Effects on mortality of abciximab in ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention including stent implantation

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of abciximab on mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) including stent implantation. DESIGN: Meta-analysis of three selected randomized studies and analysis of data from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR). SUBJECTS: Pooled data from randomized studies containing in total 1,736 patients undergoing PCI with stent implantation because of STEMI with duration between symptom and treatment <12 h, and 7,436 patients from SCAAR treated with PCI because of STEMI (52% treated with abciximab) in Sweden 2000-2004. RESULTS: Analyses of pooled data showed that abciximab was associated with a decreased risk of reinfarction [odds ratio (OR) 0.38] and urgent target vessel revascularization (OR 0.38) at 30 days. No effect was seen on mortality at 30 days or 6 months. Multivariate analysis of data from SCAAR showed that abciximab reduced the risk of death during 14 months of follow-up (hazard ratio 0.82). CONCLUSIONS: The results are encouraging and support the ACC/AHA and ESC recommendation to use abciximab in treatment of STEMI with PCI including stent implantation. Considering that the pooled results from previous trials showed no effect of abciximab on mortality and the registry part of the present study was observational, the results encourage carrying out new randomized studies of abciximab in STEMI treated with PCI, including stent implantation, with sufficient size and length of follow-up.     

心肌缺血预适应对单支动脉闭塞性急性心肌梗死患者的影响

目的 :观察心肌缺血预适应 （IPC）对急性心肌梗死 （AMI）患者并发症及预后的影响。方法 :对照分析 40例无 IPC的 AMI患者 （A组 ）和 5 0例有 IPC的 AMI患者 （B组 ）的近期临床资料。结果 :B组梗死后泵功能障碍发生率及程度、磷酸肌酸激酶 （CPK）峰值、并发症均显著低于 A组 ,近期预后有改善。结论 :缺血预适应组 CPK的峰值降低 ,梗死后所致心肌坏死面积减小 ,从而使泵功能障碍的发生率降低、梗死后室性心律失常、 度以上房室传导阻滞及再灌注性心律失常发生率减少。这可能是 IPC使 AMI患者死亡率降低的主要原因。     

Serum transaminase determined in the emergency room predicts outcomes in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction who undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Background

Elevated serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) are often observed in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and the condition is ascribed to liver hypoperfusion. We evaluated the prevalence and prognostic implication of hypoxic liver injury (HLI) in STEMI.

Methods

Patients with STEMI and no preexisting liver disease who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled. A blood test was performed at the time of presentation and transthoracic echocardiography was performed after the index PCI. We reviewed medical records and contacted families of the patients by telephone to assess outcomes.

Results

Of 456 patients (age 60 ± 13 years, 370 males), 31 patients (7%) died during follow-up (duration: 754 ± 540 days). Those patients were older (72 ± 10 vs. 59 ± 13 years), had higher AST (179 ± 224 vs. 64 ± 103 U/L), ALT (56 ± 79 vs. 35 ± 33 U/L), blood urea nitrogen (25 ± 15 vs. 17 ± 7 mg/dL), uric acid (6.9 ± 2.9 vs. 5.8 ± 1.6 mg/dL), creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme (76 ± 104 vs. 41 ± 79 ng/mL), troponin I (19.9 ± 23.0 vs. 10.8 ± 19.1 ng/mL), and lower albumin (4.0 ± 0.5 vs. 4.2 ± 0.4 g/dL) at the time of presentation (p < 0.05 for all). Particularly, AST independently predicted all-cause mortality (per 10 U/L increase, hazard ratio: 1.06, 95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.10, p = 0.007), whereas cardiac markers did not. HLI (> 2-fold elevation of AST or ALT upper normal limits) showed close correlation with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (β = − 0.12, p = 0.03) and patients with the condition (n = 100 [20%]) had poorer survival than the others (Log-Rank, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

The presence of HLI predicts mortality in patients with STEMI who undergo successful primary PCIs.     

STEMI患者早期接受β受体阻滞剂治疗的相关因素

【】目的 本研究初步探讨STEMI患者院内早期接受β受体阻滞剂(BBs)治疗的相关因素。方法 2015.6-2015.9期间于我院CCU纳入符合入选标准的STEMI患者186例。比较早期治疗组(24小时内接受BBs)与延迟治疗组(＞24小时接受BBs)临床资料;进一步采用Logistic回归分析早期治疗组的相关因素。结果1)早期治疗组148例(80%),延迟治疗组38例。2)早期治疗组患者年龄小(57.51±10.45 vs. 61.61±10.69,P=0.033)、多合并高血压病史(59.46% vs. 34.21%,P=0.005)、入院时具有较高SBP(135.63±23.99 vs. 119.32±21.40, P=0.000)、较快HR(83.53±16.55 vs. 76.87±15.53,P=0.026)、killip分级(p=0.032)、心梗部位(P=0.000)、肌酐水平(74.85±23.83 vs. 87.26±19.71,P=0.003)及eGFR(107.55±31.21 vs. 86.84±30.54,P=0.000)。3)采用二分类Logistic回归方法分析显示合并高血压病史、入院SBP、入院HR、eGFR是早期接受BBs治疗的相关因素;而下后壁心肌梗死患者不易早期接受BBs。结论 高血压病史、入院SBP、入院HR、eGFR是STEMI患者院内早期接受β受体阻滞剂治疗的相关因素。     

Clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with a delayed presentation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction and complicated by cardiogenic shock

ObjectiveDelayed presentation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS-STEMI) is commonly encountered in developing countries and is a challenging scenario because of a delay in revascularization resulting in infarction of a large amount of the myocardium. We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, angiographic profile, and predictors of outcome in patients with a delayed presentation after CS-STEMI.MethodsA total of 147 patients with CS-STEMI with time to appropriate medical care ≥12 h after symptom onset were prospectively recruited at a tertiary referral center.ResultsThe median time to appropriate care was 24 h (interquartile range 18–48 h). The mean age was 58.7 ± 11.1 years. Left ventricular pump failure was the leading cause of shock (67.3%), whereas mechanical complications accounted for 14.9% and right ventricular infarction for 13.6% of cases. The overall in-hospital mortality was 42.9%. Acute kidney injury [Odds ratio (OR) 8.04; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.08–20.92], ventricular tachycardia (OR 7.04; CI 2.09–23.63), mechanical complications (OR 6.46; CI 1.80–23.13), and anterior infarction (OR 3.18; CI 1.01–9.97) were independently associated with an increased risk of mortality. Coronary angiogram (56.5%) revealed single-vessel disease (45.8%) as the most common finding. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 53 patients (36%), at a median of 36 h (interquartile range 30–72) after symptom onset.ConclusionPatients with a delayed presentation after CS-STEMI were younger and more likely to have single-vessel disease. We found a high in-hospital mortality of 42.9%. Appropriate randomized studies are required to evaluate the optimal treatment strategies in these patients.     

我国部分医院ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征再灌注治疗登记研究

目的了解目前我国ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)再灌注治疗实施状况及近期预后。方法入选来自5个地区不同级别(从中心城市的三级医院到县级医院)20个中心的ST段抬高ACS或怀疑为新出现的左束支传导阻滞的患者共518例,对其临床特点,再灌注治疗情况及预后进行评价,并进行3个月随访。其中男371例,女147例,平均年龄(65±11)岁。随访率为99．6％。结果患者自症状开始到就诊的中位数时间为4 h,20％的患者在症状出现12 h以上就诊。292例(56％,292／518)ST段抬高ACS患者接受了再灌注治疗,其中134例(46％,134／292)接受了急诊冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗,158例(54％,158／292)为溶栓治疗,溶栓治疗中尿激酶的应用占67％。从就诊到开始PCI的中位数时间(door-to-cath)为110 min,从患者就诊到开始溶栓的中位数时间为65 min。多因素回归分析显示,高龄(≥75岁,P<0．01)、有心肌梗死病史(P<0．01)及心力衰竭病史(P< 0．05)是未接受再灌注治疗的预测因素。非再灌注治疗组出院(P<0．01)和3个月病死率(P< O．01)、出院(P<0．01)和3个月心力衰竭发生率(P<0．01),以及3个月死亡或再梗死和死亡或再梗死或卒中的联合事件发生率(均P<0．01)均明显高于再灌注治疗组,但不同的再灌注治疗方法对近期预后无明显影响。相似的结果也见于症状出现12 h以内就诊患者的亚组分析。结论再灌注治疗是改善ST段抬高ACS患者预后的关键措施。我国ST段抬高ACS再灌注治疗有待于进一步提高,不仅要提高再灌注治疗率,更应缩短就诊和再灌注治疗前的延误时间,并加强高危患者的再灌注治疗。     

缺血后处理对急性心肌梗死患者细胞因子的影响

目的:探讨缺血后处理对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者细胞因子的影响.方法:急性STEMI患者39例,随机分入对照组(17 例)和缺血后处理组(22 例).各例接受急诊冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI),对照组梗死血管再通后3 min内不施加干预;缺血后处理组梗死血管再通后1 min内应用低气压充盈和回缩球囊,每一过程各30 s,反复3 次.PCI术前和术后4 h采血测定丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),PCI术前和PCI术后12 h采血测定肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6).结果:PCI术前2组患者 MDA、SOD、TNF-α、IL-6差异无统计学意义,PCI 术后缺血后处理组较对照组MDA、TNF-α、IL-6 低[分别为(5.53±1.20):(6.70±1.24)μmol/L,(33.86±10.08):(41.09±11.36)ng/L,(72.07±11.09):(79.96±9.25)ng/L,P<0.05]而SOD高[(83.92±13.67):(74.31±14.68)U/L,P<0.05].结论:缺血后处理可以减少急性STEMI患者血清中MDA、TNF-α、IL-6 的生成,升高SOD.     

Effect of platelet receptor gene polymorphisms on outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients after percutaneous coronary intervention

Polymorphisms in platelet receptor genes may influence platelet function. This study aimed to assess the impact of five polymorphisms of genes encoding platelet receptors on the risk of ischemic and bleeding events in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). 503 consecutive Chinese patients with STEMI after an uneventful PCI and exposed to standard dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months were enrolled. Polymorphisms of platelet receptors, GPIa (ITGA2, 807C?>?T, rs1126643), GPVI (GP6, 13254T?>?C, rs1613662), PAR-1 (F2R, IVS-14A?>?T, rs168753) and P2Y12 (P2RY12, 34C?>?T, rs6785930 and H1/H2 haplotype, 52G?>?T, rs6809699) were detected by the ligase detection reaction. The follow-up period was 12 months. Overall, 34 (6.8%) ischemic events occurred and 46 (9.1%) major bleedings occurred. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed the carriage of F2R rs168753 minor allele was an independent predictor of the composite ischemic events (HR 0.387, 95% CI 0.193–0.778, p?=?0.008) after adjusted for established risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression model identified that carriage of P2RY12 rs6809699 minor allele (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.298–5.659, p?=?0.008) was an independent predictor of major bleedings. The associations were then validated in a second cohort of 483 STEMI patients. In STEMI patients after PCI, F2R rs168753 minor allele could significantly contribute to the risk of ischemic events, and P2RY12 rs6809699 minor allele could predict bleedings. The genetic testing of platelet receptors can be valuable in predicting adverse events in STEMI patients after PCI.     

Limitation of myocardial infarct size in the clinical setting: current status and challenges in translating animal experiments into clinical therapy

This review takes a critical look at the current effectiveness of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction and at the potential for cardioprotective agents to improve it. Reperfusion alone limits the median value of infarct size to approximately 50% of the ischemic region. However, the range of infarct sizes is very wide, and one-fourth of these patients have more than 75% of the ischemic zone infarcted despite successful coronary reperfusion. Available studies suggest that mortality and morbidity is increased when more than 20% of the left ventricle is infarcted. Therefore, to be effective infarct size-limiting therapy would have to reduce infarction to or below this 20% target. To achieve this goal in the quartile of patients with the biggest infarcts the cardioprotective agent would have to be potent enough to reduce infarct size from its current value of 75% of the ischemic zone to 40% or less. While ischemic preconditioning and some pretreatment drugs might be potent enough to achieve this goal, few of the agents given at the clinically relevant time of at or just before reperfusion have exhibited such potency. Several cardioprotective agents have recently been evaluated in clinical trials but their results have been disappointing. Some of the poor clinical trial performance may stem from study designs which fail to identify those patients falling within the upper quartile of infarct sizes, presumably the only group that would be expected to actually benefit from a reduction in infarct size. Other possible causes could be that co-morbidities or drugs patients are taking may block the pathways involved in the anti-infarct effect or that the drugs simply do not protect even in animal models. Few agents have been thoroughly tested in clinically relevant animal models prior to their testing in man. Returned for 1. Revision: 11 April 2008 1. Revision received: 2 June 2008 Returned for 2. Revision: 3 July 2008 2. Revision received: 8 July 2008 Returned for 3. Revision: 9 July 2008 3. Revision received: 14 July 2008     

Severity of heart failure, treatments, and outcomes after fibrinolysis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

AIMS: To define the clinical characteristics, co-morbidities, treatment, and clinical outcomes of patients with varying degrees of heart failure (HF) complicating ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and to identify patients at high risk for HF following fibrinolysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: 15,078 STEMI patients enrolled in a worldwide fibrinolytic trial (InTIME-II) were categorised into one of four hierarchical, mutually exclusive groups of HF: shock (n = 719, 5%); severe HF (n = 1082, 7%); mild HF (n = 1619, 11%); no HF (n = 11,658, 77%). In a multivariable model, anterior MI (OR 1.8, 95% CI [1.6; 1.9]), age > or = 65 (OR 1.8 [1.6; 2.0]), prior HF (OR 3.3 [2.6; 4.2]), and creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min (OR 1.8 [1.6; 2.1]) were the four most powerful correlates of HF. Although 30-day mortality was sixfold higher for patients with HF (18.9% vs. 3.1%, P < 0.0001), these patients were less likely to undergo angiography (30% vs. 40%, P < 0.0001) and revascularisation (19% vs. 25%, P , 0.0001), than patients without HF. Likewise, angiotensin-inhibitors and beta-blockers were not optimally utilised in patients with HF following MI. CONCLUSIONS: During the index admission following fibrinolysis 23% of patients had HF. Despite a higher risk profile, patients with more severe HF were treated less aggressively than patients without HF.     

Impact of thrombus aspiration on angiographic and clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

BackgroundPrimary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may be limited by thrombus embolization. Export aspiration catheter (EAC) is a thrombectomy device which may enhance angiographic results, but its impact on clinical outcomes is unclear. This trial objective was to assess the impact of EAC on angiographic and clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI.MethodsAll STEMI patients undergoing primary or rescue PCI in a tertiary care center were included. Patients were divided in two groups according to the use of the EAC. Patients were followed up prospectively for death, reinfarction, revascularization, or stroke. Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow in the culprit vessel was assessed before and after PCI.ResultsIncluded in the analysis were 535 patients. EAC was used in 165 patients before angioplasty (Group 1) and 370 patients underwent PCI without thrombus aspiration (Group 2). More patients in Group 1 had initial TIMI flow 0–1 compared to Group 2 (88% vs. 62%, P<.001). Proportion of patients with a final TIMI flow 3 was the same in both groups (89.1% vs. 87.6% for Groups 1 and 2, respectively; P=.67). An analysis restricted to patients with initial TIMI flow 0–1 yielded similar results. No difference in clinical outcomes was observed between the two groups (P=.70).ConclusionsSelective use of the EAC based on the judgment of operators results in excellent angiographic and clinical results. Further clinical investigation is needed to definitely answer whether thromboaspiration needs to be performed in all STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI.     

Relationship between electrocardiographically estimated infarct size and clinical findings in anterior myocardial infarction

In 292 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (MI) and no previous MI the electrocardiographically estimated infarct size was correlated with clinical findings during hospitalization and 3-month follow-up. Patients with ECG-defined transmural MI had a higher incidence of different types of complications, such as congestive heart failure (CHF), hypotension, pericarditis, and a longer duration of hospitalization than patients with nontransmural MI. In a subgroup including 182 patients of the total series, a precordial map containing 24 electrodes was used. The sum of R waves (ΣR), the sum of Q waves (ΣQ), the number of Q waves, and ΣR-ΣQ were calculated 4 days after arrival in hospital to estimate the size of infarction. There was generally a correlation between these ECG variables and different clinical findings, such as incidence of CHF, hypotension, pericarditis, and the duration of hospitalization. It is concluded that the ECG determined infarct size in anterior MI in a majority of patients correlates with the incidence of different types of complications in acute myocardial infarction. In the individual patient, however, the risk of developing complications cannot be predicted by ECG changes.