌旁非肿瘤组织(P<0.01),且其异质表达与SFRP4基因的甲基化状态相关(P<0.05).结论:SFRP4基因的高甲基化状态可能是引起贲门癌及食管癌发生的共同分子机制之一,并有可能通过Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路发挥作用. 检测SFRP4基因甲基化状态对于贲门腺癌的预后评估有一定参考价值.     

宫颈鳞状上皮病变组织中乳头状瘤病毒和Ki-67及p16INK4a蛋白表达意义的研究

目的:探讨Ki-67、p16INK4a和人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)在不同程度宫颈鳞状上皮病变组织中的表达及临床病理意义.方法: 采用原位分子杂交及免疫组化方法,检测HPV的不同亚型、Ki-67、p16INK4a蛋白在182例不同程度宫颈病变组织中的表达.结果: HPV在不同程度病变中总检出率52.19%(95/182);在宫颈高级别上皮内瘤变及鳞癌组中检出最多的感染类型为HPV16/18,而HPV6/11在尖锐湿疣组检出率87.50%(21/24)最高;随着宫颈病变严重程度的增加,级别升高,Ki-67、p16INK4a阳性程度呈递增趋势.Ki-67、p16INK4a与HPV16/18型感染关系密切,χ2=11.779 8, P<0.01;Ki-67也与HPV6/11型有关.结论: HPV16/18型及Ki-67、p16INK4a 在宫颈高级别上皮内瘤变及鳞癌中表达明显升高,可能对宫颈鳞癌的发生、发展具有协同作用.     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.