舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损

目的 探讨舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的特点.方法 2001年12月～2006年11月住院的口腔癌初诊患者10例,均经病理确诊.其中男8例,女2例,年龄31～60岁,平均47岁,中位年龄50岁.舌癌1例, 颊癌2例, 口底癌4例,牙龈癌3例.均采用舌骨下肌皮瓣修复术后所致软组织缺损.供区皮肤直接拉拢缝合,无继发畸形.结果 术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,10例舌骨下肌皮瓣全部成活,无1例发生全部或部分皮瓣坏死,移植成活率100%.患者获得满意的外观和功能.经过6个月～5年的随访,无一例肿瘤复发或远处转移.结论 舌骨下肌皮瓣制备较简单,效果可靠,且成活率高.可用于口腔颌面部软组织缺损的修复.     

舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损

近年来,随着显微外科技术的发展,越来越多的游离皮瓣被应用到口腔颌面部缺损的修复中去,甚至在很多单位游离皮瓣已经成为口腔颌面外科医生的第一选择.但是,并不是所有的患者都适合选择游离皮瓣,也不是所有的缺损都必须选择游离皮瓣才能获得良好的修复效果,因此,作为一名优秀的口腔颌面外科医生、头颈外科医生和修复重建医生必须掌握包括各种皮瓣在内的多种修复手段,并且能够在不同的情况下正确地选择不同的修复方法.舌骨下肌皮瓣被发现至今已逾30多年,是已经被时间所证明的优秀的皮瓣之一,它的皮肤颜色良好、厚度及组织量适宜、瘢痕较小、并发症少见,几乎可以修复咽、舌、口底的全部缺损.然而,关于舌骨下肌皮瓣的报道及经验交流最近却相对较少,本文旨在结合笔者的临床经验对舌骨下肌皮瓣的制取进行论述,希望能够对广大的口腔颌面外科医生、头颈外科医生和修复重建医生有益.     

舌骨下肌筋膜瓣修复口腔癌术后缺损的应用初探

目的　探讨舌骨下肌筋膜瓣修复口腔癌术后缺损的可行性和优缺点。方法　 15例口腔癌、口咽癌患者在常规行根治术后采用舌骨下肌筋膜瓣修复术后缺损 ,并对其进行 0 5～ 5 0年的临床随访。结果　 15块舌骨下肌筋膜瓣全部成活 ,颈部取瓣切口采用常规颈淋巴清扫切口 ,术后颈部切口均一期原位关闭。结论　舌骨下肌筋膜瓣修复口腔癌术后缺损具有成活率高、颈淋巴清扫切口不受取瓣影响、可直接关闭颈部切口等优点 ,但因舌骨下肌筋膜瓣组织量少、筋膜菲薄、术后有部分挛缩 ,故适用于口腔内小范围的缺损     

舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面缺损的应用解剖

目的:为口腔颌面恶性肿瘤切除后采用舌骨下肌皮瓣修复的手术方式提供应用解剖学依据。方法:对40具(80侧)头颈部标本的舌骨下肌群的形态特征,血管神经支配进行观测。结果:舌骨下肌群各肌厚度均较薄,供应动脉为甲状腺上动脉,回流静脉为甲状腺上静脉,舌骨下肌群的神经支配来自颈襻分支。结论:该肌群修复口腔颌面缺损形态学有可行性,以舌癌切除后舌再造修复效果较好,制备肌皮瓣时应在肌外缘切取,可制成神经血管蒂保留转移肌肉功能,减少日后萎缩。     

舌骨下肌皮瓣血管灌注的应用解剖研究

运用新鲜尸体头颈区整体血管灌注法,对5具标本进行显微外科解剖。发现舌骨下肌群各块肌肉各有来自甲状腺上动脉的肌支动脉,这些肌支动脉在各块肌肉外上缘分支呈两层血管网,包绕该肌之深浅两面。甲状腺上动脉的颈阔肌支与胸锁孔突肌支是该肌皮瓣的另一血供来源。舌骨下肌皮辮的静脉回流有深浅两套系统,其间有交通支,甲状腺上静脉是主要回流静脉,回流方式分三型。研究结果证明舌骨下肌皮辦是一种血运好,安全可靠,厚薄适宜,具有一些独特优点的肌皮瓣。     

提高舌骨下肌皮瓣修复效果的临床分析

目的　进一步提高舌骨下肌群肌皮瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损的成功率。方法　除正确处理好供应舌骨下肌皮瓣的甲状腺上动脉外 ,着重注意保留供应该肌皮瓣的其它相关动脉 ,即甲状腺上动脉到颈阔肌分支以及到胸锁乳突肌的肌支。与此同时要正确处理该肌皮瓣的静脉回流系统。结果　 16例舌骨下肌皮瓣进行口腔肿瘤术后缺损修复全部成功。结论　提高舌骨下肌群肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损成功率的关键是处理好相关的动脉和静脉回流系统。该肌皮瓣成活率高 ,邻近缺损部位 ,便于一个手术区操作 ,无需吻合血管 ,缩短手术时间。为舌、口底缺损修复的首选肌皮瓣     

胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后缺损的临床观察

目的:总结用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后口腔颌面部组织缺损的临床经验。方法:选择舌癌2例、下颌牙龈癌2例及颊癌3例,进行常规联合根治术,同期采用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复术后口腔颌面部组织缺损。结果:7例中6例肌皮瓣全部成活,外形及功能满意;1例肌皮瓣全部坏死,换药后痊愈。结论:胸大肌肌皮瓣同期修复口腔癌术后缺损具有优越性,改良术式更有益于美观。血管变异是导致胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死的原因之一。     

额部岛状瓣在老年口腔癌术后缺损修复重建中的应用

目的:探讨额部岛状瓣在老年口腔癌术后缺损修复重建中的应用价值.方法:对13例老年口腔癌患者施行根治性手术,同期用额部岛状瓣行术后缺损重建.其中,8例额瓣经颧弓下进入口腔,5例经颧弓外侧转移进入口腔,分别修复颊部、舌部、磨牙后区和口底黏膜区组织缺损,重建口腔功能.结果:13例皮瓣均全部成活,修复区形态及功能良好.前额部供区缺损游离移植皮片全部成活,但植皮区皮肤移动度稍差,术后1年皮片色泽接近正常,额部畸形不明显.随访6个月～2a,未见复发和转移.结论:额部岛状瓣适合于老年口腔癌术后组织缺损的修复重建,尤其是面积较大的组织缺损.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后大面积缺损临床总结

目的:探讨晚期口腔癌术后组织缺损的修复,介绍胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后大面积组织缺损的临床经验。方法:总结分析2005—2009年40例晚期口腔癌患者根治术后胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口内组织缺损的临床资料。结果:40例用胸大肌肌皮瓣关闭口内创面;39例肌皮瓣全部成活;1例部分成活,远端皮肤坏死;术后外形及张口度均恢复良好。结论:胸大肌肌皮瓣组织量大,血运丰富,是修复晚期口腔癌术后大面积组织缺损的一种有效方法。     

胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后缺损并发症原因分析

目的:分析胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后缺损出现并发症的原因。方法:对40例晚期口腔癌患者行扩大根治术后采用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口内组织缺损,对出现并发症的原因进行总结分析。结果:1例皮瓣部分坏死(2.5%),2例术后伤口裂开形成颏下瘘管(5%),2例颈部伤口感染(5%)。结论:细致的手术操作,术中充分止血,术后通畅的引流及口腔护理可有效避免并发症的发生,提高胸大肌肌皮瓣的移植成活率。     

Novel modification of infrahyoid myocutaneous flap for the reconstruction of oral cavity defects

This study was intended to describe the technique used and the results obtained with the modification of the infrahyoid flap (IHF) for the reconstruction of oral tongue defects following resection for advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients with oral tongue defects following ablation for T2 to T4a SCC had reconstructions using a modified infrahyoid flap. Demographic data, tumour characteristics, and the complications were evaluated for each patient. We observed no complications regarding the healing process of the donor site or success of the flap in 49 (of 55) patients. None of the flaps had massive oedema or venous congestion in the postoperative period. Six patients experienced flap-related complications of which five had partial skin paddle necrosis, but eventually their flaps recovered and re-epithelialised without any further intervention. However, total flap necrosis was seen in one patient in whom a pectoralis major flap was used for the defect reconstruction following revision surgery. History of previous radiotherapy to the neck (p = 0.003), tumour stage (p = 0.017), and metastasis to cervical lymph nodes (p = 0.004) were associated with higher prevalence of partial or total flap necrosis. The modified infrahyoid flap is a reliable, quick, and simple procedure with a reasonable cost that makes it a valuable option for the reconstruction of the oropharynx and oral cavity with minimal donor site morbidity and good outcomes. It seems the modified IHF is a valid surgical procedure that may be considered in selected patients undergoing reconstruction of oncological oral tongue defects with fewer complications.     

胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在肿瘤术后口底缺损修复中的应用

目的评价胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在肿瘤术后口底缺损修复中的临床效果。方法应用胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣一期修复肿瘤术后口底缺损8例。结果7例胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣成活,1例皮瓣远端坏死,术后1个月愈合。结论胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣容易成活,可提供适当面积的肌皮组织,适用于口底缺损的修复。     

肋骨-胸大肌复合瓣修复口腔颌面部大范围复合缺损

目的：探讨肋骨-胸大肌复合瓣在修复口腔颌面部大范围复合性缺损中的可靠性及临床效果。方法：6例口腔颌面部大范围复合缺损患者采用肋骨-胸大肌复合瓣进行修复重建。皮瓣包括胸大肌肌皮瓣和第五肋骨,并在第五肋骨膜与胸膜壁层之间分离。根据软组织及下颌骨缺损的范围设计皮瓣,皮瓣大小为5 cm×8 cm-10 cm×18 cm,肋骨长度为7-10 cm。修复穿通性缺损时,将胸大肌皮瓣制成双叶瓣。结果：6例肋骨-胸大肌复合瓣全部成活,仅1例出现边缘少量坏死。手术后复查胸片,未出现气胸,仅1例出现胸腔少量积液。术后下颌骨形态和功能良好,口腔全景片显示骨瓣愈合良好。结论：肋骨-胸大肌复合瓣制备简单,安全可靠,适合修复口腔颌面部大范围、复合缺损。     

Anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps as the preferred flaps for reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects

BackgroundThe anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flap is one of the most commonly used flaps in reconstructive procedures, but its application in oral and maxillofacial defects has not been fully determined. Herein, we summarize the application of 1212 anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps in the repair of oral and maxillofacial defects and examine their benefits in maxillofacial reconstruction of these defects.MethodsPatients were recruited from February 2002 to June 2013 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Central South University. All patients underwent reconstructive surgery employing anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps. Patient ages ranged from 6 to 82 years with a mean age of 51.2 years. There are 1015 flaps showing single lobe and 197 flaps showing a multi-island pedicle and one of which carries the iliac bone. The largest area among the single flaps was 28 × 12 cm², and the smallest was 3 × 2 cm².ResultsAmong the 1212 transferred flaps, 1176 survived and 36 showed necrosis, a survival rate of about 97.0%. The common complications at flap donor site were poor wound healing (10.1%), localized paraesthesia (50.1%), and altered quadriceps force (11.0%). No cases presented with local serious complications, and 90% of patients achieved good functional recovery and aesthetically acceptable results after reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial defects at various locations using anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps. The time (23–121 min; average 51 min) for anastomosis of one vein and one artery was significantly less than that for two veins and one artery (45–153 min, average 83 min; p = 0.0003), which indicates one vein anastomosis can significantly reduce the operating time.ConclusionThe anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps can be easily obtained and can provide a good amount of muscle for filling dead space and fascia lata. These flaps can be prepared into a separate fat flap, multi-island fascia with iliac bone, and other composite pedicle flaps to meet the various requirements of oral and maxillofacial defects. The subcutaneous fat thickness of the anterolateral area can vary considerably and thus can be used to repair defects requiring different flap thickness. Therefore, the anterolateral thigh myocutaneous free flaps are more suitable for oral and maxillofacial defects than other flaps.     

围裙式颈阔肌肌皮瓣在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用

目的:介绍一种新颖的颈阔肌肌皮瓣术式,评价其修复口腔颌面部缺损的应用价值.方法:用围裙式颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部病变切除术后缺损的患者15例.设计U形的围裙式切口制备皮瓣,保留蒂部皮肤,加宽肌蒂宽度.结果:15例围裙式颈阔肌肌皮瓣12例完全成活,3例皮瓣部分坏死.其中,修复颊黏膜、舌、牙槽突缺损的皮瓣完全成活率分别为8/9、1/3、3/3.另有2例颈部供区伤口愈合不良.所有病例经4～33个月随访,l例牙龈癌颈部瘢痕较为明显,1例舌癌舌运动受限,其余病例口腔颌面部形态、功能恢复良好.结论:和颈阔肌肌皮瓣比较,围裙式颈阔肌肌皮瓣可提供更宽的皮岛,特别适合中小型颊部软组织及牙槽突缺损的修复,舌部缺损不是该皮瓣最佳适应证.     

横向颈阔肌肌皮瓣和面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣修复颊黏膜癌术后缺损

目的：评价横向颈阔肌肌皮瓣和面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣修复颊黏膜癌术后缺损的可靠性。方法：27例颊黏膜鳞状细胞癌手术切除后组织缺损，用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复15例，面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣修复12例。男19例，女8例；年龄38～74岁，平均56．4岁；T1NOM0期6例，T2N0M0期19例，T3N0M0期2例。皮瓣大小为4．0cm×8．0cm。5．0cm×11．0cm。结果：颈阔肌肌皮瓣存活13例，3例小部分坏死，成功率为86．7％（13／15），面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣成功率为91．7％（11／12）。全部病例经6—24个月复查，受区功能正常，供区外形良好。局部复发1例，颈部复发2例。结论：颈阔肌肌皮瓣和面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣均适于颊黏膜中、小型缺损修复。面动脉-颏下动脉岛状肌皮瓣可能比颈阔肌肌皮瓣更为可靠。     

延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复颅颌面软组织缺损

目的：探讨延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复颅颌面巨大软组织缺损的临床效果。方法：对4例累及颅底的颌面部恶性肿瘤患者(男3例,女1例,年龄36～63岁,平均51岁)行颅面根治术,颅面软组织缺损用颈横动脉供血的延长垂直下斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣修复,皮瓣蒂长为32～34cm,皮岛长8～12cm,宽5～7cm。结果：除1例皮瓣远端小部分坏死外,其余皮瓣全部成活,供区皮肤直接拉拢缝合,无明显肩臂功能障碍。术后随访3～12个月(平均7．3个月),1例术后6个月肿瘤复发,1例术后12个月死于肺转移。结论：延长垂直下斜方肌肌皮瓣制作较简单,效果可靠,瓣足够大,可用于颅面根治术后大面积软组织缺损的修复。     

Reconstruction of through-and-through oral cavity defects with folded extended vertical lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap

Reconstruction of through-and-through defects of the head and neck is a challenge. In this clinical study we assessed the feasibility of the folded, extended, vertical, lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap (TIMF) for the reconstruction of 16 large through-and-through defects of the oral cavity, which were reconstructed after resection of oral cancer. The skin paddle was 5–7 cm wide and 11–20 cm long. The folded flap provides both inner and outer linings for through-and-through defects, and all the flaps survived. The appearance of the head and neck was acceptable, and oral function was satisfactory. The folded extended vertical lower TIMF is a large, simple, and reliable flap that is preferred for the reconstruction of large through-and-through defects after resection of oral carcinoma.