Lipopolyamine-Mediated Single Nanoparticle Formation of Calf Thymus DNA Analyzed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Purpose The aim of this study is to analyze linear calf thymus DNA (ct DNA) nanoparticle formation with N⁴,N⁹-dioleoylspermine and N¹-cholesteryl spermine carbamate. Methods Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) was used to determine the quality of ct DNA condensed by lipopolyamines. ct DNA was prelabeled with PicoGreen (PG) to allow fluorescence intensity fluctuation measurement and analysis. Results N⁴,N⁹-Dioleoylspermine efficiently condensed ct DNA into point-like molecules with diffusion coefficient (D) = 1.8 × 10⁻¹² m²/s and particle number (PN) = 0.7 [at ammonium/phosphate (N/P) charge ratio=1.0–1.5]. The determined PN values are close to the theoretical value of 0.6, providing evidence that the DNA conformation has been fully transformed, and thus a single nanoparticle has been detected. N¹-Cholesteryl spermine carbamate showed (slightly) poorer DNA condensation efficiency, even at higher N/P ratios (N/P = 1.5–2.5) with D = 1.3 × 10⁻¹² m²/s and PN value of 5.2. N⁴,N⁹-Dioleoylspermine is a more efficient DNA-condensing agent than N¹-cholesteryl spermine carbamate. Conclusions FCS measurement using PG as the probe is a novel analytical method to detect single nanoparticles of condensed DNA in nonviral gene therapy formulation studies.     

Monitoring the in Vivo Delivery of Proteins from Carbomer Hydrogels by X-Ray Fluorescence

Purpose. To measure the effect of protein size on their disappearance from subcutaneously implanted carbomer hydrogel matrices. Methods. A series of different molecular weight (MW) proteins were iodinated, incorporated into Carbopol hydrogels, injected subcutaneously into rats, and monitored using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Results. A 10 mg/mL minimum concentration of Carbopol-940 was necessary before protein [50 mg/mL iodinated bovine serum albumin (I-BSA)] retention times increased with increasing hydrogel concentration. The decreasing protein signal was not caused by outward protein diffusion or iodoprotein hydrolysis. As the protein MW increased, protein retention times lengthened [e.g., 6.2 h for insulin (5.7 kDa) to 13.3 h for thyroglobulin (669 kDa)]. Protein disappearance was monophasic first-order for some proteins and biphasic first-order for others. The disappearance rate constant ranged from 0.093 ± 0.005 h^– _1/2 to 0.187 ± 0.057 h^– _1/2, indicating gel erosion rather than protein diffusion as the rate-limiting mechanism. Entrapped I-BSA in Carbopol-1342 NF, pH 7.4, and Carbopol 2001-ETD, pH 7.4, gel matrices yielded different disappearance rates and profiles than Carbopol-940. The overall 50% disappearance rate of I-BSA was greatest for Carbopol-1342 NF (41 ± 8 h), followed by Carbopol-2001 ETD (25 ± 2 h) and Carbopol-940 (10.5 ± 0.7 h). Conclusion. XRF is a noninvasive technique that can be used to follow the status of macromolecules in vivo.     

银杏内酯B对慢性炎症血管生成的抑制作用

目的研究银杏内酯B对慢性炎症血管生成的作用及部分作用机制。方法比色法测定小鼠慢性肉芽肿气囊模型血管生成指数，组织形态学方法检测气囊病理变化；放射免疫方法测定白介素-1β(IL-1β)含量；L929生物测定法测定肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量；RT-PCR法检测IL-1β和TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果银杏内酯B可显著抑制模型小鼠的血管指数，与病理观察结果相符；银杏内酯B可显著抑制模型小鼠血清中IL-1和TNF-α的分泌；能显著抑制PMA诱导的U937细胞IL-1β和TNF-α的分泌及其mRNA的表达。结论银杏内酯B能抑制小鼠慢性炎症性血管生成模型的血管生成，能抑制促血管生成细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α的转录及表达，这可能是其抑制慢性炎症血管生成的机制之一。     

青蒿鞣质抗单纯疱疹病毒机理初探

目的探讨青蒿鞣质(CTA)抗单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)的作用机理。方法采用细胞病变效应(CPE)抑制法和MTT法，以阿昔洛韦(ACV)为阳性对照药物，研究青蒿鞣质在体外对HSV-2的直接杀灭、病毒感染阻断、不同时间感染后的CPE抑制效果。结果CTA对病毒具有明显的直接杀灭作用，可以阻断病毒的吸附过程和抑制病毒在细胞内的复制，而且CTA对病毒的抑制作用受病毒吸附时间的影响很小，具有明显的治疗作用，其效果与阳性对照药物无环乌苷(ACV)相当。结论CTA体外抗HSV-2作用可以通过多种途径发挥作用。     

Inhibitory effect of the extracts from Thai medicinal plants on iNOS expression in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7

In the present study, we screened the inhibitory effect of the extract from 50 Thai medicinal plants on an inducible-nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse macrophages RAW 264.7. From this screening, the extracts of root bark of Clausena guillauminii, C. lunulata, and C. excavata (Rutaceae) were found as the extracts which showed potent inhibitory effect on the iNOS protein expression in concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, hydrophobic active components may exist in C. guillauminii.     

Photosynthetic parameters as indicators of trinitrotoluene (TNT) inhibitory effect: Change in chlorophyll a fluorescence induction upon exposure of Lactuca sativa to TNT

Trinitrotoluene, as a compound of conventional explosive, may cause inhibitory effect on terrestrial plants. When Lactuca sativa was exposed to different concentrations of trinitrotoluene (32–1000 mg/kg), photosynthetic process was investigated by using rapid chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic and pulse modulated fluorometry. The decrease of chlorophyll a variable fluorescence was seen to be caused by the deactivation of photosystem II reaction centers. We found for rapid variable fluorescence to be a useful indicator to evaluate the inhibitory effect of trinitrotoluene on photosystem II primary photochemistry and electron transport. The fluorescence parameters, related to the reduction state of photosystem II and to non-photochemical dissipation of light energy, showed a strong relation between the inhibitory effect of photosystem II activity and concentration of trinitrotoluene. The change of photosynthetic fluorescence parameters induced by trinitrotoluene was a reliable indication of the plant physiological state. We proposed for the reduction state of photosystem II and the non-photochemical energy dissipation to be a useful tool in bioassay toxicity testing of trinitrotoluene polluted soil.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定杏香兔耳风中3个倍半萜内酯的含量

目的:建立HPLC-ELSD法同时测定药材杏香兔耳风中3个倍半萜内酯含量的方法.方法:采用Shim-pack CLC-ODS C18色谱柱 (150 mm×6.0 mm, 5 μm ) 以甲醇-2 %醋酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,蒸发光散射检测器 (ELSD) 检测.结果:被测定峰能够与其他组分达到基线分离,成分为8α-hydroxy-11αH-11,13-dihydro-zaluzanin C-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1)、8α-hydroxy-11αH-11,13-dihydro-zaluzanin C (2) 和 zaluzanin C-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) 的线性范围分别为0.78～7.80 μg、0.46～4.64 μg和0.44～4.36 μg,平均回收率分别为103.5%、104.7%和98.9%, RSD分别为0.28%、0.13%和0.13%.结论: 该方法简便、准确,分离效果好,可用于对药材杏香兔耳风进行质量评价.     

双醋瑞因对破骨细胞性骨破坏的抑制作用及机制

目的考察双醋瑞因对破骨细胞生成及骨破坏功能是否具有抑制作用，以及双醋瑞因抑制破骨细胞的作用是否与影响成骨细胞中OPG及RANKL的表达有关。方法MC3T3-E1细胞与骨髓前体细胞共培养生成破骨细胞，将TRAP染色阳性、细胞核数目≥3个的细胞作为破骨细胞，计数生成的破骨细胞。计数IL-1β作用前后典型的骨吸收陷窝以观察破骨细胞的活性。应用Western blotting法、流式细胞术及RT-PCR法在蛋白水平及基因水平观察MC3T3-E1细胞中RANKL及OPG的表达。结果双醋瑞因可显著抑制IL-1β作用下破骨细胞的生成及其骨陷窝形成功能，sRANKL的加入可逆转双醋瑞因的上述作用。双醋瑞因可在基因及蛋白水平上调MC3T3-T1细胞中OPG/RANKL的比例。结论双醋瑞因具有抑制IL-1β诱导的破骨细胞性骨破坏的作用，这一作用可能与其抑制MC3T3-E1细胞中RANKL表达同时促进OPG表达有关。     

五味子提取物对小鼠银屑病样皮损的抑制作用及机制研究

目的 探讨五味子提取物对小鼠银屑病样皮损的抑制作用及机制。方法 使用咪喹莫特乳剂建立小鼠银屑病背部皮损模型,将小鼠分为对照组、模型组、他克莫司5 mg/kg组以及五味子提取物0.05、0.25 mg/kg组,并于造模后在小鼠背部皮肤涂抹相应药物。取小鼠背部皮肤组织,分析皮损症状,对其进行苏木精–伊红（HE）染色,并观察测定表皮厚度。免疫组织化学测定淋巴细胞表面分子（CD-8）、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、细胞外调节蛋白激酶（ERK）、磷酸化细胞外调节蛋白激酶（p-ERK）的表达情况。建立3D皮肤模型,使用双氧水造模后,噻唑蓝（MTT）检测五味子提取物抗氧化修复活性、酶联免疫吸附法检测皮肤模型组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的酶活力和炎症因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的含量。结果 五味子提取物可以缓解由咪喹莫特乳剂诱导的小鼠银屑病皮肤损伤、红斑、炎症,改善其皮损处组织细胞情况,降低银屑病模型小鼠表皮厚度（P<0.05）;五味子提取物可以下调银屑病模型小鼠皮肤组织中COX-2、ERK、pERK、CD-8的表达（P<0.05、0.01）;3D皮肤模型检测结果显...     

桑黄水煎液对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠的抗氧化作用

目的 观察桑黄水煎液对D-半乳糖诱导小鼠氧化损伤的保护作用,并探讨其保护作用的可能机制。方法 ①ICR小鼠分为正常对照组,桑黄水煎液低、中、高剂量（2,6,12 g·kg^-1）组,连续给药15 d。②ICR小鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、维生素E组（50 mg·kg^-1）,桑黄水煎液低、中、高剂量（2,6,12 g·kg^-1）组,小鼠颈背部皮下注射D-半乳糖（120 mg·kg^-1）造成亚急性衰老模型,按分组连续给药42 d。比色法测定小鼠肝脏及血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量和抗氧化酶活力,如超氧化合物歧化酶（SOD）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、过氧化酶（POD）等。Western blot检测肝脏中核因子E2相关因子2（Nrf2）和血红素氧合酶1（HO-1）的表达。结果 桑黄水煎液对正常小鼠和D-半乳糖诱导小鼠体质量及脏器指数均无明显影响。桑黄水煎液可显著提高正常小鼠肝脏中T-AOC和SOD酶活力（P<0.01,P<0.05）。各剂量桑黄水煎液可显著提高衰老模型小鼠血清中T-AOC,降低MDA含量（P<0.01,P<0.05）,同时中剂量增强肝脏中SOD （P<0.05）和POD酶活力（P<0.01）,中、高剂量均上调肝脏中Nrf2和HO-1蛋白表达水平（P<0.01）。结论 桑黄水煎液具有提高正常小鼠抗氧化能力和改善D-半乳糖致小鼠氧化损伤作用,此作用可能是通过调节Nrf2/HO-1途径增加体内抗氧化酶的活性,减少过氧化脂质的生成,进而提高机体抗氧化能力。     

HPLC法测定黄芩茎及叶中野黄芩苷的含量

目的 建立黄芩茎及叶中野黄芩苷的含量测定方法。方法 采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),以甲醇-0.02%甲酸（28∶72）为流动相等度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长335 nm。结果 野黄芩苷在0.138 1～1.657 2 μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为98.24%,RSD为0.96%;黄芩茎的野黄芩苷含量为0.86%,黄芩叶的野黄芩苷含量为2.83%。结论 该法简单方便,可用于测定黄芩茎及叶野黄芩苷的含量,对深入研究黄芩茎叶化学成分生物合成机理,确定黄芩茎叶药材最佳采收期以及制定黄芩茎叶药材质量标准提供理论依据。     

Use of in Vitro Critical Inhibitory Concentration, a Novel Approach to Predict in Vivo Synergistic Bactericidal Effect of Combined Amikacin and Piperacillin Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Systemic Rat Infection Model

Purpose This study was undertaken to explore the use of in vitro critical inhibitory concentration (CIC) as a surrogate marker relating the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters to in vivo bactericidal synergistic effect [pharmacodynamic (PD)] of amikacin + piperacillin combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a systemic rat infection model. Methods The in vitro antibacterial activities of amikacin and piperacillin, alone and in combinations at various ratios of the concentrations, were tested against a standard [5 × 10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU)/ml] and a large (1.5 × 10⁸ CFU/ml) inoculum of P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 using a modified survival-time method. The CIC of each individual antibiotic for the different combinations was determined using a cup-plate method. In vivo studies were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats using a systemic model of infection with P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027. PK profiles and in vivo killing effects of the combination at different dosing ratios were studied. Results An inoculum effect was observed with the antibiotics studied. Synergy was seen against both the inocula at the following concentration ratios: 70% C_ami + 30% C_pip and 75% C_ami + 25% C_pip, where C_ami and C_pip are the concentrations of amikacin and piperacillin to produce a 1000-fold decrease in bacterial population over 5 h, respectively. The CIC values determined corroborated with the order of in vitro bacterial killing observed for the antibiotic combinations. The dosing ratio of 12.6 mg/kg amikacin + 36 mg/kg piperacillin (a 70:30 ratio of the individual doses) exhibited the greatest killing in vivo when compared to the other ratios. The PK–PD relationships were described by simple, linear regression equations using the area under the in vivo killing curve as a PD marker and the AUCIC_ami/CIC_ami + AUCIC_pip/CIC_pip, AUC_ami/CIC_ami + AUC_pip/CIC_pip, C_max,ami/CIC_ami + C_max,pip/CIC_pip, and AUCIC_ami/MIC_ami + AUCIC_pip/MIC_pip as PK markers for the amikacin + piperacillin combination. Conclusion The combination of amikacin and piperacillin exhibited synergistic killing effect on P. aeruginosa that could be modeled using CIC as a surrogate marker relating the PK parameters to in vivo bactericidal effect.     

Effect of N-nitro-l-arginine on shock induced by endotoxin and by platelet activating factor in dogs

When N^G-nitro-l-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, administration was started 5 min prior to shock induction in anesthetized dogs, a partial restoration was observed in endotoxin-induced shock and a complete recovery in platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced shock. When N^G-nitro-l-arginine infusion was started 5 min after shock induction, no significant recovery was observed in endotoxin-induced shock and a complete recovery in PAF-induced shock. These data indicate that enhanced production of nitric oxide by vascular endothelial cells may contribute to endotoxin- or PAF-induced shock and also that some mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase and/or cellular damage might be involved in endotoxin-induced shock.     

艾拉莫德对脂多糖激活大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞系TNFα产生及NF-κB活性的抑制作用

目的研究非甾体抗炎药艾拉莫德(T-614)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞系(NR8383)前炎症反应因子TNFα基因表达、蛋白合成的影响及其对核因子κB(NF-κB)的作用。方法体外培养NR8383经T-614(13.4，26.7及53.4 μmol·L^-1)处理，LPS刺激后应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测细胞上清液中TNFα的水平，半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测TNFα mRNA水平，ELISA法检测NF-κB的活性。结果T-614对LPS诱导的NR8383细胞TNFα mRNA水平和蛋白水平的上调有显著抑制作用，对NF-κB的转录活性也有抑制作用。结论 T-614可能通过抑制LPS诱导的NR8383的NF-κB活性而降低TNFα的产生。     

荜茇提取物中5个生物碱的含量测定与对垂体后叶素所致大鼠实验性心肌缺血的影响

目的 建立荜茇提取物中5个生物碱含量测定方法,并评估该提取物对垂体后叶素所致大鼠实验性心肌缺血的影响。方法 采用HPLC法同时测定5个生物碱的含量;采用经舌下静脉注射垂体后叶素造成急性心肌缺血模型,以造模前后T波变化绝对值、心率及其变化百分率为观测指标,评估荜茇提取物大、中、小三个剂量组对大鼠实验性心肌缺血的影响。结果 3批荜茇提取物中胡椒碱平均含量为56.1%、49.7%、51.6%;N-异丁基-2E,4E-十八烷二烯酰胺平均含量为4.48%、4.21%、4.28%;几内亚胡椒碱平均含量为0.461%、0.378%、0.396%;荜茇明碱平均含量为1.73%、1.67%、1.70%;胡椒酰胺平均含量为0.554%、0.461%、0.493%。荜茇提取物大、中、小剂量组均有降低T波变化绝对值的作用;除大剂量组在个别时间点有降低心率的作用之外,其它各实验组在各时间点对心率变化率无显著影响。结论 所建立的生物碱含量测定分析方法可准确测定荜茇提取物中5个生物碱的含量;药效试验证明荜茇提取物具有较好的抗心肌缺血活性。     

酸枣仁汤对慢性睡眠剥夺小鼠肝功能和特定肠道菌的影响

目的 从肠道菌群角度探讨酸枣仁汤对慢性睡眠剥夺小鼠肝功能的影响。方法 C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和酸枣仁汤组。采用强迫运动睡眠剥夺法建立14 d的慢性睡眠剥夺模型,酸枣仁汤组在睡眠剥夺同时给予酸枣仁汤,对照组正常饲养,不作处理。观察造模前后小鼠体质量和摄食量变化;收集粪便样本,提取粪便基因组DNA,实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）检测特定肠道菌的差异;同时收集血清样本,试剂盒检测丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和总胆红素（TBIL）的活性,进而指示各组肝功能的变化。结果 与对照组比较,模型组小鼠的摄食量显著增加（P<0.05）,体质量显著下降（P<0.05）,给予酸枣仁汤显著增加睡眠剥夺小鼠的进食量（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,睡眠剥夺小鼠的TBIL结果未见明显差异;而模型组ALT明显升高（P<0.05）,同时给予酸枣仁汤可逆转ALT的升高（P<0.05）。qRT-PCR结果显示,模型组小鼠粪便中大肠杆菌属和产气荚膜梭菌与对照组比较显著增加（P<0.05）,而双歧杆菌属、罗氏菌属、乳酸菌属与对照组比较显著降低（P<0.05）。同时给药可以逆转特定肠道菌大肠杆菌属、产气荚膜梭菌和乳酸菌属的变化（P<0.05）,对双歧杆菌属、罗氏菌属没有显著影响。睡眠剥夺小鼠粪便拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门比有下降趋势,酸枣仁汤组该趋势升高,没有显著性差异。结论 酸枣仁汤可能通过改善肠道菌群,缓解慢性睡眠剥夺导致的肝损伤。     

Inhibitory effect of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on UVA-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF, Mr = 879) is a novel marine active product isolated from gonochoric Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri which has been served as sea food for several thousand years. As an octapeptide, PCF consists of 8 amino acids, namely, Pro, Asn, Ser, Thr, Arg, Hyl, Cys, and Gly. PCF had been identified as a marine chemopreventive drug that protected hairless mice's epidermis against UV-induced damage in our previous study. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the effect of PCF on ultraviolet A-induced apoptosis in ketatinocytes are not well understood yet. In the present study, PCF was investigated as a potential inhibitory agent for UVA-induced apoptosis in a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. The effects of PCF on UVA-induced generation of ROS and MDA, DNA damage, apoptosis rate were examined. We also investigated whether PCF could inhibit UVA-induced decreasing of mitochondrial membrane potential and the changing of morphology of the cells. We found that, compared with UVA only group, PCF attenuated UVA-induced generation of ROS and MDA, increased the mitochondrial membrane potential, and decreased the apoptosis rate. These results indicate that PCF may protect HaCaT keratinocytes against UVA-induced apoptosis.     

细胞色素P450介导的氯沙坦钾对瑞格列奈在大鼠肝微粒体中代谢的影响

目的 研究瑞格列奈在大鼠肝微粒体中的酶促反应动力学,并考察氯沙坦钾对其在大鼠肝微粒体中代谢的影响.方法 建立大鼠肝微粒体体外孵育体系对瑞格列奈的代谢进行研究;以洛伐他汀为内标,应用UPLC测定大鼠肝微粒体中瑞格列奈的浓度.采用底物减少法,通过GraphPad Prism 5.0软件计算瑞格列奈的酶促反应动力学常数Vma...     

用HPLC法测定百蕊草中3个黄酮苷的含量

目的 建立HPLC法同时测定百蕊草中3个黄酮苷类化合物的含量。方法 色谱柱为DIKMA C₁₈柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（21∶79,V/V）,用冰醋酸调节pH至4.61,流速：1.0 ml/min,柱温：25℃,检测波长：346 nm。结果3个黄酮苷化合物山奈酚-3-O-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1→2）-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（百蕊草素Ⅰ）、山奈酚-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（紫云英苷）、山奈酚-3-O-L-吡喃鼠李糖基（1→2）-[6-O-乙酰基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（6''-乙酰氧基百蕊草素Ⅰ）的进样浓度分别在125~200、2.5~40、5.0~80 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均加样回收率分别为101.63%、99.82%和102.02%,RSD分别为1.72%、2.34%和1.94%（n=6）。结论 该方法准确,稳定性、重现性好,可作为百蕊草药材及制剂的质控方法。