乳腺癌保乳手术后的放射治疗

早期乳腺癌保留乳腺手术后的放射治疗,是欧美国家治疗早期乳腺癌的主要方法之一。本文综述了这种方法近10年来在照射方法、应用技术、与化疗结合适应证等方面的进展。     

17例乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗分析

[目的]评价乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗的治疗结果及存在问题.[方法]回顾性分析17例保乳术后加放疗的乳腺癌病人临床资料.[结果]全组5年生存率和5年无瘤生存率分别为93.8%和87.1%,5年肿瘤局部控制率为93.8%,有1例死于复发并脑转移,另有1例股骨转移后生存.15例有良好美容效果,2例美容结果一般.[结论]早期乳腺癌采用保乳手术及放射治疗可取得满意结果,强调规范诊治及良好的多学科协作.     

乳腺癌保乳手术联合术后放疗的疗效分析

[目的]探讨保乳手术加放疗治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的效果。[方法]回顾性分析1998年1月-2002年7月在我院接受保乳手术加术后放疗的34例乳腺癌临床资料。[结果]全组随访36-90个月，平均随访63.5个月。3年生存率100%（34/34），3年无瘤生存率97.1%（33/34），随访满5年的24例，5年生存率100%（24/24），5年无瘤生存率91.7%（22/24）。[结论]Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌采用保乳手术加放射治疗可取得满意疗效。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术加放疗60例疗效分析

[目的]评价早期乳腺癌保留乳房治疗方法的疗效和美容效果。[方法]60例早期乳腺癌患者行保乳手术,术后行全身放疗,局部瘤床电子线补量,结合常规化疗、内分泌治疗。[结果]中位随访77个月,5年复发率为3.4%,5年生存率为100%,美容效果满意率为96%(58/60)。[结论]保乳治疗早期乳腺癌患者疗效肯定,提高了美容效果。     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术加放疗63例疗效观察

目的：观察早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术配合术后放疗的远期生存和美容效果。资料与方法：1989年1月至1994年3月共收治早期乳腺癌63例,其中Ⅰ期22例,Ⅱ期41例。行单纯肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫,术后配合放疗。全乳腺切线照射45－50Gy,瘤床加用电子线照射15－20Gy。腋窝淋巴结阳性者同时照射相应的淋巴引流区45－50Gy。结果：5年、10年生存率分别为92．1％和87．3％。仅1例发生放射性肺炎症状,美容效果满意。结论：保留乳房手术,术后配合放射治疗早期乳腺癌的效果与根治手术大致相似。对符合条件的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期病例,此种方法可以作为首选治疗手段。     

乳腺癌保留乳房术后放射治疗进展

乳腺癌是一系统性疾病，因此多学科综合治疗是乳腺癌治疗的基本原则。随着对乳腺癌生物学行为特征认识的深化及早期乳腺癌比例的增加，保留乳房治疗已成为欧美发达国家临床早期乳腺癌的标准治疗模式。从综合治疗的整体观出发，放射治疗作为保留乳房治疗的重要组成部分，具有降低局部复发率、提高患者生存质量和生存率的重要作用。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后放疗美容效果及疗效观察

目的观察早期乳腺癌保乳术后常规放疗的美容效果及较远期疗效。方法进入研究的条件为单一病灶,肿块最大直径≤3 cm,显微镜下手术切缘阴性,腋窝淋巴结清扫为阴性。排除炎性乳腺癌和男性乳腺癌。42例0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌保乳手术后使用6 MV X线切线野常规分割照射,全乳房照射50 Gy,局部瘤床区电子线补量照射10 Gy。治疗后2年内每3个月、第3-5年每6个月、之后每年随访1次,观察治疗和美容效果。结果全组病例随访19-90个月(中位随访56个月),2例分别在治疗后16、36个月因远处转移死亡,CT确诊。美容效果和患者满意度均超过93%。无一局部复发,局部控制率100%。1、3年生存率分别为100%、98%。结论早期乳腺癌保乳术后6 MV X线切线野照射疗效可靠、美容效果良好且急性和晚期毒性作用小,因此更有利于早期乳腺癌患者生活质量的提高。     

早期乳腺癌乳房保留治疗的疗效分析

目的 评价早期乳腺癌保乳术后伞乳放疗的生存率和局部.区域控制率,探讨影响局部控制的因素.方法 近10年收治的早期乳腺癌接受保乳术者335例,其中术后单纯放疗、序贯化放疗、同期放化疗、化放化疗分别为25、194、80、36例.312例接受腋窝淋巴结清扫,2例前哨淋巴结活榆.310例接受辅助化疗.256放疗范围为单纯乳房,79例包括区域淋巴结照射.全乳和区域淋巴结照射剂量为50 Gy分25次,中位瘤床剂量为60 Gy分30次.放疗和手术间隔时问<4、4～8、>8～20、>20周的比例分别为16.4%、23.6%、37.3%、22.7%.结果 中位随访期48.0个月(25.3～146.7个月).5年局部一区域控制率和同侧乳房控制率分别为94.5%和95.6%;5年无病生存率、无转移牛存牢和总生俘率分别为88.6%、93.2%和98.8%.单因素分析发现脉管受侵、神经受侵犯和Ⅱ期切除的5年局部控制率下降,手术与放疗间隔时间、化疗与放疗结合方式的局部榨制率均相似.多因素分析发现脉管侵犯和Ⅱ期切除是独立的预后因素.序贯化放疗+单纯放疗、同期放化疗、化放化疗≥3级皮肤反应(湿性脱皮)发生率分别为4.5%、80.0%、77.0%(χ2=226.00,P=0.000).结论 早期乳腺癌保乳术加术后伞乳放疗等可获得良好的局部控制率和牛存率.脉管受侵与否和Ⅱ期切除是影响局部控制率的独立预后因素.未发现手术与放疗间隔时间、放疗与化疗结合方式对局部控制率有影响,但同期放化疗或化放化疗者发生皮肤湿性脱皮的概率明显增高.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后全乳放疗替代模式

全乳房照射已被用于降低早期乳腺癌保乳术后同侧乳腺肿瘤复发的风险,并且多项随机临床试验和荟萃分析已经证明这一放疗模式安全有效,但随着放疗技术的进步以及患者生存期的延长,这种标准治疗模式目前也面临着一些挑战,其替代模式受到了越来越多的关注.其中部分乳腺照射、全乳大分割放疗、省略放疗针对不同的乳腺癌患者,疗效与全乳腺常规照射相当,且降低了不良反应,同时缩短了治疗时程,减轻了患者负担,值得在临床推广应用.     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术后放射治疗的临床分析

乳腺癌是一种以局部表现为主的全身性疾病,扩大切除术并不一定能改善预后,因此,保留乳房手术后辅以放射治疗逐渐成为早期乳腺癌的主要治疗方向。现将本院使用保留乳房手术加术后放射治疗早期乳腺癌总结如下。     

105例早期乳腺癌保乳手术临床疗效评价

目的分析早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的近期疗效。方法回顾分析2001—2005年105例早期乳腺癌患者，在接受保留乳房手术、辅助放化疗后的生存率和美容效果。结果全部患者中位随访时间24个月（15～86个月），随访满3年患者47例，3年总生存率100％，无病生存率95．7％。局部复发2例，手术至复发时间平均为21个月。远处转移2例，均为骨转移，手术至远处转移中位时间为18个月。共对85例患者进行术后乳房外形评价，良好、中等、较差分别为47．1％、50．6％、2．6％。结论保乳治疗联合全乳放射治疗是一种安全、疗效确切的早期乳腺癌治疗方式，并可保持良好的乳房外形。     

Timing of radiotherapy in breast cancer conserving treatment

The optimal timing and sequencing of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for early invasive breast cancer is controversial. Several studies demonstrated that postoperative radiation therapy significantly reduces the incidence of breast recurrences. For patients who do not need systemic treatment, the interval between surgery and the start of radiotherapy should not exceed eight weeks. For node-positive and high-risk patients receiving breast-conserving treatment, adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered prior to radiotherapy, but the delay of radiation should not exceed 20-24 weeks. Side effects and complications of radiotherapy can be expected to increase when chemotherapy is administered concurrently. In particular, antracycline-based chemotherapy regimens increase the damage to heart muscle and coronary arteries: to avoid the risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease, radiotherapy must be performed after the end of systemic treatment.     

Optimizing breast cancer treatment efficacy with intensity-modulated radiotherapy

: To present our clinical experience using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to improve dose uniformity and treatment efficacy in patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy.

: A total of 281 patients with Stage 0, I, and II breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy received whole breast RT after lumpectomy using our static, multileaf collimator (sMLC) IMRT technique. The technical and practical aspects of implementing this technique on a large scale in the clinic were analyzed. The clinical outcome of patients treated with this technique was also reviewed.

: The median time required for three-dimensional alignment of the tangential fields and dosimetric IMRT planning was 40 and 45 min, respectively. The median number of sMLC segments required per patient to meet the predefined dose-volume constraints was 6 (range 3–12). The median percentage of the treatment given with open fields (no sMLC segments) was 83% (range 38–96%), and the median treatment time was <10 min. The median volume of breast receiving 105% of the prescribed dose was 11% (range 0–67.6%). The median breast volume receiving 110% of the prescribed dose was 0% (range 0–39%), and the median breast volume receiving 115% of the prescribed dose was also 0%. A total of 157 patients (56%) experienced Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Grade 0 or I acute skin toxicity; 102 patients (43%) developed Grade II acute skin toxicity and only 3 (1%) experienced Grade III toxicity. The cosmetic results at 12 months (95 patients analyzable) were rated as excellent/good in 94 patients (99%). No skin telengiectasias, significant fibrosis, or persistent breast pain was noted.

: The use of intensity modulation with our sMLC technique for tangential whole breast RT is an efficient method for achieving a uniform and standardized dose throughout the whole breast. Strict dose-volume constraints can be readily achieved resulting in both uniform coverage of breast tissue and a potential reduction in acute and chronic toxicities. Because the median number of sMLC segments required per patient is only 6, the treatment time is equivalent to conventional wedged-tangent treatment techniques. As a result, widespread implementation of this technology can be achieved with minimal imposition on clinic resources and time constraints.     

Treatment results and prognostic factors of early breast cancer treated with a breast conserving operation and radiotherapy

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic factors affecting local control and survival rates for patients with early breast cancer who received breast conserving treatment (BCT) and to find out the optimal treatment according to their risk factors. METHODS: From October 1994 to December 2001, 605 patients with 611 stage I and II breast cancers received BCT, and the results were analyzed retrospectively. BCT consists of breast conserving surgery and whole breast irradiation. All the patients underwent lumpectomy or quadrantectomy. Axillary lymph node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in 608 cases (99.5%). The radiation dose to the whole breast was 50.4 Gy over 5 weeks with a 1.8 Gy daily fraction and with boost doses of 9-14.4 Gy administered to the tumor bed. Adjuvant chemotherapy was performed in most of the patients with axillary lymph node metastasis or tumors larger than 1 cm. The median follow-up period was 47 months. RESULTS: Local relapse, regional relapse and distant metastasis occurred in 15 (2.5%), 16 (2.6%) and 43 patients (7.1%), respectively. The 5-year overall survival, local-relapse-free survival, distant-metastasis-free survival and disease-free survival rates were 95.3%, 97.2%, 91.3% and 88.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, age (P = 0.02), number of involved axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.01) and nuclear grade (P = 0.01) affected the local-relapse-free survival. The factors associated with disease-free survival were the T stage (P = 0.05), number of involved axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.01) and nuclear grade (P = 0.001). Overall survival was associated with the T stage (P = 0.02), number of involved axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.01) and c-erb B2 overexpression (P = 0.05). Patients with more than two factors among (i) age 1 cm, (ii) positive lymph node metastasis and (iii) high nuclear grade showed an inferior 5-year disease-free survival rate compared with others (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: The most important prognostic factor affecting local control, disease-free survival and overall survival was axillary lymph node metastasis. The nuclear grade influenced local control and disease relapse. Patients with multiple unfavorable risk factors such as positive axillary lymph nodes, high nuclear grade, young age and large tumor showed poorer local control and disease-free survival than patients without any risk factors, and so more aggressive treatment is required for these patients.     

De-escalation of breast radiotherapy after conserving surgery in low-risk early breast cancer patients

The reduction in the burden related to treatment is becoming more and more important in modern oncology. Radiation therapy is a mainstay option in the postoperative setting for early breast cancer patients after breast-conserving surgery. Nowadays, different options are available to de-escalate radiotherapy in this scenario such as the use of hypofractionated whole-breast radiation, the selective delivery of the boost dose to the lumpectomy cavity, the introduction of accelerated partial breast irradiation and the omission of treatment in appropriately selected patients with low-risk features. We herein provide a review article on this topic.     

Importance of timing of radiotherapy in breast conserving treatment for early stage breast cancer

This study reports on the treatment results in 508 patients with 514 AJCC stage I–II invasive breast carcinomas treated between July 1980 and July 1989. All patients underwent a lumpectomy with axillary lymph node dissection with postoperative irradiation. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to premenopausal node-positive patients. Postmenopausal node-positive patients received adjuvant hormonal treatment. The median follow-up period was 68 months (range, 40–152 months). The 5-year survival rates were 92.6%, 81.4% and 65.5% for stage I, stage IIA and stage IIB, respectively. Distant metastases were the main cause of death. Locoregional failures occurred in 4.9%. Breast recurrences were detected in 17 patients (3.3%). In a Cox proportional hazards analysis, T-stage, pathological margins and interval between surgery and radiotherapy were identified as independent factors predictive of breast recurrence (p < 0.05). The results suggest that radiotherapy should be initiated early after surgery to maintain the breast recurrence rate as low as possible.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后调强放疗

现行早期乳腺癌保乳术后的常规切线野放射治疗技术存在靶区内剂量不均匀的缺陷.国内外多位研究者将调强放疗(IMRT)应用于保乳术后患者,以期在提高靶区剂量均匀性、降低危及器官受量及改善美容效果方面体现出一定优势.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后联合全乳腺放射治疗的疗效分析

目的评价早期乳腺癌保乳手术联合放射治疗的疗效及美容效果。方法对26例早期乳腺癌患者采取保乳手术加术后全乳腺放射治疗,并与19例同期早期乳腺癌行改良根治术加术后放射治疗的患者进行对比分析。结果所有的患者均完成治疗,均无切口感染、切口不愈合及放射性皮肤坏死等不良反应,均有不同程度的近期皮肤反应,但均没有明显纤维化。保乳组的3年、5年生存率分别为96.2%(25/26)、92.3%(24/26),与对照组的3年、5年生存率100.0%(19/19)、94.7%(18/19)相似。保乳组22例(84.6%)美容效果良好。结论乳腺癌保乳手术美容效果良好,放射治疗对乳房外形无明显影响,两者联合应用可显著提高乳腺癌患者的生活质量。     

乳腺癌保留乳房治疗远期疗效的研究

目的探讨临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌选择性行乳腺癌保留乳房治疗（BCT）的远期生存、同侧乳腺复发（IBR）、美容效果及其相关因素。方法对1985年10月至2000年12月收治的270例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者进行BCT远期疗效的临床研究。乳腺癌保乳手术先后采用乳腺象限／区段切除术及肿瘤扩大切除术，联合全腋窝淋巴结清扫术。术后放射治疗先后采用^60Co及加速器全乳放射治疗及瘤床缩野照射。结果在10年的中位随访时间内，270例BCT患者10年总生存率83．7％、IBR8．5％、远处转移率23．7％。患者年龄、肿瘤大小、病理组织学类型、腋窝淋巴结转移状况等临床病理因素对BCT后IBR无显著性影响（均P〉0．05），切缘阳性、术后未行全乳照射的患者IBR显著升高（均P=0．000）。在确保切缘阴性的前提下，不同切除范围的手术方式对IBR无显著性影响（P=0．799），但切除范围较大的区段／象限切除术对BCT后乳房美容效果有显著不良影响（优秀P=0．043，优秀＋良好P=0．005）。结论①临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌选择性行BCT有较高的远期疗效、较好的美容效果和较低的IBR，可以安全地替代乳房切除性手术。②确保切缘阴性及接受术后全乳放射治疗仍是现阶段乳腺癌BCT的金标准。③在确保切缘阴性的前提下，切除范围较小的肿瘤扩大切除术有较好的美容效果和相同的治疗效果。     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗新进展

早期乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗可以显著降低局部复发率,但是传统模式的全乳腺放疗对于一部分低危人群而言并非必要,属于过度治疗,因此在保证局部控制率的前提下,寻求新的放疗模式,如缩小照射范围、缩短治疗时间以及避免不必要的放疗成为乳腺癌研究与治疗的新方向.