小冠状动脉狭窄性病变的介入治疗

目的 :探讨小冠状动脉 （直径 <3 mm）狭窄性病变实施普通球囊、切割球囊或小支架介入治疗的疗效和并发症。方法 :小冠脉狭窄性病变介入治疗 （PCI）患者 13 6（男 87,女 49）例 ,年龄 3 2～ 85（54± 17）岁。根据手术方法分为普通球囊组、切割球囊组和小支架组。残余狭窄率 <3 0 %且无动脉夹层、撕裂等并发症者为手术成功 ,术后 6个月复查冠脉造影。结果 :普通球囊组 3 2例 ,手术成功 2 6例 （81% ） ,出现动脉夹层或扩张不满意改支架术 6例 （2 4% ）。切割球囊组 48例 ,手术成功 43例 （90 % ） ,出现动脉夹层或扩张不满意改支架术 3例 ,出现造影剂血管外漏 2例。支架组 56例 ,手术成功 53例 （95% ） ,出现造影剂血管外漏 2例 ,出现心包填塞抢救成功 1例。3组均未出现血管急性闭塞。术后 6个月 ,切割球囊组、小支架组、普通球囊组冠脉造影狭窄率分别为 2 3 % （11例 ）、16% （9例 ）、3 8% （12例 ）。结论 :小冠脉狭窄性病变实施介入治疗能取得显著效果 ,小支架术优于普通球囊扩张术 ,切割球囊扩张与普通球囊扩张具有近似疗效     

Percutaneous coronary intervention on left main coronary artery trifurcation

Trifurcating coronary artery disease is a complex atherosclerotic process involving the origin of one or more of three side branches arising from a left main coronary artery. With the emergence of drug-eluting stents, interventional cardiologists have become more aggressive in treating this kind of complex diseases, also in patients with an unprotected left main disease. Few series of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on significant lesions of the left main trifurcations have been described, approached with dissimilar techniques in the best attempt of avoiding life-threatening complications. We therefore describe a case of successful PCI on a left main trifurcation supported by pre-and post-intravascular ultrasound iconography.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention for stable coronary artery disease

Patients with significant coronary artery stenoses are at increased risk of future cardiac events. However, in the absence of acute coronary syndrome or recent myocardial infarction and residual ischemia, elective percutaneous coronary intervention has not been shown to improve prognosis. Possible explanations for this might be the limited follow-up time adopted by most randomized trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention with medical therapy, limited number of patients with proven ischemia enrolled in these trials, and adoption of complex, elaborate techniques that have not proved their usefulness. Published evidence identifies certain indications for percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with stable coronary lesions: demonstration of significant inducible ischemia, particularly in the context of a recent myocardial infarction; detection of unequivocally reduced fractional flow reserve; and specific angiographic features of coronary stenoses. Operators should take into account long-term consequences of adopted techniques rather than immediate angiographic results. We review existing evidence and provide our recommendations in this setting.     

综合护理干预对冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病患者生活质量的影响

目的 探讨综合护理干预在冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病中的临床应用效果.方法 随机抽取2011年2月至2014年2月我院收治的200例冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者,分为2组.对照组100例,按传统冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病护理常规进行护理;观察组100例,实施综合护理干预措施,比较两组护理效果.采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和社会功能评定量表（SDSS）对两组结果进行测评、比较.结果 观察组冠状动脉介入治疗患者术后SCL-90在躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病项目上的得分与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;SDSS在职业和工作、婚姻职能、父母职能、社会性退缩、家庭内活动、家庭外的社会活动、家庭职能、个人生活自理、对外界的兴趣和关心、责任和计划项目上得分与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 综合护理干预措施可以减缓冠状动脉介入治疗患者术后负性症状,增强患者的治疗信心和生活能力,提高患者的康复效果.     

Acute coronary artery angioplasty during pregnancy

A 31-yr-old white female, prima-gravida at 30 weeks gestation, presented with an acute inferolateral myocardial infarction. Acute coronary arteriography revealed an occluded circumflex artery, which was angioplastied acutely. Previous acute interventions, alternatives, and risks are discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

药物洗脱球囊在冠状动脉特殊病变介入治疗中的应用分析

目的分析药物洗脱球囊（DEB）在再狭窄病变、支架内闭塞病变、分叉病变及小血管病变中的应用情况。方法根据冠状动脉造影结果选择不同型号的DEB,严格按照DEB使用要求进行操作。结果 DEB在支架内再狭窄病变中应用26例（27处病变）,使用28个DEB,其中左主干（LM）1个、左前降支（LAD）12个、右冠状动脉（RCA）12个、回旋支（LCX）1个、钝缘支（OM）2个,出现1例冠状动脉夹层,给予裸金属支架置入;DEB在分叉病变中应用27例（28处病变）,使用28个DEB,其中LM至LCX开口6个、LM至LAD开口1个、LAD与第一对角支（D1）开口17个、LCX至OM 2个、RCA至左心室后支（PL）2个;DEB在小血管病变中应用13例（13处病变）,使用13个DEB,其中LCX 6个、LAD 3个、D1 2个、OM 1个、PL 1个;DEB在支架内闭塞病变中应用10例（10处病变）,使用12个DEB,其中LAD 8个、LCX 2个、OM 1个、中间支1个。术中及术后未见并发症发生,随访至今未发生主要不良心血管事件（MACE）。结论 DEB在再狭窄病变、支架内闭塞病变、分叉病变及小血管病变介入治疗过程中是安全的。     

Determinants of coronary arterial flow‐mediated dilatation following percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective : It has previously been observed that coronary diameter may increase following relief of flow‐limiting obstruction. Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) is a fundamental adaptive mechanism for arteries, which is dependent on intact endothelial function. We thus aimed to characterize whether the degree of this flow‐mediated dilatation was related to risk factors, which may impair endothelial function. Design : We measured coronary diameter with quantitative angiography before and after relief of chronic total or subtotal (≥99%) occlusion in 171 patients, in which TIMI‐0 or TIMI‐1 flow was rapidly restored to TIMI‐3 (with attendant increase in flow hypothesized to result in FMD). Patients : Of the 171 patients, 73% were male, 62% were current or ex‐smokers, 47% were diabetic, 53% had hypertension, 64% had dyslipidemia (documented hypercholesterolemia or total cholesterol >5.0 mg/dL) and 65% were taking statin therapy. Results : Mean vessel diameter was 2.8 ± 0.7 mm and flow‐mediated dilatation measured 15.1% ± 20.1% in target vessel, compared with 1.6 ± 3.1 in control vessels (P < 0.05). FMD was strongly and inversely related to baseline vessel diameter (r = ?0.48, P < 0.001). The degree of vessel dilation correlated negatively with the presence of diabetes (r = ?0.33, P < 0.001), smoking (r = ?0.30, P < 0.001) and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD, r = ?0.17, P = 0.01) and positively with the use of statins (r = 0.27, P = 0.001). These factors, apart from extent of CAD, remained significant predictors of FMD on multivariate analysis. Conclusions : FMD occurs in human coronary arteries following restoration of flow. The magnitude of FMD appears related to vascular risk factors and their treatment. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

老年人冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

随着我国逐渐步入老龄化社会,老年冠心病患者的人数日益增加。相对于非老年群体,老年冠心病患者心血管事件的危险因素更多,冠状动脉介入治疗术后的血栓和出血风险更大,因此老年冠心病患者的冠心病介入治疗需要得到更多的关注。本文回顾了老年冠心病患者接受冠状动脉介入治疗的相关进展,并提出老年冠心病介入治疗工作的改进建议。     

Comparison of clinical outcomes between culprit vessel only and multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with multivessel coronary diseases

Background The clinical significance of complete revascularization for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients during admission is still debatable. Methods A total of 1406 STEMI patients from the Korean Myocardial Infarction Registry with multivessel diseases without cardiogenic shock who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were analyzed. We used propensity score matching (PSM) to control differences of baseline characteristics between culprit only intervention (CP) and multivessel percutaneous coronary interventions (MP), and between double vessel disease (DVD) and triple vessel disease (TVD). The major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was analyzed for one year after discharge. Results TVD patients showed higher incidence of MACE (14.2% vs. 8.6%, P = 0.01), any cause of revascularization (10.6% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.01), and repeated PCI (9.5% vs. 5.7%, P = 0.02), as compared to DVD patients during one year after discharge. MP reduced MACE effectively (7.3% vs. 13.8%, P = 0.03), as compared to CP for one year, but all cause of death (1.6% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.38), MI (0.4% vs. 0.8%, P = 1.00), and any cause of revascularization (5.3% vs. 9.7%, P = 0.09) were comparable in the two treatment groups. Conclusions STEMI patients with TVD showed higher rate of MACE, as compared to DVD. MP performed during PPCI or ad hoc during admission for STEMI patients without cardiogenic shock showed lower rate of MACE in this large scaled database. Therefore, MP could be considered as an effective treatment option for STEMI patients without cardiogenic shock.     

Impact of anemia on nonfatal coronary events after percutaneous coronary interventions

Anemia is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Although studies have focused on fatal coronary events in anemic patients following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), data is lacking regarding nonfatal coronary events. The aim of our study was to analyze the incidence of anemia in patients who developed nonfatal events after successful PCI, and to make a comparison with event-free patients. Forty-nine consecutive patients with and 51 without nonfatal coronary events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, or repeat PCI) during the 1-year follow-up after the index PCI procedure were included in the study. Anemia was defined using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria as a hematocrit value at initial presentation <39% for men and <36% for women. Baseline hematocrit levels were measured before the procedure. Baseline clinical, lesion, and procedural characteristics were comparable in both groups. Anemia was present in 33.8% of men and 30.4% of women. The incidence of anemia in patients with nonfatal coronary events was 46.9% and 15.7% in the event-free group, which was significantly different (P = 0.001). Anemia was found to be an independent risk factor for nonfatal coronary events in PCI patients (odds ratio: 2.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.05–4.79; P = 0.036). In conclusion, anemia is an important risk factor for predicting nonfatal coronary events after PCI. Although previous studies have shown its impact on fatal events, this study has demonstrated that anemia also has a role in nonfatal thrombotic coronary events and restenosis.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with single coronary artery

Coronary artery anomalies are found in 1–5% of all coronary angiograms. Single coronary artery is a rare congenital anomaly. The prevalence of the anomaly is 0.024–0.066% of the general population and percutaneous coronary intervention in this anomaly is performed infrequently. The highest incidence of this condition is reported from India. We report a case of a 55 year old patient of anterior wall ST elevation myocardial infarction with L1 group of single coronary artery who underwent successful angioplasty and stenting to left anterior descending artery. The unique features and inherent risks of percutaneous coronary intervention to single coronary artery are discussed.     

Covered stents for coronary perforations

Covered stents have shown discouraging results when tested on saphenous vein grafts and when attempting to prevent restenosis on native coronary arteries. However, covered stents seem to be a unique tool when a coronary artery perforation complicates percutaneous coronary intervention. Because a randomized clinical trial is not likely to be conducted in this bail‐out scenario, the data supporting its use come from case reports and small‐size retrospective studies. This review summarizes the available evidence supporting the use of covered stents to treat coronary perforations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗并发冠状动脉穿孔25例分析

目的 探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）并发冠状动脉穿孔的处理策略。方法纳入2004年5月至2010年10月行PCI治疗并发冠状动脉穿孔的25例患者,对患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据穿孔的影像特征进行Ellis分型,对各型冠状动脉穿孔的处理策略进行分析与总结。结果冠状动脉穿孔的发生率为0.82%（25/2036）,其中Ⅰ型穿孔13例（52%）,Ⅱ型穿孔3例（12%）,Ⅲ型穿孔9例（36%）,死亡2例（8%）。Ⅰ型穿孔患者采取严密观察,但未行特殊处理。Ⅱ型穿孔患者予以停用抗凝药物,球囊长时间低压扩张,其中1例于术后24h出现心包填塞,心包穿刺引流后病情逐渐稳定。Ⅲ型穿孔患者4例经球囊低压力贴附封堵穿孔部位后破口消失,3例行带膜支架置入,2例在球囊长时间低压力贴附封堵穿孔部位同时使用鱼精蛋白,但使用鱼精蛋白后均出现冠状动脉内慢血流死亡;Ⅲ型穿孔患者中4例出现急性心包填塞。结论冠状动脉穿孔发生率低,但可导致严重临床后果,及时正确处理是减少恶性心脏事件的关键。     

老年急性冠脉综合征患者介入治疗的临床分析

目的：探讨老年急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的临床价值。方法：70岁以上老年ACS患者50例,对持续性胸痛伴(或)ST段抬高心肌梗死患者(AMI 2例,UA2例)行急诊PCI；对非ST段抬高ACS患者经规范内科治疗病情平稳1周后行PCI。结果：对70支罪犯血管进行PTCA术后置入81枚支架。49例患者随访8～24个月无心绞痛发作；1例术后2个月冠脉造影显示支架内再狭窄,经支架内再支架置入术后随访5个月无心绞痛发作。结论：对老年ACS患者及时进行PCI可获得良好效果,临床安全程度高。     

行经皮冠状动脉介入术老年人的冠状动脉病变特点

目的调查老年人行经皮冠状动脉介入术的冠心病患者冠状动脉病变特点。方法对比老年与中青年冠心病患者的临床特点、冠状动脉造影所见病变特点及经皮冠状动脉介入术疗效。结果老年组冠状动脉病变支数为(1.8±0.8)支;中青年组平均为(1.4±0.7)支。差异有统计学意义(P=0.024)。老年组单支病变18例,双支病变14例,3支病变10例;中青年组单支病变33例,双支病变9例,3支病变5例。老年组有心肌梗死史6例(14%),中青年组有心肌梗死史18例(38%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.02)。术后6个月电话随访生存率为99.2%。问卷随访(21±9)个月,其中出现心血管不良事件4例,老年组1例,中青年组3例;6例经皮冠状动脉介入术不满意者,术后症状未改善,其中老年组2例,中青年组4例(P>0.05)。结论老年冠心病患者冠状动脉病变程度较重,多支血管病变多见。应选择合适病例进行经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗。     

PCI对冠心病合并糖尿病行冠状动脉旁路移植的影响

目的 评价术前PCI对冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术的影响.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2013年1月,上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心血管外科1848例冠状动脉旁路移植术患者,合并糖尿病352例.患者分为2组,术前PCI组106例,术前无PCI组246例.结果 围术期死亡率6.2%,PCI组死亡率16.04%,非PCI组死亡率2.03%.运用x2、t试验,logistic多因素回归分析表明,术前PCI史是影响围术期心功能、术后死亡、术后并发症发生的重要因素.结论 术前PCI是冠心病合并2型糖尿病行冠状动脉旁路移植围术期死亡、术后心血管不良事件发生的危险因素.     

国产比伐卢定对急性冠状动脉综合征患者介入术中凝血功能的影响

目的:探讨国产注射用比伐卢定和普通肝素在急性冠状动脉综合征患者冠状动脉介入术中对凝血功能的影响。方法:入选95例择期行PCI的急性冠状动脉综合征患者,随机分为肝素组(n=49)和比伐卢定组(n=46),其中肝素组脱落3例,比伐卢定组脱落5例,比伐卢定组和肝素组各剔除6例。根据分组不同术中分别采用国产注射用比伐卢定或肝素抗凝。分别在用药前、用药后5 min、首次用药后30 min、停药后1 h及6 h检测活化凝血时间(ACT)。比较首次给药5min后和30min后的ACT达标率。结果:2组患者基线资料具有可比性,术前凝血指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),比伐卢定组和肝素组用药后ACT值迅速升高,2组5min和30minACT达标率相当,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。用药结束后比伐卢定组ACT值下降迅速,用药结束后1hACT值较肝素组显著降低,2组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。用药结束后6 h,2组ACT值下降至与基线相当,2组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肝素组用药后5 min、30 min和1 h,ACT值的标准差均大于比伐卢定组。结论:与常规肝素抗凝相比,比伐卢定在PCI术中可以获得更稳定的抗凝效果,其作为抗凝剂用于PCI术中安全有效。     

经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉造影后即刻经桡动脉介入治疗

目的探讨冠心病心绞痛患者经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉造影术后即刻选择经桡动脉行冠状动脉介入治疗的可行性、并发症以及近期疗效。方法选择临床诊断为冠心病心绞痛经桡动脉造影显示明确的冠状动脉病变后即刻采取经桡动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者117例(桡动脉组),与同期经股动脉途径造影后即刻PCI者(股动脉组,共409例)进行比较,分析两组靶血管病变特征、疗效和并发症,并随访术后1月内心绞痛复发、心肌梗死、死亡等主要心血管事件的发生率。结果桡动脉组PCI成功率为94.0%,与股动脉组(97.6%)相比无明显差异(P>0.05)。桡动脉组造影显示明显病变(管腔狭窄程度≥70%)的血管数量累计为210支,其中182支作为靶血管进行了成功的PCI,病变血管的血运重建率为86.7%,低于股动脉组(93.4%),差异具有显著性(P<0.01)。而且成功PCI者中慢性闭塞病变的所占的比例也明显低于股动脉组,差异具有显著性(P<0.05)。桡动脉组术后与穿刺有关的总的并发症的发生率明显低于股动脉组(P<0.01)。术后平均卧床时间和平均住院天数均明显短于股动脉组。随访PCI术后1个月期间主要心血管事件两组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论经桡动脉穿刺冠状动脉造影术后即刻行冠状动脉介入治疗的成功率较高,并发症少,具有可行性。但对于复杂病变选择经股动脉途径PCI     

经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞性病变疗效

目的总结经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞（chronic total occlusion，CTO）的疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年12月前施行经皮冠状动脉介入术的临床资料。结果冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞233例．共有靶血管251支，闭塞时间（20±10）个月。226例（226／251，96．9％）的237处靶病变（237／251，94．4％）行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功。共植入冠状动脉支架266枚。因导丝不能通过CTO病变未成功7例：造影提示病变类型均为旁路侧支血管丰富型或多处长的弯曲病变，其中2例闭塞时间有5年以上，另5例未开通患者中有2例因心功能不全不能耐受长时间手术而终止操作。术中及术后均无严重并发症。术后心绞痛症状缓解率85．4％，心功能改善率79．6％，5年生存率88．9％。结论冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞行经皮冠状动脉介入术成功关键在于熟练的操作技术、合理的器材选择及仔细评估病人和动脉闭塞病变状况；开通闭塞动脉可显著改善患者临床症状，提高生活质量。     

经胸超声心动图在急诊冠状动脉介入术的应用价值

目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)在急诊冠状动脉介入术(PCI)的应用及其价值。方法92例胸痛患者,临床怀疑急性心肌梗死(AMI),在行急诊冠状动脉造影(CAG)之前,采用TTE从不同切面和角度,探测观察有无节段性室壁运动异常(RWMA)及其范围。对行急诊PCI的患者,术后定期复查,观察RWMA范围的变化及改善程度。结果TTE检查提示,89例存在RWMA,经急诊CAG均证实其相关冠状动脉完全或不完全闭塞,符合率100%,且其RWMA的区域与相关冠状动脉闭塞的部位及闭塞程度也明显相关。结论TTE可作为AMI诊断的可靠指标之一,也是选择适合患者作CAG、PCI以及评价急诊PCI后治疗效果的一个重要依据。