正常胃黏膜上皮细胞的分离和鉴定方法

原代培养的胃黏膜上皮细胞是进行胃生理功能、病变机制、药物治疗等研究的重要工具，其整体生理状态和结构特点与体内姊妹细胞相似，临床实用价值较大，是肿瘤组织衍生细胞系所不能比拟的。然而在我国，几乎所有相关研究采用的都是各类细胞系。而非原代培养细胞，很重要的一个原因就是胃黏膜上皮由多种细胞成分组成。对分离条件要求较高，原代培养不易成功。     

一种简便的人正常胃黏膜上皮细胞原代培养方法

背景：原代培养的人正常胃黏膜上皮细胞与体内姊妹细胞相似，是进行胃生理和病理研究的理想工具，但我国尚未见简便、可靠的人正常胃黏膜上皮细胞原代培养方法的报道。目的：探讨简便的人正常胃黏膜上皮细胞原代培养方法。方法：以胶原酶Ⅱ和分散酶磁性搅拌分离人正常胃黏膜上皮细胞。以甲基噻唑基四唑（M1Tr）比色法检测细胞活力，以观察细胞大体生长过程；以溴脱氧尿苷（BrdU）标记法检测S期细胞数量，以观察细胞微观增殖能力。以PAS染色鉴定胃黏膜上皮细胞黏原颗粒；以细胞角蛋白（CK）-18免疫荧光染色鉴定上皮细胞。以光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察细胞形态结构。初步观察传代细胞的贴壁生长情况。结果：培养第2～3d．胃黏膜上皮细胞活力增幅最大．第4d达最高点，之后逐渐下降；BrdU孵育18h后，33．3％的细胞处于和曾经处于S期。接种密度高时，细胞PAS染色均呈紫红色，可见细胞核旁黏原颗粒；接种密度低时，仅成团细胞PAS染色呈阳性；培养第3d，绝大部分细胞CK-18阳性。接种第2d，胃黏膜上皮细胞成团簇状生长，增殖迅速，第4d后逐渐停止生长．第5d开始出现漂浮死亡细胞，最终完全被成纤维细胞取代；透射电子显微镜可见微绒毛、分泌颗粒、连接复合体等上皮细胞特征。传代胃黏膜上皮细胞增殖、铺展能力较原代细胞降低。结论：磁性搅拌酶分离培养可得到数量多、纯度高的人正常胃黏膜上皮细胞。     

组织贴块法人的支气管上皮细胞的原代培养

目的 通过组织贴块法建立人的支气管上皮细胞原代培养的方法.方法 采用无血清支气管上皮培养基,对经手术切除获得的支气管进行组织贴块法培养获得的细胞进行原代培养和传代,通过倒置显微镜以及细胞免疫化学观察和鉴定细胞.结果 此方法获得的细胞成活率高、纯度高,细胞呈扁平、多边形,象铺路的鹅卵石样分布.细胞角蛋白表达阳性.结论 组织贴块法是一种简便、有效的培养人的支气管上皮细胞的方法,无血清培养基可提供满意的生长条件,提高上皮细胞的纯度,为进一步研究不同的呼吸系统疾病提供了良好的模型.     

GKN、TFF蛋白与胃癌

Gastrokine（GKN）和三叶因子家族（TFF）是在正常胃黏膜上皮细胞中大量特异性表达且结构和功能密切相关的两个蛋白家族。GKN蛋白具有调节胃黏膜上皮细胞增殖和凋亡、维持胃黏膜完整和促进受损黏膜修复的作用：TFF蛋白具有促进损伤黏膜修复以及影响细胞运动、黏附、凋亡等作用。两者在胃癌组织和细胞株中表达异常,可能在胃癌的发生中起重要作用,为胃癌特异性抑癌基因。本文就GKN、TFF蛋白与胃癌的关系作一综述。     

幽门螺杆菌对胃腺癌AGS细胞动力学的影响及其机制探讨

正常胃黏膜的结构和功能依赖于胃上皮细胞动力学的稳定.幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)是胃黏膜组织最重要的致病菌,被认为与胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃黏膜相关淋巴组织(MALT)淋巴瘤等密切相关,并被世界卫生组织列为Ⅰ类致癌原[1],但其致病机制仍未明确.因此,研究Hp对人胃上皮细胞生长动力学的影响具有重要意义,能够为明确Hp的致病机制提供更多的证据.     

Cag A阳性幽门螺杆菌对胃癌细胞lncRNA DLEU2表达及上皮间质转化的影响

目的 探讨细胞毒素相关蛋白A(Cag A)阳性幽门螺杆菌（Hp）对胃癌细胞长链非编码RNA淋巴细胞白血病缺失基因2(DLEU2)表达及上皮间质转化的影响。方法 体外培养胃癌细胞系HGC-27、AGS、MGC-803、MKN-28以及正常胃黏膜上皮细胞系GES1，采用RT-qPCR法检测DLEU2表达，并选择DLEU2表达最高的胃癌细胞进行后续实验。将Hp NCTC标准菌株26695或11637分别与正常胃黏膜上皮细胞和胃癌细胞共培养0、3、9、12 h，采用RT-qPCR法检测DLEU2表达。采用Western blotting法检测与NCTC 26695或11637共培养3、9、12 h正常胃黏膜上皮细胞和胃癌细胞Cag A表达以及共培养3、9、12 h神经钙黏着蛋白（N-cadherin）、波形蛋白（Vimentin）表达。同时，分析与NCTC 26695或NCTC 11637共培养的胃癌细胞DLEU2、Cag A表达与N-cadherin、Vimentin表达的关系。结果 HGC-27、AGS、MGC-803、MKN-28细胞DLEU2相对表达量均高于GES1细胞（P均<0...     

miR-181a及其靶基因Atg5在胃癌中的表达及临床意义

目的研究miR-181a及其靶基因Atg5在人胃癌细胞株和胃癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理参数的关系。方法体外培养人胃癌细胞株(MGC-803、SGC-7901、BGC-823)和正常胃黏膜细胞株(GSE-1),收集30例胃癌血清和手术切除的癌组织及癌旁正常组织,并以30名正常人血清标本为对照,应用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测血清、细胞株、组织中miR-181a及细胞株、组织中Atg5 mRNA的表达情况。结果胃癌细胞株、组织、血液中miR-181a的表达较正常细胞、癌旁正常组织及正常人血清明显升高(P0.05);Atg5 mRNA相对表达量在胃癌细胞株和胃癌组织中均分别低于正常胃黏膜细胞株和癌旁正常组织(P0.05)。在胃癌组织和癌旁正常组织中,miR-181a与Atg5 mRNA表达呈负相关。结论 miR-181a在胃癌细胞株、胃癌组织和血清中显著高表达,提示其有望成为潜在的胃癌标志物。Atg5在胃癌中低表达并与miR-181a表达呈负相关,提示其可能是miR-181a在胃癌中的潜在作用靶基因。     

肝再生增强因子在肝癌细胞中的表达及意义

目的研究肝再生增强因子(ALR)对肝癌细胞和原代大鼠肝细胞增殖作用的影响及在肝细胞癌(HCC)中的表达。方法将不同种属的ALR分别与原代大鼠肝细胞和人肝癌细胞株QGY和HepG2共同培养后，用^3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入法测定这些细胞的增殖情况。并应用免疫组织化学法对9例正常肝组织和21例HCC组织中ALR的表达进行了研究。结果不同种属的ALR在体外均能刺激人肝癌细胞株QGY和HepG2增殖，并呈剂量依赖关系，但对原代大鼠肝细胞均无刺激增殖作用。在正常肝组织中ALR不表达，但在HCC肝组织中ALR均表达，且ALR的表达程度与HCC分化程度和大小均无关。结论ALR可能在HCC的发生发展中起着重要作用。     

蛙皮素对人胃黏膜上皮永生细胞系cyclin D1/CDK4的影响

目的 研究蛙皮素对正常胃黏膜上皮细胞的促生长作用及其与细胞调控因子之间的关系。方法 应用人胃黏膜上皮永生细胞株GES－1,经蛙皮素及受体拮抗剂不同处理后,以MTT为指标研究对细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞仪观察对细胞cyclin D1表达的影响;利用Western印迹和增强化学发光法观察CDK4蛋白表达的变化;利用Sepharose微珠免疫沉淀方法检测对CDK4活性的影响。结果 蛙皮素在浓度为10^-7mol/L时对GES－1细胞有明显的促生长作用,对cyclin D1表达有促进作用;蛙皮素受体拮抗剂均抑制这些作用;同时还发现蛙皮素可使人胃黏膜上皮永生细胞系细胞的CDK4蛋白表达及其激酶活性增加。结论 蛙皮素促进人胃黏膜上皮细胞生长是通过使细胞周期调控因子cyclin D1和CDK4蛋白表达升高,CDK4激酶活性增加,促进细胞周期的进展而实现的。     

脐动脉平滑肌细胞体外培养方法的改进

目的:建立并优化的人脐动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)的体外培养方法。方法:人脐动脉VSMCs的体外原代培养应用优化的组织块贴壁法进行。在分别应用传统细胞培养法和优化后细胞培养法贴壁培养提取的原代细胞10 d后,计数6孔板每孔细胞数目,并做统计比较分析相同时间内原代细胞的数量。以抗α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)抗体和抗CD31抗体进行免疫荧光染色和倒置相差显微镜观察鉴定培养的细胞。结果:与传统细胞培养法相比,在相同的时间周期内优化实验方法后培养的原代细胞数量较传统多,我们可以在较短时间内得到实验所需的细胞量,因此优化后可缩短细胞的培养周期。原代和传代培养的脐动脉VSMCs生长良好,细胞经冻存、复苏后状态依然良好。光镜下细胞呈典型的"峰-谷"样生长,细胞多为长梭形,具有VSMCs的特征,且传代培养至第7代,细胞生长特性不变。经抗α-SMA、CD31抗体进行免疫荧光染色鉴定证实为VSMCs。结论:优化的组织块贴壁法可缩短原代人脐动脉VSMCs的培养周期,且细胞的生物学特性较稳定,为与平滑肌相关的疾病进展及心血管生长发育的研究奠定了实验基础。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.