15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征1例并文献复习

目的 采用分子遗传学技术分析1例常规染色体核型拟诊为21/22三体的发育迟缓伴孤独症患儿,明确遗传学诊断。方法 收集患儿及其父母的外周血标本,常规提取基因组DNA,应用高分辨染色体核型分析（400-550带）检测患儿及其父母的染色体数目及结构,微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(array-CGH)筛查患儿的全基因组拷贝数变异,以荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对异常的基因拷贝进行染色体精确定位和定量。结果 女,2岁,发育迟缓伴孤独症样表现。外侧眼角下垂、内眦赘皮。常规染色体核型检查（320带）分别为47,XX,+22和47,XX,+21。高分辨染色体核型分析显示,该患儿携带额外标记染色体（SMC）,核型为47,XX,+mar dn,尚不能确定是否为21/22三体携带者,患儿父亲高分辨率核型染色体分析提示为46,XY,母亲为46,XX,提示患儿携带SMC为新生突变。array-CGH检测显示15q11.2-13.2区域微重复（chr15:22684529-30730543,8.0 Mb,hg19）。FISH验证该SMC来源于15号染色体,由15q11.2-13.2区域二倍体及双着丝粒组成。患儿最终诊断为15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征。复习文献报道的15q11.2-13.2拷贝数增加病例的临床表型,微重复四倍体综合征的主要表型有智力低下/发育迟缓（100％）、肌张力低下（92.9％）、孤独症/孤独症样表现（71.4％）和癫痫（61.5％）等。结论 15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征是患儿发生精神发育迟滞伴孤独症的遗传学基础,array-CGH能够快速、准确地检测基因组的微小失衡。     

中国Phelan-McDermid综合征1例患儿的临床及分子遗传学分析

目的 对1例不明原因的生长过快、发育迟缓患儿进行临床特征及基因诊断分析.方法 描述患儿临床特点;实验室检查采用常规G显带分析染色体核型,进一步通过多重连接依赖探针扩增(MLPA)对微小缺失片段进行拷贝数变异(CNVs)检测,同时应用比较基因组杂交芯片技术(array CGH)检测全染色体微小改变,并采用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)对新发现的缺失片段进行实验验证.结果 1.患儿,男,1.5岁,宽额,尖下巴,生长过快,全面的发育迟缓,语言发育障碍、孤独症样表现.2.常规G带染色体核型示46,XY,MLPA结果显示患儿22q13段的SHANK3基因的9～23外显子及ACR、RABL2B基因的杂合性缺失,比较基因组杂交芯片分析证实22q13段杂合性缺失,并排除其他染色体的微改变,FISH进一步证实22q13段的缺失.结论 根据临床表现,结合各项实验室检查结果可诊断患儿为Phelan-McDermid综合征;针对性的CNVs适宜采用MLPA技术,而array CGH更宜作为全染色体CNVs的筛查.     

新生突变17q12微缺失综合征的I临床及遗传学分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨生长发育迟缓并多发畸形患儿的遗传学病凶及临床表型。方法应用常规G显带技术分析1例q｜长发育迟缓并多发畸形患儿及足父母的外周血染色体,应用CytoScan750K微阵列分析患儿及父母拷贝数变异。结果患儿临床表型包括特殊阿容、身材矮小、精神发育迟缓、糖尿病等。患儿及父母常规染色体核刑分析正常。CytoScan750K微阵列分析结果检测提示：患儿arr[hg19]17q12（34822465-36410559）X1缺失1．6Mb,提示为17q12微缺久综合征,父母芯片结果正常,提示为新生突变。结论通过CytoScan750K微阵列分析确诊J,l例生长发育迟缓并多发畸形17q12微缺失患儿,为明确生长发育迟缓患儿的诊断及遗传咨询提供重要线索。     

4例Williams-Beuren综合征家系遗传学诊断与产前诊断

Williams-Beuren综合征是一类常见的染色体微缺失综合征,早期诊断及干预对患儿及其家庭十分重要。本研究应用染色体核型分析技术(G显带),多重连接依赖探针扩增技术(MLPA)及微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(array-CGH)对4个家系中1例超声异常的胎儿及3例发育异常患儿行染色体核型和基因组DNA分析,为这4个家庭的再生育提供指导,为产前诊断提供依据。研究结果发现1例产前超声异常孕妇羊水及3例发育异常患儿外周血MLPA分析提示染色体7q11.23区域ELN基因探针信号降低,array-CGH检测提示染色体7q11.23区域杂合缺失。4个家系中母亲再次妊娠时取羊水细胞标本行上述检测均未发现异常。研究结果提示MLPA技术及array-CGH技术能够快速、准确地诊断Williams-Beuren综合征,为临床提供更好的遗传咨询服务。     

22q11.2微缺失综合征的分子诊断及缺失范围检测

目的 分别采用多重连接探针扩增技术(MLPA)与荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)对22q1 1.2微缺失综合征外周血标本患者基因缺失/重复突变的类型及变异范围进行检测,分析在22q11.2微缺失综合征诊断中二者联合应用的诊断价值.方法 采集1例仅心脏异常患儿及其父母外周血,取200 μL外周血提取DNA后采用MLPA技术对患儿及其父母的染色体22q11.2缺失的范围进行检测,取外周血1 mL进行培养,采用DiGeorge/VCFS N25(D22S75)的FISH探针对培养后的中期淋巴细胞进行杂交.结果 患儿淋巴细胞分裂中期细胞应用FISH技术检测结果为22号染色体上的DiGeorge/VCFS N25(D22S75)区杂合性缺失;MLPA验证结果显示患儿与22q11.2微缺失综合征相关的6个探针对应的片段大小位置在3100的电泳图上荧光峰值相比健康对照明显出现减半,其父母亲均在正常范围.患儿的临床表现仅有先天性心脏病,无其他异常,与其基因缺失片段长度(2.0 Mb)极不相称.结论 联合应用FISH和MLPA检测22q11.2微缺失综合征,可以明显提高诊断的准确性.22q11.2微缺失综合征的临床表现与基因缺失片段的长度无相关性.     

Pallister-Killian综合征1例临床及细胞分子遗传学分析

目的探讨Pallister-Killian综合征(PKS)的细胞分子遗传学特点。方法采集患儿外周血标本进行G显带染色体核型分析,单核苷酸多态性-微阵列芯片(SNP array)技术鉴定异常片段来源,运用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术加以确认。结果女性患儿,8月龄,因精神运动发育迟缓就诊。出生后有喂养困难、肌张力低下、面容异常、后发际线低、足部畸形、双耳听力未过关等临床表现。外周血染色体G显带核型为mos 47,XX,+mar[18]/46,XX[82];芯片分析结果发现患儿12号染色体短臂嵌合重复,提示为12 p四体嵌合体;FISH检测显示有48%的细胞有4个12 p信号。结论根据临床表现,常规外周血染色体核型分析结合SNP-array及FISH检测诊断PKS。     

Currarino综合征2例临床与遗传学分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨Currarino综合征患者的临床表现及运动神经元与胰腺同源框基因（motor neuron and pancrea shomeobox 1 gene,MNXl基因）突变的特点。方法利用染色体芯片技术对Currarino综合征患者进行全基因组水平微缺失／微重复检测,并复习文献比较相似基因型Currarino综合征患者的临床表型。结果纳入2例Currarino综合征患者。例1,女,7d,因“反复呕吐”就诊,入院查体发现患者面容特殊,足月小样儿,视不追物,腹部胀气严重;患儿肛门狭窄,肠道造影提示中肠旋转不良;心脏彩超提示卵圆孔未闭或房间隔缺损;头颅超声提示颅内出血,骶尾椎磁共振成像（MRI）示脊髓栓系,骶尾椎发育畸形;染色体芯片技术检测发现7号染色体q36．1q36．3区域缺失1个拷贝（7．89Mb）,14q32．33区域重复1个拷贝（2．20Mb）;患儿父母该区域未见异常。例2,女,1岁3个月,因“整体发育落后”就诊;患儿面容特殊,右眼上睑下垂,语言、运动均落后,肛门狭窄,MRI示隐性脊柱裂;染色体芯片技术检测发现7号染色体q35q36．3区域缺失1个拷贝（15．00Mb）。文献复习：MNXl基因所在的染色体区域缺失导致的Currarino综合征存在特殊面容、智力障碍及生长落后的特征,国内未见该类型的报道。结论在国内首次报道了2例因染色体微缺失导致的Currarino综合征,丰富了临床医师对该病的认识。     

染色体15q11.2和15q13.3区域的微缺失与中国儿童失神癫的相关性

目的探讨15q11.2和15q13.3区域的拷贝数变异(CNV)是否与中国汉族儿童失神癫(CAE)患儿的表型相关。方法采用Affymetrix SNP 5.0芯片技术对198例CAE患儿和198名北方汉族健康成人进行特发性全面性癫(IGEs)相关的CNV检测,对发现的阳性CNV采用高密度寡核苷酸为基础的比较基因组杂交芯片技术进一步验证。应用Accucopy技术对另外200例CAE患儿进行15q11.2和15q13.3区域的CNV检测。结果通过Affymetrix SNP 5.0芯片技术在198例CAE患儿中发现3例存在15q11.2的微缺失,1例存在15q13.3的微缺失,而在198名健康对照中没有发现。另外200例CAE患儿中发现1例存在15q11.2的微缺失。发现的5例微缺失中除1例为新发CNV外,余4例均遗传自母亲,这些患儿的母亲没有发现明确的癫表现。结论15q11.2和15q13.3的微缺失是CAE患儿重要的疾病相关CNV,并且15q11.2微缺失在中国汉族人群中具有较15q13.3微缺失更高的发生率。     

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目的 探讨22q11.2微缺失综合征患儿的不同临床表现.方法 收集2006年7月至2007年6月在英国Oxford儿童医院临床所见的7例经分子细胞遗传学分析(FISH检测)确诊为22q11.2微缺失综合征患儿的临床资料,分析其临床表现、诊断及治疗情况.结果 7例中男2例,女5例.7例均通过FISH检测确诊,1例为产前诊断,余6例的平均确诊年龄为2个月.2例(28.4%)为父母遗传致病,5例(71.6%)为基因突变致病.其中,先天性心脏病和面容异常的发生率均为100%,免疫功能异常28.6%,颚裂14.3%,低钙14.3%.根据患儿的不同临床表现进行对症治疗.结论 22q11.2微缺失综合征患儿以心脏畸形及面容异常为突出表现,结合FISH检测可早期诊断,基因突变是其主要病因,以流出道受损为主的心脏畸形及以T淋巴细胞数量减少为主的免疫功能异常是影响预后的关键因素.     

MED13L综合征患者的临床表型及遗传学分析

患者,男,4岁2个月,因语言、运动发育落后1年余就诊,并有步态不稳、眼神交流差、刻板行为及癫癎发作。查体发现面容特殊:斜头畸形、眼睑下垂、鼻梁扁平、两侧嘴角下沉、耳位较低等,以及左手小手指2节。辅助检查提示脊柱侧弯、室间隔缺损、语言发育迟缓和中度智力障碍,染色体核型无异常,全基因组SNP芯片技术检测发现患者12号染色体q24.21区域重复1个拷贝、大小为1.03Mb,患者父母该区域未见异常。确诊为MED13L综合征。MED13L基因点突变、缺失或重复突变均可导致MED13L综合征,不同的基因型可导致不同的临床表型。SNP技术可协助确诊。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.