亚临床甲状腺功能减退症

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)是一种业临床甲状腺疾病.诊断标准是血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平高于正常上限而游离T4水平尚在正常范围.目前全世界业临床甲减的平均患病率为4%～10%,主要发生在女性和老年人群.桥本甲状腺炎是最常见的病因.其卡要的临床危害包括引起血脂异常、导致动脉粥样硬化和,冠心病、影响认知功能,还可导致不孕和流产.治疗主要针对血清TSH10 mIU/L的患者,应用左旋-T4替代治疗.对于血清TSH 4～10 mIU/L,特别是甲状腺自身抗体阳性者需密切监测.此外,对妊娠期亚临床甲减患者的治疗要求控制TSH<2.5 mlU/L.     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）是一种亚临床甲状腺疾病。诊断标准是血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）水平高于正常上限而游离T4水平尚在正常范围。目前全世界亚临床甲减的平均患病率为4％-10％,主要发生在女性和老年人群。桥本甲状腺炎是最常见的病因。其主要的临床危害包括引起血脂异常、导致动脉粥样硬化和冠心病、影响认知功能,还可导致不孕和流产。治疗主要针对血清TSH〉10ml U／L的患者,应用左旋-T4替代治疗。对于血清TSH4～10ml U／L,特别是甲状腺自身抗体阳性者需密切监测。此外,对妊娠期亚临床甲减患者的治疗要求控制TSH〈2．5ml U／L。     

左旋甲状腺素治疗对亚临床甲状腺功能减退症患者血脂的影响

目的 通过对47例亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(简称亚临床甲减)合并高脂血症患者使用左旋甲状腺素钠片治疗,观察治疗前后血脂变化.方法 治疗前记录各病例促甲状腺素(TSH)、血总胆固醇、甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇检查结果,给予左旋甲状腺素钠片,以TSH调整在正常范围为合适剂量,平均50～75 μg/d,治疗三个月后复查TSH及血脂结果并进行统计分析.结果 治疗后血脂明显下降,与治疗前存在显著差异(P<0.01).结论 用左旋甲状腺素钠片治疗亚临床甲减对改善血脂有临床意义.     

甲状腺素对老年亚临床甲状腺功能减退症患者血脂和骨代谢的影响

目的　研究左旋甲状腺素 (LT4)对老年亚临床甲状腺功能减退症 (甲减 )血脂和骨代谢的影响。　方法　 78例亚临床甲减患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各 39例 ,治疗组给以LT4,平均维持量 (80 1± 37 2 ) μg/d ,对照组给以安慰剂 ,治疗前及治疗 1年后 ,观察两组临床症状、体重指数(BMI) ,血总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL C)、载脂蛋白A1(ApoA1)、载脂蛋白B10 0 (ApoB10 0 )、钙离子 (Ca2 + )、磷离子 (P3 + )、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的浓度及骨密度 (BMD)的变化。　结果　治疗组临床症状明显改善 ,BMI、TC、TG、LDL C、APOB10 0 显著降低〔2 4 6± 3 1vs 2 3 3± 2 2、(5 6 5± 1 4 2vs 4 4 3± 0 81)、(1 81± 0 6 6vs 1 4 3±0 4 0 )、(3 6 4± 0 84vs 2 6 8± 0 6 3)mmol/L、(0 98± 0 2 2vs 0 83± 0 2 1)g/L ,P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1〕 ,而HDL C、ApoA1、Ca2 + 、P3 + 、AKP、BMD无明显改变。　结论　LT4治疗老年人亚临床甲减可使症状缓解 ,血脂改善 ,而对骨代谢无不良影响。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(亚甲减)是依靠实验室诊断的一种亚临床疾病,其诊断标准是血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平增高,血清游离T4(FT4)正常。亚甲减的患病率为3％～15％,主要发生在女性和老年人群。碘摄人量增加是亚甲减发生的重要环境因素之一。亚甲减的主要危害是发展为临床甲减和引起血脂增高,导致缺血性心脏病。亚甲减对妊娠妇女后代的智力影响也不容忽视。针对亚甲减的治疗包括①对易感人群的筛查。②对血清TSH>10 mU/L,且甲状腺自身抗体阳性的患者给予左旋甲状腺素替代治疗。③未达到上述标准的亚甲减患者定期随访。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的治疗

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(亚甲减)以基线促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平升高和血清游离甲状腺素水平正常为特征，亚临床或隐匿性甲减常常反映甲状腺激素分泌的缺陷。甲状腺破坏性治疗(甲状腺次全切除术或放射碘治疗)或颈部广泛放射治疗后的亚临床甲减应开始使用左甲状腺素(L-T4)治疗；妊娠和哺乳期的亚甲减也应使用L-T4治疗。其他早期使用甲状腺激素替代治疗的指征包括TSH水平升高以及抗甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPO)抗体阳性，因为这些患者的亚甲减很可能进展为临床甲减。提示存在甲状腺激素相对缺乏的I临床体征和症状的所有患者都应该试用L-T4替代治疗，这些患者包括亚临床甲减并发不孕、抑郁症或其他神经心理异常。单纯血清TSH水平升高或高胆固醇血症不是L-T4治疗的适应症，除非患者有甲状腺疾病史以及提示甲状腺激素缺乏的临床症状。     

开展亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的临床研究

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症 (甲减 )是一种常见的内分泌专业亚临床疾病 ,主要诊断依据是血清TSH水平增高 ,而血清FT4正常。亚临床甲减的主要不良后果是发展为临床甲减和促进缺血性心脏病的发生。影响亚临床甲减发展为临床甲减的主要因素有两个 :血清TSH水平和甲状腺自身抗体 ,两个因素有叠加作用。甲状腺激素替代治疗对于阻止亚临床甲减发展为临床甲减的效果尚不确切 ;亚临床甲减与高胆固醇血症、高血压、吸烟和糖尿病一样 ,构成动脉粥样硬化和心肌梗塞的独立危险因素 ,其对此两病的危险度分别为 1.9和 3 .1。甲状腺素纠正亚临床甲减对降低血清胆固醇有一定效果 ;妊娠妇女的亚临床甲减对后代的智力影响已经引起高度关注。我国一组根据对流行病学调查的结果 ,提出了血清TSH、甲状腺自身抗体 (TPOAb、TgAb)的正常值范围 ,以及与疾病相关的甲状腺自身抗体的切割点值 ,可供参考。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退与动脉粥样硬化

亚临床甲状腺功能减退(SCH)又称轻度甲状腺功能衰竭,主要诊断依据是血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)增高,而血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)正常,同时应排除以下引起TSH增高的情况:甲状腺功能减低患者左旋甲状腺素(L-T4)替代剂量不足,严重疾患恢复期患者暂时TSH升高,破坏性甲状腺炎恢复期,未经治疗的原发肾上腺皮质功能不全,注射TSH的患者.     

左旋甲状腺素在甲状腺功能减退症合并高脂血症治疗中的应用

目的观察左旋甲状腺素在甲状腺功能减退症合并高脂血症治疗中的应用效果。方法对68例甲状腺功能减退症合并高脂血症患者采用左旋甲状腺素治疗,观察治疗前后血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、超敏促甲状腺激素(TSH)和血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平变化。结果本组患者治疗前血清FT3为(2.19±0.72)pmol/L,FT4为(6.87±1.26)pmol/L,TSH为(86.42±9.53)mU/L,TG为(2.23±0.52)mmol/L,TC为(6.16±1.54)mmol/L,LDL为(3.56±0.41)mmol/L,HDL为(1.02±0.34)mmol/L;治疗后分别为(5.17±1.82)pmol/L、(19.15±6.93)pmol/L、(2.25±1.13)mU/L及(1.14±0.29)、(4.82±1.07)、(2.72±0.28)、(1.32±0.57)mmol/L;治疗后各指标与治疗前比较,P均<0.05。结论左旋甲状腺素治疗甲状腺功能减退症合并高脂血症,既可改善甲状腺功能指标,又能降低血脂水平。     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症的研究进展

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症状不典型，不易引起临床医生的注意，但它对人体循环系统的功能和血脂及肌肉能量代谢均有不同程度的影响，早期诊断并进行适当替代治疗，可避免病情的发展。     

老年亚临床甲状腺功能减退对代谢综合征及颅内动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的 探讨老年人亚临床甲状腺功能减退（SCH）对代谢综合征（MS）、颅内动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法 从2013年1月至2014年4月于我科住院的老年患者中随机选取416例,其中甲状腺功能正常者298例,亚临床甲状腺功能减退者118例,比较两组MS相关指标、尿酸、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平的差异。以颅内动脉粥样硬化、MS分别为应变量做Logistic回归分析,并分析促甲状腺激素（TSH）与各观察指标的相关性。结果 与甲状腺功能正常组比较,亚临床甲状腺功能减退组颅内动脉粥样硬化的比例增多,MS患病比例增加,收缩压、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLC）、尿酸、Hcy水平明显升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDLC）、空腹血糖（FBG）水平显著减少（P<0.05或P<0.01）。经多元逐步Logistic回归分析发现,高TSH、MS、年龄、收缩压、LDLC、Hcy是颅内大动脉粥样硬化独立的危险因素,TSH、尿酸是MS独立的危险因素,且TSH与TG、尿酸、Hcy呈正相关,与HDLC呈负相关（P均<0.05）。结论 高TSH与MS及颅内动脉粥样硬化的发生发展明显相关,亚临床甲状腺功能减退可能通过改变血脂谱,使血尿酸、血Hcy升高等途径参与MS的发生发展,并进一步增加颅内动脉粥样硬化发生的危险。     

Diagnosis and Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Elderly Adults: A Review of the Literature

The estimated prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in the general population is 3% to 8%. As the average age of the population in the United States and other countries continues to increase, the overall prevalence of SCH may also be expected to increase. Although age‐related changes in thyroid function are well described, normal thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) reference limits, derived for age‐specific populations, are not routinely used to identify thyroid dysfunction in elderly adults. Therefore, currently accepted values for the upper limit of normal of TSH may be inappropriate for diagnosing SCH in individuals aged 65 and older, resulting in potential overestimation of the prevalence of SCH in this population. This review discusses the current evidence of the effects of SCH on cardiovascular health and neuropsychiatric function in older adults. Although the results of some studies are conflicting, the overall evidence suggests that the consequences of SCH may be different for elderly adults than for younger populations. Treatment of SCH in older individuals requires special consideration with regard to thyroid hormone replacement therapy and expected clinical outcomes. Although careful identification of individuals with persistent SCH who could benefit from levothyroxine treatment is necessary, current evidence suggests that individuals with TSH levels greater than 10 mIU/L who test positive for antithyroid antibodies or are symptomatic may benefit from levothyroxine treatment to reduce the risk of progression to overt hypothyroidism, decrease the risk of adverse cardiovascular events, and improve their quality of life. After treatment is initiated, careful monitoring is essential.     

Antihypertensive Treatment in the Elderly

Drug treatment with ß-blockers and diuretics in hypertensive men and women aged 70 and above confers highly significant and clinically relevant reductions in cardiovascular (especially stroke) morbidity and mortality. This satisfactory effect is not impaired by a low tolerability of the drugs used. Furtheremore, treatment of elderly hypertensives with beta-receptor blockers and/or diuretics is cost-effective. In STOP-Hypertension the cost-effectiveness ratios were low and of the same magnitude for both men and women. The clinical implication of this is that blood pressure lowering therapy should be considered in elderly hypertensives, at least up until they are 80 years old. It should also be remembered that elderly patients often have other diseases than hypertension and that the drug treatment should be adjusted accordingly, e.g. by using a calcium antagonist or an ACE inhibitor, when indicated.     

Subclinical Hypothyroidism Is Associated With Adverse Prognosis in Heart Failure Patients

Background

It is widely recognized that overt hyper- as well as hypothyroidism are potential causes of heart failure (HF). Additionally it has been recently reported that subclinical hypothyroidism (sub-hypo) is associated with atherosclerosis, development of HF, and cardiovascular death. We aimed to clarify the effect of sub-hypo on prognosis of HF, and underlying hemodynamics and exercise capacity.

Hypothyroidism in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis

AIM To examine thyroid function and clinical features of hypothyroidism in autoimmune pancreatitis(AIP) patients.METHODS We examined thyroid function in 77 patients with type 1 AIP(50 males, 27 females; median age 68 years, range 33-85) diagnosed according to the Japanese diagnostic criteria for AIP 2011. We compared clinical and serological findings between patients with and without various categories of hypothyroidism. The change in hypothyroidism after steroid therapy was also examined. RESULTS Eight patients(10%) had hypothyroidism of 6 patients had subclinical hypothyroidism with a normal serum free thyroxine(FT4) and high thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) level, and 2 patients had central hypothyroidism with low serum free triiodothyronine(FT3), FT4 and TSH levels. A significant goiter of the thyroid was not observed in any patient. There were no significant differences in age; male to female ratio; serum concentrations of IgG and IgG 4-related disease(IgG4-RD); presence of antithyroglobulin antibody, antinuclear antigen or rheumatoid factor; or presence of extrapancreatic lesions between the 6 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and patients with euthyroidism. After steroid therapy, both subclinical and central hypothyroidism improved with improvement of the AIP.CONCLUSION Hypothyroidism was observed in 8(10%) of 77 AIP patients and was subclinical in 6 patients and central in 2 patients. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether this subclinical hypothyroidism is another manifestation of IgG4-RD.     

对2型糖尿病合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退的临床特征分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退的临床特征分析.方法 择取2019年9月—2020年9月期间来该院就诊的64例2型糖尿病患者,按照是否为合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退分组,分别为实验组32例与参照组32例.实验组为2型糖尿病合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退患者,参照组为单纯的糖尿病患者患者,将两组糖尿病患者的慢性并发症发...     

同型半胱氨酸血症的治疗概况及进展

同型半胱氨酸是一种含巯基的氨基酸,它是蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸过程中的一个重要的中间产物,其本身并不参加蛋白质的合成。当与同型半胱氨酸代谢有关的酶或辅助因子缺乏使同型半胱氨酸代谢受阻时,就会导致高同型半胱氨酸血症。近年来大量研究证实高同型半胱氨酸与心脑血管疾病、外周血管疾病、神经系统退行性疾病、糖尿病等发病高度相关,同型半胱氨酸已成为心脑及外周血管疾病的危险因素及预测指标。本文将同型半胱氨酸血症的近年治疗概况及进展作一综述。     

Prevalence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Background and objectives: Subclinical primary hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in the general population, especially in the elderly. However, the prevalence of subclinical primary hypothyroidism in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not requiring chronic dialysis is not well defined.Design, setting, participants, and measurements: Cross-sectional data from 3089 adult outpatients, who were consecutively referred by general practitioners for routine blood testing over the last two years, were analyzed. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the independent association between prevalent subclinical primary hypothyroidism and estimated GFR.Results: Among 3089 adult participants, 293 (9.5%) had subclinical primary hypothyroidism and 277 (9%) had an estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m². The prevalence of subclinical primary hypothyroidism increased from 7% at an estimated GFR ≥90 ml/min per 1.73 m² to 17.9% at an estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m² (P < 0.0001 for trend). Compared with participants with an estimated GFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m², those with estimated GFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m² had an increased odds of subclinical primary hypothyroidism after adjusting for age, gender, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations.Conclusions: These findings suggest that subclinical primary hypothyroidism is a relatively common condition (∼18%) among persons with CKD not requiring chronic dialysis, and it is independently associated with progressively lower estimated GFR in a large cohort of unselected outpatient adults.The concept of subclinical primary hypothyroidism has emerged over the past several decades, as our ability to detect subtle changes in thyroid function tests is progressively improved (1,2). Although it is recognized that patients with subclinical primary hypothyroidism may have subtle symptoms of thyroid dysfunction, the definition is purely a biochemical one, defined as elevated serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels but normal free thyroxine (FT₄) levels (3).Subclinical primary hypothyroidism has been recognized in several studies to be associated with markers of cardiovascular risk and cardiac impairment (4–7). Even minor deviations from serum TSH normal range might accelerate the development of atherosclerosis and have adverse effects on cardiovascular performance in the general population (4–7). Moreover, subclinical primary hypothyroidism has been identified as a strong predictor of all-cause mortality in chronic dialysis patients and as a risk factor for nephropathy and cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients (8,9). There is, however, limited quantitative evidence regarding the prevalence of subclinical primary hypothyroidism in large samples of individuals, including large non-U.S. cohorts at different levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (10).To explore this question, we have performed a cross-sectional analysis using a large database from a Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, with the purpose of estimating the prevalence of subclinical primary hypothyroidism at different levels of kidney function.