微血管铸型法对肝外胆管血液供应的研究

目的为肝移植术后胆道合并症的发生机制提供胆管血液供应理论及应用解剖学依据。方法应用改良乳胶血管内注射技术对遗体捐献的尸体,进行肝外胆道系统血管铸型。结果肝外胆管的血供来源主要有:胃十二指肠动脉,肝固有动脉及胆囊动脉等,并形成上下相连的纵向吻合支,其中9.6%(3/31)的铸型标本中段存在明显的血管缺如区域。结论肝移植合并症与肝外胆道的血液供应有非常重要的联系。     

Blunt Dissection: A Solution to Prevent Bile Duct Injury in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background:

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has been a standard operation and replaced the open cholecystectomy (OC) rapidly because the technique resulted in less pain, smaller incision, and faster recovery. This study was to evaluate the value of blunt dissection in preventing bile duct injury (BDI) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).

Methods:

From 2003 to 2015, LC was performed on 21,497 patients, 7470 males and 14,027 females, age 50.3 years (14–84 years). The Calot''s triangle was bluntly dissected and each duct in Calot''s triangle was identified before transecting the cystic duct.

Results:

Two hundred and thirty-nine patients (1.1%) were converted to open procedures. The postoperative hospital stay was 2.1 (0–158) days, and cases (46%) had hospitalization days of 1 day or less, and 92.8% had hospitalization days of 3 days or less; BDI was occurred in 20 cases (0.09%) including 6 cases of common BDI, 2 cases of common hepatic duct injury, 1 case of right hepatic duct injury, 1 case of accessory right hepatic duct, 1 case of aberrant BDI 1 case of biliary stricture, 1 case of biliary duct perforation, 3 cases of hemobilia, and 4 cases of bile leakage.

Conclusion:

Exposing Calot''s triangle by blunt dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy could prevent intraoperative BDI.     

Biliary Cast Syndrome: Hepatic Artery Resistance Index,Pathological Changes,Morphology and Endoscopic Therapy

Background:Biliary cast syndrome (BCS) was a postoperative complication of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT),and the reason for BSC was considered to relate with ischemic type biliary lesions.This...     

肝外胆管癌的外科治疗

目的总结肝外胆管癌的诊治经验及存在的问题。方法回顾分析２４２例肝外胆管癌临床资料及部分获临床切除病例的随访资料。结果上段胆管癌１６８例（６９．４％）、中段胆管癌１８例（７．４％）、下段胆管癌５６例（２３．２％）。超声和ＣＴ联合检查术前梗阻部位和病变性质确诊率分别提高到９７．０％和９４．９％。近５年上段、中段和下段胆管癌临床切除率分别提高到５０．０％、５０％和７１．４％。随访显示有肝门区转移者临床切除后１年复发率７３．９％，３年复发率１００％，平均复发时间术后９．６月。未见转移者切除术后１年复发率１３．３％，３年复发率７１．４％，平均复发时间术后１７．５月。复发的主要原因为肝及肝门区转移。主要并发症为肝及多器官功能衰竭、上消化道出血和腹腔感染等。结论胆管癌病例数近年上升趋势明显。超声和ＣＴ联合应用一般能够确定诊断，应尽量避免有创和介入性检查。扩大手术切除范围并尽可能切除肝门区淋巴、神经纤维、脂肪和纤维结缔组织，甚至包括右侧腹腔神经节，有利于减少术后复发。     

Biliary complications during a decade of increased cholecystectomy rate

Background

Bile duct injury is a rare complication of cholecystectomy. The aims of this study were to analyse the mechanism and outcome of biliary complications and determine the Northern Ireland incidence of bile duct injury over the last decade.

Methods

Annual numbers of cholecystectomies were obtained from the Northern Ireland Hospital Inpatient System database. Bile duct injury referrals to a hepatobililary unit over an 11-year period from 2000 were reviewed. Mechanism and recognition of injury, referral interval, management and outcome were analysed.

Results

The annual incidence of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in Northern Ireland increased from 0.038% in 1995 to 0.101% in 2009. Thirty-five patients with biliary complications from cholecystectomy were referred from 2000. The incidence of bile duct injury associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy during this period was 0.2%. Only 26% of injuries were recognised intra-operatively, only 40% were referred immediately and 91% required operative intervention.

Conclusion

The incidence of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has increased in Northern Ireland. The incidence of bile duct injuries over the last 11 years was 0.2%. Recognition and referral were delayed in most cases. The majority of injuries required operative management and long-term follow-up.     

64排螺旋CT重建在诊断肝外胆管癌病变的临床价值分析

目的探讨64排螺旋CT诊断肝外胆管癌的临床价值。方法选择经手术病理或活检证实为肝外胆管癌的44例患者,回顾性分析其CT影像学资料,总结肝外胆管癌CT表现特征及64排螺旋CT诊断价值。结果肝外胆管癌以肿块型多见,其次为管壁浸润型,腔内乳头状少见。肝门胆管癌以肿块型居多,CT密度不均,边界模糊,管壁浸润者管壁不规则增厚,部分伴管腔狭窄。腔内乳头型CT可见不规则结节状影,突向管腔。中下段胆管癌腔内乳头状病变多见,管壁浸润型次之,影像学表现与肝门区胆管癌类似。结论 64排螺旋CT配合重建技术是肝外胆管癌诊断的理想影像学手段。     

Experimental study on inhibitory effect of bridgy duct of hepatic artery on apoptosis of liver and bile duct cells

Objective： To investigate whether the method of bridgy duct established between the recipient＇s spleen artery and the donor＇s gastroduodenal artery could inhibit the apoptosis of liver and bile duct cells caused by hepatic artery ischemia. Methods： Twenty-four mongrel dogs from Xi＇an area were used to establish simplified models of dog orthotopic liver transplantation and divided into three groups randomly： HAI group （hepatic artery ischemia group）,BBB group（bypassing the blood by a bridgy duct） and control group. After cold perfusion, The samples were collected from liver and bile duct in each group at different time and fixed in glutaraldehyde and 4% polyformaldehyde respectively. At last, the apoptosis of liver and bile duct cells were observed and the apoptotic indexes were calculated. Results： Two hours after cold perfusion, apoptotic phenomenon was common in HAI group, rare in BBB group, while no apoptotic phenomenon was observed in control group. TUNEL staining showed that there was no significant difference in apoptotic index among the three groups immediately after cold perfusion. However, with time going, the apoptotic cells were increased in three groups, and the difference in apoptotic index was significant among three groups （P 〈 0.01 ）. Conclusions： Bridgy duct of hepatic artery can inhibit the apoptosis of liver and bile duct cells caused by HAI significantly.     

肝细胞癌并胆管癌栓的CT及MRI诊断

目的探讨肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）并胆管癌栓的CT及MRI表现特点。方法回顾性分析2007年—2014年收治的48例经手术证实为HCC并胆管癌栓患者的CT及MRI表现特点。结果 45例术前CT或/和MRI增强扫描发现胆管癌栓,位于肝左叶16例、右叶20例、尾状叶6例、累及左右肝6例,CT表现为胆管内稍低或等密度软组织影,增强扫描大部分呈＂早进早退＂的肝细胞癌强化特征,部分不典型表现者呈中等度强化或轻度强化;MRI表现为肝内或/和肝外胆管内结节状或团块状稍长T1稍长T2信号影,DWI上信号不均匀增高,同反相位及STIR上信号未见明显衰减,增强扫描为与原发灶＂快进快出＂相似的强化特点。梗阻远端胆管膨胀性扩张;胆管壁无增厚或受侵表现且Satoh等2简化临床分型后,Ⅰ型左叶、右叶、尾状叶、左右肝叶分别为6例、7例、2例、2例,Ⅱ型分别为8例、10例、3例、3例,Ⅲ型分别为1例、2例、0例、1例。结论肝细胞肝癌并胆管癌栓CT及MRI表现有一定的特征,可帮助术前明确诊断。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的原因及预防

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除手术后致胆管损伤的原因及预防措施。方法回顾性分析胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的8例临床资料。结果1例胆总管横断，1例盲目止血部分夹伤胆总管，3例胆总管前侧壁撕裂伤，2例胆总管部分电灼伤，1例胆总管大部被夹闭。本组患者在经适当处理后恢复良好。结论胆管损伤在术中早期发现并且妥善处理是防止术后胆管漏的主要预防措施。     

胎肝血管的解剖学观测

目的解剖观测胎肝门静脉、肝固有动脉、胆总管十二指肠上段、脐静脉及静脉导管，为临床辅助性胎肝移植提供解剖学资料。方法选择５６例经福尔马林固定的正常胎儿，解剖显露门静脉、肝固有动脉、胆总管十二指肠上段、脐静脉、静脉导管，测其长度和压扁外径。结果脐静脉、门静脉、肝固有动脉、胆总管十二指肠上段、静脉导管长度分别为４５．２±９．２ｍｍ、２０．１±３．３ｍｍ、１６．３±２．８ｍｍ、１７．２±３．１ｍｍ、１３．１±２．５ｍｍ；直径分别为３．４±０．５ｍｍ、３．０±０．４ｍｍ、１．８±０．２ｍｍ、１．８±０．２ｍｍ、３．０±０．３ｍｍ。结论胎肝血供丰富，在供血管道中以脐静脉最粗，门静脉次之，肝固有动脉最细。因此，在辅助性胎肝移植时可选用脐静脉代替门静脉，以门静脉替代肝固有动脉。同时，在胎肝移植前，应结扎静脉导管，以保证肝脏足够的血供。     

Is Laparoscopic Hepatectomy a Safe,Feasible Procedure in Patients with a Previous Upper Abdominal Surgery?

Background:

Laparoscopic liver resection has become an accepted treatment for liver tumors or intrahepatic bile duct stones, but its application in patients with previous upper abdominal surgery is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic hepatectomy in these patients.

Methods:

Three hundred and thirty-six patients who underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy at our hospital from March 2012 to June 2015 were enrolled in the retrospective study. They were divided into two groups: Those with previous upper abdominal surgery (PS group, n = 42) and a control group with no previous upper abdominal surgery (NS group, n = 294). Short-term outcomes including operating time, blood loss, hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality were compared among the groups.

Results:

There was no significant difference in median operative duration between the PS group and the NS group (180 min vs. 160 min, P = 0.869). Median intraoperative blood loss was same between the PS group and the control group (200 ml vs. 200 ml, P = 0.907). The overall complication rate was significantly lower in the NS group than in the PS group (17.0% vs. 31.0%, P = 0.030). Mortality and other short-term outcomes did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions:

Our study showed no significant difference between the PS group and NS group in term of short-term outcomes. Laparoscopic hepatectomy is a feasible and safe procedure for patients with previous upper abdominal surgery.     

Evaluation of Intraductal Ultrasonography,Endoscopic Brush Cytology and K-ras,P53 Gene Mutation in the Early Diagnosis of Malignant Bile Duct Stricture

Background:In qualitative diagnosis of bile duct stenosis,single diagnostic measure is difficult to make a correct diagnosis,to combine several diagnostic techniques may be helpful to make an accurate ...     

Extensive multifocal branch duct IPMN of the pancreas after liver transplantation: is surgery justified?

Background

Cystic lesions of the pancreas resembling intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) have been reported to develop in an increased rate following liver transplantation and immunosuppression. The cause for this possible association is thus far elusive.

Presentation of the case

We report on a 60-year-old male patient who developed an extensive multicystic change of the entire pancreas, suspicious for IPMN, under follow-up after liver transplantation for secondary sclerosing cholangitis. A total pancreaduodenectomy with splenectomy was performed. The postoperative histopathological assessment revealed a multifocal branch duct IPMN of the gastric subtype showing low-grade dysplasia.

Discussion

In the absence of evidence-based guidelines for the management of suspected IPMNs in liver transplant recipients, each patient’s management should be discussed in detail.

Conclusion

Prospective studies may help to understand the disease and identify risk factors for malignant transformation in IPMNs after liver transplantation for treatment optimization.     

3.0T磁共振胰胆管成像在胆囊结石及胆总管结石上的临床应用

目的探讨3.0 T磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）在诊断胆囊结石及胆总管结石上的应用价值。方法分析39例经手术或ERCP证实为胆囊结石或胆总管结石且术前已行MRCP的病人。结果 MRCP发现单纯胆囊结石12例,单纯胆总管结石11例,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石16例。术后证实单纯胆囊结石12例,单纯胆总管结石10例,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石17例。MRCP对于胆囊结石及胆总管结石的诊断符合率为97.2%。结论 3.0 T MRCP准确性较高,是术前诊断胆囊结石及胆总管结石的一种安全、可靠的检查方法。     

介入治疗中肝癌肝外动脉供血的意义

目的探讨原发性肝癌的迷走肝外动脉供血及其对肝癌介入治疗的意义。方法本组46例原发性肝癌患者行常规腹腔动脉造影及肝外动脉探查,并对其行超选择性插管及化疗栓塞治疗（TACE）。结果 46例患者共见49条肝外动脉血管,其中右膈动脉（18/49）和肠系膜上动脉（15/49）占多数。6条肝外动脉因未能成功行超选择性插管而只予化疗药灌注治疗,其余43条肝外动脉均行超选性插管和化疗栓塞治疗。结论原发性肝癌的迷走肝外动脉供血较为常见和多变,对肝癌的经导管介入治疗具有重要的意义。     

基于CT图像的肝脏管道变异类型分析

在术前预现肝脏管道结构，分析管道分支的变异情况，能降低活体肝脏移植手术过程的风险。以肝脏管道系统包含的肝静脉、肝动脉与门静脉的主要分支变异类型为理论依据，在实现这三种肝脏管道三维重建的基础上。针对不同的结构特征，使用基于长度和阈值的方法分别设计相应的算法分析其分支变异类型。     

Evaluation of liver and kidney function in favism patients

Background

G6PD deficiency is the most common enzymopathy of red blood cells. The clinical symptoms of favism are jaundice, hematuria and haemolytic anaemia that seem to affect liver and kidney in long term. Thus we evaluate kidney and liver function of favism patients in an endemic area of the disease with a high rate of fava beans cultivation.

Methods

This study was performed on favism patients and healthy controls referring to Iranshahr central hospital. Liver and kidney function tests were performed.

Results

The results showed a statistically significant difference between these two groups (p <0.05) for liver function tests, (AST, ALT and ALP), but not for renal tests (BUN and creatinine) (p >0.05).

Conclusion

Due to abnormalities were seen in the liver function tests of these patients, we suggest that these tests be regularly performed for favism patients who are constantly exposed to oxidant agents.     

Transplantation after blunt trauma to the liver: a valuable option or just a "waste of organs"?

Objective

Liver injury due to trauma is a rare indication for transplantation. The main indications in such cases were uncontrollable bleeding and insufficient hepatic function. Because of poor results, liver transplantation in these patients is occasionally described as "waste of organs", however based on insufficient data. This study aims to report our experience and to critically question the indication of transplantation in these patients.

Methods

All liver transplantations at our institution were reviewed retrospectively. This covered 1,529 liver transplants between September 1987 and December 2008. Of them, 6 transplants were performed due to motor-vehicle accidents which caused uncontrollable acute liver trauma in 4 patients. The patients'' peri-operative course, short- and long-term outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Five deceased-donor liver transplantations (4 full size, 1 split) and 1 living donor (right) transplantation were performed. The median GCS score was 9/15; the median MELD score was 15. Postoperative complications were observed in 3 patients, requiring re-operation in 2. After a median (range) follow-up of 32.95 (10.3-55.6) months, 2 patients are alive and remain well on immunosuppression.

Conclusion

Liver transplantation in patients with otherwise surgically uncontrollable acute liver injury can be indicated as a life saving procedure and can be performed successfully in highly selected cases.     

Thalidomide Effects in Patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia During Therapeutic Treatment and in Fli-EGFP Transgenic Zebrafish Model

Background:

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by recurrent epistaxis, mucocutaneous telangiectasia, and arteriovenous malformations. The efficacy of traditional treatments for HHT is very limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic role of thalidomide in HHT patients and the effect in FLI-EGFP transgenic zebrafish model.

Methods:

HHT was diagnosed according to Shovlin criteria. Five HHT patients were treated with thalidomide (100 mg/d). The Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS), telangiectasia spots, and hepatic computed tomography angiography (CTA) were used to assess the clinical efficacy of thalidomide. The Fli-EGFP zebrafish model was investigated for the effect of thalidomide on angiogenesis. Dynamic real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, ELISA and Western blotting from patient''s peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma were used to detect the expression of transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3) messenger RNA (mRNA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein before and after 6 months of thalidomide treatment.

Results:

The average ESS before and after thalidomide were 6.966 ± 3.093 and 1.799 ± 0.627, respectively (P = 0.009). The “telangiectatic spot” on the tongue almost vanished; CTA examination of case 2 indicated a smaller proximal hepatic artery and decreased or ceased hepatic artery collateral circulation. The Fli-EGFP zebrafish model manifested discontinuous vessel development and vascular occlusion (7 of 10 fishes), and the TGF-β3 mRNA expression of five patients was lower after thalidomide therapy. The plasma VEGF protein expression was down-regulated in HHT patients.

Conclusions:

Thalidomide reverses telangiectasia and controls nosebleeds by down-regulating the expression of TGF-β3 and VEGF in HHT patients. It also leads to vascular remodeling in the zebrafish model.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的临床分析

目的 观察并分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的危险因素,以指导临床做好预防工作. 方法 该次研究对象整群选取2013年4月—2015年4期间该院收治的320例腹腔镜胆囊切除术病例,回顾性分析入组病例临床资料,总结胆管损伤的影响因素. 结果 入组320例患者中胆管损伤共计11例,经临床对症救治后治愈9例,另行肝门胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合的1例患者术后伴有发热以及胆漏症状, 临床采取引流处理后治愈;1例胆管损伤病例于术后发现,行肝门胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术时发生胆漏,给予引流后治愈.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术操作中胆管损伤较为常见,术者应严格、系统地训练腹腔镜操作技术,熟悉并掌握胆管解剖以及变异知识,手术过程中应高度警惕胆管损伤,细致辨认肝外三管,做好医源性胆管损伤的预防工作.