HDL Cholesterol,Apolipoproteins, and Cardiovascular Risk in Hemodialysis Patients

High concentrations of HDL cholesterol are considered to indicate efficient reverse cholesterol transport and to protect from atherosclerosis. However, HDL has been suggested to be dysfunctional in ESRD. Hence, our main objective was to investigate the effect of HDL cholesterol on outcomes in maintenance hemodialysis patients with diabetes. Moreover, we investigated the associations between the major protein components of HDL (apoA1, apoA2, and apoC3) and end points. We performed an exploratory, post hoc analysis with 1255 participants (677 men and 578 women) of the German Diabetes Dialysis study. The mean age was 66.3 years and the mean body mass index was 28.0 kg/m². The primary end point was a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The secondary end point included all-cause mortality. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.9 years. A total of 31.3% of the study participants reached the primary end point and 49.1% died from any cause. HDL cholesterol and apoA1 and apoC3 quartiles were not related to end points. However, there was a trend toward an inverse association between apoA2 and all-cause mortality. The hazard ratio for death from any cause in the fourth quartile compared with the first quartile of apoA2 was 0.63 (95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.89). The lack of an association between HDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk may support the concept of dysfunctional HDL in hemodialysis. The possible beneficial effect of apoA2 on survival requires confirmation in future studies.     

PGE2, Kidney Disease,and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Hypertension and Diabetes

An important measure of cardiovascular health is obtained by evaluating the global cardiovascular risk, which comprises a number of factors, including hypertension and type 2 diabetes, the leading causes of illness and death in the world, as well as the metabolic syndrome. Altered immunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress underlie many of the changes associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome, and recent efforts have begun to elucidate the contribution of PGE₂ in these events. This review summarizes the role of PGE₂ in kidney disease outcomes that accelerate cardiovascular disease, highlights the role of cyclooxygenase-2/microsomal PGE synthase 1/PGE₂ signaling in hypertension and diabetes, and outlines the contribution of PGE₂ to other aspects of the metabolic syndrome, particularly abdominal adiposity, dyslipidemia, and atherogenesis. A clearer understanding of the role of PGE₂ could lead to new avenues to improve therapeutic options and disease management strategies.     

Risk profiles,access to care,and outcomes in Hispanics hospitalized for lower extremity peripheral artery disease

ObjectivePrevious studies have shown that Hispanics have worse clinical outcomes for lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) than non-Hispanic White (NHWs). Using a national database, this study aimed to document the contemporary burden of PAD in Hispanics by evaluating their risk profiles, access to care, and outcomes compared with NHWs.MethodsHospitalizations of Hispanics and NHWs with a primary diagnosis of PAD were identified using 2011-2017 National Inpatient Sample data. Patient sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, whether the admission was through the emergency department (ED) or elective, length of stay, and costs accrued were compared by ethnicity. Temporal trends in revascularizations, amputations, and ED admissions by year were evaluated with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test and stratified by ethnicity. Data were combined across years and multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of ethnicity with inpatient revascularization, amputation, and mortality, adjusting for sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2017, there were a total of 1,018,220 PAD hospitalizations among Hispanics (13.9%) and NHWs (86.1%) between 2011 and 2017. Hispanics were more often low income and uninsured and presented with higher burden of comorbidities including diabetes, renal failure, prior amputations, and chronic limb-threatening ischemia compared with NHWs. Most Hispanics were admitted via the ED compared with NHWs (58.0% vs 36.7%; d = 0.48), and median length of stay was almost a day longer (4.5 days vs 3.7 days). Hispanic ethnicity was associated with lower odds of surgical (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.67) and endovascular revascularization (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.996) and mortality (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.75-0.93), but higher odds of minor (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.20-1.31) and major (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.03-1.14) amputation.ConclusionsTwo tiers of health care consumption for inpatient PAD care and outcomes manifested among Hispanics and NHWs. First, Hispanics with PAD had a more vulnerable socioeconomic profile and presented with more severe PAD than NHWs. Second, they sought care more disproportionately through the ED and underwent more amputations than NHWs. To eradicate these inequities in PAD care and risk, strategies that improve access to outpatient care and expand health care coverage, as well as targeted management of risk factors in these vulnerable minority groups are needed.     

终末期肾衰竭腹膜透析患者的转归及其危险因素分析

目的:探讨影响终末期慢性肾衰竭连续性不卧床腹膜透析患者死亡危险因素及其防治对策.方法:对1999年8月～2003年8月期间我院52例慢性肾衰竭腹膜透析患者的资料进行回顾性临床分析.其中死亡组22例、存活组30例,分析其死亡原因和影响因素.结果:(1)52例腹膜透析患者死亡组的22例中,死于心血管病变13例(占59.1%),腹膜炎3例(占13.6%),肺部感染2例(占9.1%),严重营养不良2例(占9.1%),其他2例(占9.1%).(2)死亡组年龄、性别分布与存活组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05);与存活组比较,死亡组的体重、平均动脉压明显升高,血浆白蛋白明显降低,均有统计学差异(P＜0.05).(3)死亡组的透析龄、透析液总剂量、腹腔超滤量、尿量及液体总清除量与存活组比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05);然而死亡组的水肿发生率明显高于存活组,分别为68.2%及43.3%(P＜0.05).(4)死亡组透析初始时的尿素氮、肌酐、肌酐清除率、血色素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯与存活组相比无统计学差异(P＞0.05).(5)糖尿病腹膜透析患者的水肿发生率和病死率均明显高于非糖尿病患者(P＜0.05),16例糖尿病患者有11例死亡,非糖尿病患者36例中有11例死亡(病死率分别为68.8%VS 30.6%).结论:心血管疾病是终末期肾衰竭腹膜透析患者最主要的死亡原因.容量超负荷、糖尿病、控制不良的高血压、营养不良以及透析时机过迟都是影响终末期肾衰竭患者心血管病死亡的主要危险因素.积极维持体液平衡、控制血压及糖尿病合并症,并根据患者的残余肾功能、临床症状、合并症情况和营养状态综合考虑,及时开始CAPD治疗,将有助于改善患者的预后.     

Epidemiology of Renal and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Toba Aborigines

Objectives. To detect, educate, and control cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, central obesity, and renal damage markers such as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria within a population of Toba aborigine people who live in the outskirts of Resistencia city, Chaco Province, Argentina. Methods. A sample was selected from four Toba communities. Blood and urine samples were drawn in their own homes. Proteinuria was considered positive when a urinary protein/urinary creatinine rate (uPr/uCr) ≥ 0.20. GFR was estimated by Levy formula, and the stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were as defined in the National Kidney Foundation Guidelines. Results. In all, 385 subjects were included, 36% males, mean age = 36.1 years old. The prevalence of CVD risk factors was as follows: hypertension in 97 (25.2%), proteinuria in 84 (21.8%), CKD in 93 (24.2%) [Stage 1 in 26 (6.8%), Stage 2 in 46 (12%), and Stage 3 in 21 (5.5%)]. No subjects showed CKD Stage 4 or 5. Being overweight was found in 129 (33.5%), obesity in 82 (21.3%), central obesity in 190 (49.4%), and diabetes in 8 (2.1%). The presence of CKD was associated with an increased prevalence in central obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, but not obesity. The adjusted relative risk for proteinuria was 2.79 (p ≤ 0.008) in subjects of at least 45 years of age, compared to subjects under 25 years. Conclusions. This group of aborigines showed a high prevalence of proteinuria and CVD risk factors and CKD not related to diabetes.     

Cardiovascular Risk Based on ASCVD and KDIGO Categories in Chinese Adults: A Nationwide,Population-Based,Prospective Cohort Study

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