肾癌保留肾单位手术现状

全文就保留肾单位手术的适应证、并发症、手术技术及预后等问题作了初步的评述，并指出在腹腔镜肾癌根治技术逐步成熟的基础上，腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术将是肾癌手术治疗的发展方向之一。     

保留肾单位手术治疗小肾癌

目前,开放性肾部分切除术仍被认为是治疗小肾癌的标准术式,而腹腔镜下肾部分切除术是一种保留肾单位治疗小肾癌的微创方法.单纯肿瘤剜除术对于选择性的小肾癌患者是一项可接受的、安全的保留肾单位治疗方法,相对于肾部分切除术,它并不增加局部复发的风险.消融技术则给微创下进行保留肾单位手术带来新的方法和新的思路.     

保留肾单位手术治疗小肾癌

目前,开放性肾部分切除术仍被认为是治疗小肾癌的标准术式,而腹腔镜下肾部分切除术是一种保留肾单位治疗小肾癌的微创方法.单纯肿瘤剜除术对于选择性的小肾癌患者是一项可接受的、安全的保留肾单位治疗方法,相对于肾部分切除术,它并不增加局部复发的风险.消融技术则给微创下进行保留肾单位手术带来新的方法和新的思路.     

保留肾单位手术治疗双肾细胞癌十例临床分析

目的:观察保留肾单位手术治疗双侧肾细胞癌的疗效.方法:回顾性分析10例双侧肾细胞癌患者的临床资料.7例同时性肾癌中,1例行双侧Ⅰ期手术,6例行分期手术.其中3例行双肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行双肾部分切除及右肾上腺切除术,2例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术及对侧肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术、下腔静脉切开取癌栓术及对侧肾肿瘤剜除术.3例异时性肾癌均分期手术,其中2例行双肾肿瘤剜除术,1例行一侧肾癌根治性切除术,对侧肾肿瘤剜除术.所有患者术后均行生物学治疗3个月.10例获随访3个月～8年,平均19个月.结果:7例未见肿瘤复发和转移.1例术后6个月出现肺转移,已带瘤生存3个月;1例术后1年出现残肾肿瘤复发,经生物学治疗,已带瘤生存3个月;1例术后3个月后死于肾衰竭.异时性肾癌者的先发一侧行肾癌根治术,对侧肾出现肿瘤的时间分别为9个月、2年和6年.结论:保留肾单位的肾切除术是目前双侧肾癌较为理想的治疗方法,它对肾功能的影响较少.双侧肾癌的预后和单侧肾癌一样,与肿瘤的分期和分级有关,而与肿瘤是否多发无关.     

局限性肾癌根治性肾切除术观念的演变

文章主要阐述经典根治性肾切除术在手术入路、手术方式以及手术切除范围观念的变化。对同侧保留肾上腺、保留肾单位手术等进行了详细探讨。     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌14例临床分析

目的:探讨保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的安全性和疗效.方法: 回顾性分析1996年6月至2007年6月间14例行肾单位保留手术的肾癌患者的临床资料,其中双侧肾癌1例,孤立肾肾癌2例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能损害的肾癌4例,对侧肾正常的肾癌7例.肿瘤直径1.6cm-6.8cm,平均4.2cm.14例中行肿瘤剜除术3例,行肾部分切除术6例,肾楔形切除术5例.结果: 14例患者手术均成功.术后随访9-88个月,平均40个月,1例出现远处转移死亡(双侧肾癌患者),1例患者于术后12个月局部复发改行根治性肾切除术,2例术后出现暂时性肾功能不全.结论: 保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌安全有效,尤其适用于低分期小肾癌患者.     

腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的疗效观察

目的 探讨腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术(LNSS)治疗肾癌的临床疗效.方法 选取2018年2月至2019年8月间辽宁省健康产业集团本钢总医院收治的82例肾癌患者,采用随机数字表法分为微创组和对照组,每组41例.微创组患者采用LNSS,对照组患者采用开放手术,比较两组患者手术指标、并发症和血肌酐水平.结果 微创组患者手术时间和...     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗肾癌的临床分析

目的 评价后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗肾癌的安全性及疗效.方法 回顾性分析后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗53例肾癌的临床资料.结果 53例患者中,52例成功施行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术,1例因粘连较重改行开放手术.手术时间75～220min,平均125min;术中出血50～420 ml,平均120ml;术后住院时间为6～12 d.发生手术并发症4例.病理检查显示,透明细胞癌47例,嫌色细胞癌5例,囊性肾细胞癌1例.随访1个月至5年,未见肿瘤复发转移.结论 后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗T1～2N0M0期肾癌安全、有效.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in the treatment of renal cancer. Methods The clinical data of 53 cases who underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy were analyzed retrospectively. Results Fifty-two cases achieved successful retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, a conversion to open surgery was required in one case because of severe adhesion. The operation time was 75 min to 220 min ( mean, 125 min), the blood loss was 50 ml to 420 ml ( mean, 120 ml), and the postoperative hospital stay was 6 d to 12 d. Complications occurred in 4 cases. Pathological examination showed that 47 cases were of renal clear cell carcinoma, 5 of chromophobe carcinoma, and 1 of cystic renal cell carcinoma. Follow-up for 1 month to 5 years showed no mimor recurrence and metastasis. Conclusion Retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy is a safe and effective treatment for patients with stage T1 ～2N0M0 renal cell carcinoma.     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位肾癌切除术21例

目的探讨后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗早期肾癌的方法及疗效。方法对21例肾外型局限性肾癌患者行腹腔镜下保留肾单位的肾癌切除术。结果21例手术均成功，术后平均随访11个月，均无瘤生存。结论腹腔镜下保留肾单位的肾癌切除术安全、有效。适用于对侧肾功能正常、肿瘤直径≤4．0cm的肾外型局限性肾癌。     

不同切缘厚度的保留肾单位手术对小肾癌的疗效对比分析

目的:评估3种切缘厚度的保留肾单位手术对对侧肾脏正常的小肾癌的治疗效果。方法:回顾分析88例病人的临床和病理资料,根据切缘厚度分为肾部分切除术PN(>0.5cm),PN(<0.5cm)和肿瘤核除术(SE)3组,采用t检验和生存率分析进行比较。结果:PN(>0.5cm)组(26例)、PN(<0.5cm)组(41例)和SE组(21例)病人的性别和年龄无统计学差异,其肿瘤直径分别为2.9cm,2.8cm,1.7cm。与PN组相比,SE组的偶发癌比例高,肿瘤直径小。3组的临床分期和病理分级分类差异无统计学意义。PN(>0.5cm)组的术中并发症发生率显著增加,但切缘阳性率各组间差异无统计学意义。随访76个月,各组均无局部复发,5年总生存率分别为96.2%,97.6%和95.3%,5年肿瘤特异生存率均为100%。结论:对于对侧肾脏正常的小肾癌,保留肾单位手术是一种安全有效的治疗方法,并且切缘厚度小者安全性更高。     

Comparison of preoperative embolization followed by radical nephrectomy with radical nephrectomy alone for renal cell carcinoma

A series of 474 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), who had radical nephrectomy during a period of 15 years, was studied to assess the prognostic significance of various pathologic parameters (tumor stage [pT], lymph node status, metastasis, tumor grade, venous involvement) and value of preoperative embolization of renal artery. There were: 20 (4%) pT1, 204 (43%) pT2, 245 (52%) pT3, and 5 (1%) pT4 patients. All 474 patients underwent nephrectomy including a group of 118 (25%) patients (24 pT2, 90 pT3, and 4 pT4) who underwent preoperative embolization of the renal artery. To compare treatment outcomes in embolized patients with RCC, a group of 116 (24%) nonembolized patients with RCC was selected. This group was matched for sex, age, stage, tumor size, and tumor grade, with the embolized patients (p<0.01). All important prognostic factors were studied as to their influence on survival by the treatment group. The overall 5- and 10-year survival was 62% and 47%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were significantly better (p<0.01) for patients with pT2 than for those with pT3 tumors (79% vs. 50% and 59% vs. 35%, respectively). Involvement of regional lymph nodes (N+) was an important prognostic factor for survival in patients with pT3 tumors. The 5-year survival for pT3 N+ was 39%, compared with 66% in those with pT3N0 (p<0.01). Preoperative embolization was also an important factor influencing survival. The overall 5- and 10-year survival for 118 patients embolized before nephrectomy was 62% and 47%, respectively, and it was 35% and 23%, respectively, for the matched group of 116 patients treated with surgery alone (p = 0.01). The most important finding of this study was an apparent importance of preoperative embolization in improving patients' survival. This finding needs to be interpreted with caution and confirmed in a prospective randomized trial.     

Recent advances in nephron-sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma

Although radical nephrectomy is a "standard" surgery for management of renal cell carcinoma, nephron-sparing surgery has become accepted for selected patients: those with solitary kidney, bilateral renal cell carcinoma or small renal cell carcinoma. Recently laparoscopic surgery has gradually come to include nephron-sparing surgery with minimum invasiveness. Furthermore, new methodologies such as cryoablation and radiowave ablation enable percutaneous management of nephron-sparing surgery. Thus, nephron-sparing surgery is becoming less invasive. However, its efficacy in controlling cancer needs to be discussed further.     

Non-ischemic nephron-sparing surgery for small renal cell carcinoma: complete tumor enucleation using a microwave tissue coagulator

OBJECTIVE: To determine the methodological usefulness of non-ischemic complete enucleation for small renal cell carcinomas (RCC) using a microwave tissue coagulator (MTC). METHODS: Fifty-nine patients (61 kidneys) underwent non-ischemic complete tumor enucleation by MTC. Of the 59 patients, 46 had an elective indication and 15 kidneys of 13 patients had an imperative indication. RCC was exposed with minimal peri-renal detachment. The demarcation line, 7-10 mm from the tumor, was coagulated at 8-10 mm intervals with a microwave antenna needle for 30-40 s at 50-60 W. The renal tumor was excised along the coagulated zone with normal surrounding tissue. The enucleation bed was covered with fibrin glue or fat tissue without approximation. RESULTS: The operations were successfully completed in all intended cases. The mean operation time was 160 +/- 43 (median: 160) min and the mean blood loss was 313 +/- 370 (median: 158) ml. No major bleeding or urine leakage from the enucleation bed was observed in 62.2 and 88.5% of cases, respectively. The minor bleeding and urine leakage were controlled easily with absorbable sutures. None of the cases presented with postoperative bleeding or urine leakage from the enucleation bed. Severe impairment of the renal function was not observed in any case evaluated by means of serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and radioisotope examination. The 5-year overall survival rate was 87% without recurrence up to 23.1 +/- 19.5 months of the mean follow-up. CONCLUSION: Non-ischemic complete tumor enucleation using MTC constitutes a simple, reliable and less invasive alternative to ordinary nephron-sparing surgeries for small RCC.     

Long-term results of simple and radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma

From 1974 to 1983, simple and radical nephrectomies were performed at the Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Tel Hashomer, Israel) for renal cell carcinoma. The authors reviewed 109 cases that were followed for a period ranging from 5 to 14 years. Simple nephrectomy was performed in 55 patients, and 54 patients underwent radical nephrectomy. The selection of the surgical procedure was based on the surgeon's preference and not on the basis of clinical stage, age, or sex. The surgical results and survival rates were assessed according to the pathologic stage of the tumors. Among patients with Stage I tumor, radical nephrectomy produced better survival rates at 5 and 10 years (P = 0.03); however, when the non-cancer deaths were excluded, the difference in survival was not statistically significant. For Stage I tumors the survival free of disease at 5 years was better for the radical nephrectomy group, but this difference was not statistically significant. No difference was noticed in the local recurrence rate between the two groups. Nephrectomy in patients with Stage IV disease did not alter survival regardless of the type of operation.     

Local recurrence of renal cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy

Radical nephrectomy was made in 483 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) without metastases admitted to National Urology Center in 1989-2004. Isolated local recurrence was observed in 10 (2.07%) patients who were divided into two groups. The recurrent tumor was removed in 6 patients of group 1, four patients of group 2 received conservative treatment. Statistic processing was made with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and unmatched t-test. Survival was estimated according to Kaplan-Meyer, significance of the differences--by log rank test. Three patients of group 1 died of progression of basic disease. Only 1 patient from group 2 was alive 22 months after detection of the recurrence. Mean survival in group 1 was 27.5 +/- 14.9 months, in group 2--10 +/- 8.5 months (p = 0.045). A mean size of the recurrent tumor in survivors was 5.4 +/- 2.1 cm, while in dead patients--10.05 +/- 2.76 cm (p = 0.02). Radicalism of the recurrent tumor removal influenced survival of the patients (p = 0.019). In survivors local recurrence developed 35.7 +/- 28.1 months after radical nephrectomy; in the deceased the recurrence arose 23.3 +/- 25.5 months after nephrectomy (p = 0.46). Thus, early detection of isolated local recurrence of a relatively small size allows complete recovery in some surgically treated patients.     

Adenocarcinoma of the kidney: nephron-sparing surgical approach vs. radical nephrectomy

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Radical nephrectomy has been the traditional surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma in patients with a normally functioning contralateral kidney. The necessity for a less aggressive surgical approach has emerged in cases in which there is a need to preserve renal function. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the records of 41 patients with localized, symptomless small renal masses (<5 cm) treated with nephron-sparing surgery (group A) and 48 patients matched for age, tumor location, size, and stage who were treated with radical nephrectomy (group B). RESULTS: The 5-year cancer-specific survival rates were 97.5% and 98. 4% for the treated patients of groups A an B, respectively. No statistical association was found between cancer-specific survival and surgical approach, tumor stage, tumor location, or recurrence. The size of the primary tumor did not seem to influence the cause-specific survival. Local recurrence was observed in 3 patients (7.3%) who underwent partial nephrectomy. In our series, the overall incidence of multifocality was 10.4%. CONCLUSIONS: We propose segmental renal resection for unifocal small adenocarcinoma of the kidney in preference to radical surgery as it is corroborated by the presented data.     

肾癌根治术后生物化疗的临床观察

目的：探讨生物化疗在肾癌根治术后的治疗作用。方法：对69例行肾癌根治术后的患者按治疗方法分为A、B两组，A组术后用α-干扰素和5-氟尿嘧啶，B组用白细胞介素-2、α-干扰素和5-氟尿嘧啶联合治疗。比较两组术后生存率。结果：通过随访比较，两组早期（Ⅰ—Ⅱ期）肾癌根治术后患者1年-3年生存率差异无显著性（P〉0．05），晚期（Ⅲ期）肾癌根治术后患者3年生存率差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。所有患者没有发生严重毒副反应。结论：白细胞介素-2、α-干扰素联合5-氟尿嘧啶对晚期肾癌有效，疗效优于仅用α-干扰素和5-氟尿嘧啶。     

肾癌根治术后生物化疗的临床观察

目的:探讨生物化疗在肾癌根治术后的治疗作用.方法:对69例行肾癌根治术后的患者按治疗方法分为A、B两组,A组术后用a-干扰素和5-氟尿嘧啶,B组用白细胞介素-2、a-干扰素和5-氟尿嘧啶联合治疗.比较两组术后生存率.结果:通过随访比较,两组早期(Ⅱ-Ⅲ期)肾癌根治术后患者1年-3年生存率差异无显著性(P>0.05),晚期(Ⅲ期)肾癌根治术后患者3年生存率差异有显著性(P＜0.05).所有患者没有发生严重毒副反应.结论:白细胞介素-2、a-干扰素联合5-氟尿嘧啶对晚期肾癌有效,疗效优于仅用a-干扰素和5-氟尿嘧啶.     

The role of radical nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma

The role of cytoreductive surgery in patients with metastatic renal cancer remains controversial. Recent data from our Southwest Oncology Group trial suggest that cytoreduction confers an approximately 50% increase in median survival for such patients when they are treated with interferon-alfa-2b immunotherapy. The timing of cytoreduction, and in which patients it may be most applicable, are discussed herein.