一天一次地特胰岛素控制空腹血糖的疗效和安全性评价

FPG对糖尿病患者整体血糖水平和心脑血管糖尿病并发症的防治都至关重要。地特胰岛素（Det）是一种长效基础胰岛素,降糖作用持久且平稳。一天一次Det能有效控制FPG,还能降低治疗中的个体变异性。与中效人胰岛素和长效甘精胰岛素（Gla）相比,Det治疗的患者有较低的低血糖发生率和较少的体重增加。鉴于其优良的疗效和安全性,一天一次Det治疗不受体重和年龄的限制,适应证广泛,是控制FPG的理想选择。     

不同空腹血糖水平与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的相关性研究

目的 探讨不同FPG水平与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的相关性. 方法 选取7896名研究对象进行统一问卷调查、血液生化和肝脏超声检查,根据FPG水平将研究对象分为NGT、IFG和T2DM组,分析NAFLD影响因素. 结果 NGT、IFG、T2DM组NAFLD检出率分别为43.0％、63.0％和67.6％,IFG、T2DM组发生NAFLD的OR值分别是NGT组的1.31、1.77倍(95％CI:1.07～1.60、1.42～2.20,P＜0.01). 结论 IFG和T2DM是发生NAFLD的独立危险因素.     

血糖正常人群不同空腹及口服葡萄糖耐量试验2h血糖水平与代谢综合征的关系

目的在血糖正常的中国人群样本中比较不同血糖表型人群代谢综合征患病率及其各组分水平。方法来自2002年青岛湛山社区糖尿病流行病学调查。共有2438名20-74岁常住居民参加调查,其中2109人进行了人体测量学指标测定、口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）并检测总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、空腹血胰岛素等。本研究选取其中1341名血糖正常者作为研究对象,根据OGTr2h血糖是否大于空腹血糖水平分为表型A组（2h血糖≤空腹血糖）和表型B组（2h血糖〉空腹血糖）。组间比较采用t检验、协方差分析或卡方检验。多因素logistic回归分析评价血糖表型与代谢综合征的相关性。结果研究对象中表型A、B的比例分别为42．3％（564／1341）和57．9％（777／1341）。校正年龄、性别的影响后,表型B组平均体质指数、腰围、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血胰岛素、甘油三酯、非HDL-C均高于表型A组,而且表型B组代谢综合征患病率[19．1％（149／777）]亦高于表型A组[14．7％（83／564）],差异有统计学意义（X^2=3．91,P〈0．05）。多因素logistic回归分析发现,具有血糖表型B是代谢综合征的危险因素,相应的OR值为1．32（95％CI1．02-1．74）。结论在血糖正常的人群中,OGTT2h血糖不能回落到空腹血糖水平的人群合并代谢综合征的风险较高,提示可能对心血管疾病的早期筛查和预防提供依据。     

Relationship and factors responsible for regulating fasting and post‐challenge plasma glucose levels in the early stage development of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Aims/Introduction

Elevation of 2-h plasma glucose (2-h PG) levels keeps step with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels elevation, but some individuals show dominant elevation of 2-h PG and others FPG. We analyzed dependent and independent relationships between 2-h PG and FPG, and investigated the factors regulating 2-h PG and FPG.

Materials and Methods

In 1,657 Japanese participants who underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at the initial examination for a medical check-up, we carried out simple linear regression analysis between 2-h PG and FPG levels on the three patterns of independent variables. We divided the participants into two subgroups: the 2-h PG-side group and the FPG-side from the regression line, and examined the relationships between 2-h PG-FPG and factors responsible for elevation of plasma glucose levels.

Results

There was a significant positive correlation between 2-h PG and FPG levels. The regression line of both 2-h PG and FPG as independent variables was in accordance with the regression line of 2-h PG as an independent variable and FPG as a dependent variable. In 2-h PG-side group, age was the independent factor affecting 2-h PG in addition to insulinogenic index and insulin sensitivity index (ISI composite). In the FPG-side group, triglyceride was the independent factor affecting FPG in addition to insulinogenic index and ISI composite.

Conclusions

Two-hour PG was an independent predictor of FPG. In addition to the importance of decreased insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, age was the strong factor to elevate 2-h PG levels in the 2-h PG-side group and triglyceride was the strong factor to elevate FPG levels in the FPG-side group in the early stage of development of type 2 diabetes.     

糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性研究

目的 探讨糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性.方法 采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或＜7.0 mmol/L但已确诊为糖尿病、正在使用降糖药物的8 306例糖尿人群作为观察队列,随访(48.01 ±3.14)个月,随访期间每半年收集一次新发脑梗死事件情况.分析糖尿病人群空腹血糖水平与新发脑梗死事件的相关性.结果 (1)随访结束时,随着基线空腹血糖水平的增高,研究对象的总胆固醇、甘油三酯的水平逐渐增高[总胆固醇:(4.93±1.15,510±1.20,5.15± 1.28,5.33±1.35) mmol/L,甘油三酯:(1.70±1.26,1.83± 1.29,2.18±1.76,2.41±2.08) mmol/L,P＜0.05];低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、收缩压、舒张压、体重指数的水平也增高(P＜0.05).(2) 7.0 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜9.0mmol/L组累积发生脑梗死事件率最低(2.1％,P＜0.01).校正年龄、性别、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、体重指数、吸烟、糖尿病病程及降糖治疗因素,Cox比例风险回归分析表明,相对于7.0 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜9.0 mmoL/L组,6.1 mmol/L≤空腹血糖＜7.0mmol/L组和空腹血糖≥9 mmol/L两组发生脑梗死事件的相对危险(RR)各分别增加1.85倍(95％CI 1.09～3.15,P＜0.05)、1.54倍(95％CI 1.16～2.05,P＜0.01).结论 糖尿病人群空腹血糖控制在7.0 ～9.0 mmol/L水平者似新发生脑梗死事件率最低.     

原发性高血压患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性与空腹血糖水平的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）活性与FPG水平的关系. 方法 选择符合要求的研究对象664例,观察RAAS活性和FPG水平的关系. 结果 将肾素活性（PRA）、ACE、ATⅡ和醛固酮（ALD）水平按四分位数分组后,随着PRA、ACE水平和ATⅡ水平的升高,原发性高血压患者体内FPG水平亦升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.相关分析结果显示,PRA（r=0.19,P＜0.05）、ACE（r=0.10,P＜0.05）和ATⅡ （r=0.10,P＜0.05）均与FPG呈正相关.校正其他影响因素后,PRA和ATⅡ水平仍与FPG水平相关. 结论 原发性高血压患者RAAS活性和FPG水平之间存在一定相关性.RAAS活性越高,FPG水平也越高.     

甘油三酯联合空腹血糖筛查糖尿病的效果观察

目的评价TG联合FPG筛查糖尿病的应用效果。方法随机抽样选取北京平谷区26~76岁的3579名无已知糖尿病人群。采用Logistic回归分析FPG-TG联合因子。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)和净重新分类指数(NRI)评价FPG-TG联合因子筛查糖尿病的效果。结果FPG、TG、FPG-TG联合因子的AUC分别为0.92、0.67、0.92。在最佳切点方面,TG筛查糖尿病的敏感性为72.9%,FPG-TG联合因子筛查糖尿病的敏感性(84.5%)与FPG(84.2%)相似。与FPG筛查模型相比,筛查模型加入TG后的NRI=-0.0003(P=0.920)。结论TG筛查糖尿病的效果较FPG差;FPG联合TG筛查并不能提高糖尿病筛查效果。     

Relationship between beta-cell responsiveness and fasting plasma glucose in Caucasian subjects with newly presenting type 2 diabetes.

AIMS : beta-cell responsiveness was related to fasting plasma glucose to gain further understanding of pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes. METHODS : An insulin secretion model gave fasting beta-cell responsiveness M0 (ability of fasting glucose to stimulate beta-cell) and postprandial beta-cell responsiveness MI (ability of postprandial glucose to stimulate beta-cell) by analysing glucose and C-peptide time-concentration curves sampled every 10-30 min over 240 min during a meal tolerance test (MTT; 75 g CHO, 500 kcal). Caucasian subjects with newly presenting Type 2 diabetes according to WHO criteria (N = 83, male/female: 65 : 18, age: 54 +/- 10 years, body mass index (BMI): 30.9 +/- 5.2 kg/m2, fasting plasma glucose (FPG): 11.0 +/- 3.2 mmol/L; mean +/- SD) and Caucasian healthy subjects (N = 54, m/f: 21 : 33, age: 48 +/- 9 years, BMI: 26.1 +/- 3.7 kg/m2, FPG: 5.1 +/- 0.4 mmol/L) were studied. RESULTS : A continuum inverse relationship between MI and FPG was observed. In the diabetes group, MI was closely related to FPG (rs = -0.74, P < 0.0001) and explained 60% intersubject FPG variability with the use of an exponential regression model. CONCLUSIONS : In newly presenting Type 2 diabetes in Caucasian subjects a close inverse association exists between postprandial beta-cell responsiveness and FPG.     

Diminution of early insulin response to glucose in subjects with normal but minimally elevated fasting plasma glucose. Evidence for early beta-cell dysfunction.

AIM: Systematic analysis of beta-cell function in Japanese health examinees. METHODS: In 938 Japanese health examinees (627 men and 311 women, mean age and body mass index, 54.0 years and 23.6 kg/m2, respectively), plasma specific insulin was measured at fasting and during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. The subjects were stratified into six groups based on fasting plasma glucose < or = 5.1 mmol/l, 5.2-6.0 mmol/l, 6.1-6.9 mmol/l, 7.0-7.8 mmol/l, 7.9-8.7 mmol/l, and > or = 8.8 mmol/l as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th groups, respectively. RESULTS: Distribution of fasting insulin showed a very modest 'inverted U' shape, with the peak in the 5th group. Progressive increase from the 1st toward the 5th group was significant. In contrast, the ratio of change in insulin to change in glucose from 0 to 30 min during the glucose tolerance test was greatest in the 1st group and progressively declined in the groups with higher fasting glycaemia. Difference in the ratio was most striking and highly significant between the 1st and 2nd groups. Distribution of the insulin to glucose ratio of subjects with normal glucose tolerance significantly overlapped with that of untreated patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: In a Japanese population, (i) beta-cell starts to deteriorate during normoglycaemia with a minimal elevation of fasting plasma glucose, and (ii) there are glucose-tolerant subjects with beta-cell dysfunction.     

空腹血糖水平与心率变异性的关系

目的探讨空腹血糖水平与心率变异性的关系。方法回顾性分析门诊及住院患者123例,根据空腹血糖(FBG)水平,将患者分为正常血糖组(NBG,FBG6.1mmol/L,n=55例),空腹血糖受损组(IFG,6.1mmol/L≤FBG7.0mmol/L,n=36),糖尿病组(DM,FBG≥7.0mmol/L,n=32),同时行24小时动态心电图检测心率变异性(HRV)时域指标。结果与NBG组比较,IFG组和DM组HRV时域指标总体标准差(SDNN)、均值标准差(SDANN)、差值均方根(RMSSD)及百分比(pNN5O)均降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与DM组比较,IFG组HRV时域指标SDNN、SDANN、RMSSD及pNN50均降低,但无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 IFG和DM时,HRV时域指标均降低,且前者降低更明显。     

北京35～74岁人群空腹血糖水平的分布

目的:描述北京地区35~74岁人群空腹血糖水平的分布特点及糖尿病患病情况。方法:以北京城乡35~74岁男女两性4 290人的心血管病危险因素横断面调查资料为基础,分析北京地区人群空腹血糖(FPG)水平在不同性别、年龄、城乡的分布特点及糖尿病患病率、知晓率和控制率。结果:1.北京地区35~74岁人群平均FPG水平为(92.4±30.5)mg/dL,男性(93.9±30.7)mg/dL高于女性(91.2±30.3)mg/dL(P<0.05);农村居民的平均FPG水平(97.5±41.9)mg/dL高于城市居民(91.1±26.5)mg/dL(P<0.001)。2.随着年龄增加,男女两性FPG水平呈持续增加,其变化趋势有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3.研究人群糖尿病患病率、知晓率、服药率和控制率分别为10.54%、77.0%、43.3%和41.2%。结论:北京地区35~74岁人群空腹血糖水平及糖尿病患病率均高于全国平均水平,农村居民高于城市居民,应引起重视。     

空腹血糖及糖尿病与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性

目的 探讨空腹血糖及糖尿病与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性.方法 回顾分析419例拟诊为冠心病并行冠状动脉造影的患者的临床资料,采用Gensini积分系统对冠状动脉病变程度进行评估.采用Logistic回归分析空腹血糖及糖尿病与冠脉病变总积分的相关性.结果 Logistic回归分析发现糖尿病与冠脉病变积分显著相关,但根据Gensini积分四分位分组,空腹血糖并没有是随着冠脉病变程度的加重而升高.结论 冠脉病变可能与糖尿病疾病显著相关,但与空腹血糖水平关系不大.因此,对糖尿病的治疗在于全面控制各危险因素,而不是单纯的控制血糖.     

空腹血糖和高血压对心脑血管疾病的交互作用研究

目的 探讨空腹血糖和高血压与心脑血管疾病的关系及二者对心脑血管疾病的交互作用强度.方法于2007年5-8月,采用横断面研究的方法,调查北京社区常住居民10 054名,运用非条件logistic回归模型分析空腹血糖升高和高血压与心血管疾病以及脑卒中的关系,通过模型中纳入空腹血糖和高血压的乘积项分析其相乘交瓦作用,通过Bootstrap法计算相对超额危险度比(RERI),归因比(AP)和交互作用指数(S)及其可信区间来评价空腹血糖受损和高血压以及糖尿病和高血压之间的相加交瓦作用.结果调整年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、体质指数(BMI)和地区后,空腹血糖和高血压的乘积项无统计学意义,二者对心血管疾病和脑卒中均无相乘交互作用;糖尿病和高血压对心血管疾病的相加交互作用指标RERI、AP和S及其95％可信区间分别为0.64(0.03～1.25)、0.27(0.01～0.47)和1.83(1.02～5.13),说明二者之间存在相加交瓦作用,但对脑卒中无相加交互作用;空腹血糖受损和高血压对心血管疾病和脑卒中均无相加交互作用.结论高血压是心血管疾病和脑卒中的危险因素,糖尿病是脑卒中的危险因素.糖尿病和高血压对心血管疾病存在相加交互作用,同时患有糖尿病和高血压会使心血管疾病的患病风险增加.     

Seasonal variation in fasting plasma glucose levels in man

Summary A Southern California community study of 4,541 men and women (aged 20–79 years) showed significant seasonal variation in fasting plasma glucose. There was a mean 0.6 mmol/l difference between highest levels in winter and lowest levels in spring. This difference was consistent over a two-year period, similar at all ages and seen in both men and women. Fasting plasma glucose levels correlated directly with percentage possible sunshine (p= 0.03) and inversely with temperature (p= 0.04). Adjustment for the level of measured obesity did not alter the observed association, but a history of recent weight gain corresponded to the season of maximum fasting plasma glucose level.     

Association of fasting serum insulin and fasting serum glucose levels with cognitive impairment in Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians

In this study, we examined the association of fasting serum insulin (FSI) and fasting serum glucose (FSG) with cognitive impairment in the very elderly using a sample of Chinese nonagenarians/centenarians. This study used data from a survey that was conducted in 2005 on all residents aged 90 years or more in a district with 2,311,709 inhabitants. FSG, FSI, and cognitive function were analyzed. The sample included 661 unrelated Chinese individuals (aged 90–108 years; mean, 93.52 ± 3.37 years; 67.17 % women; FSI, 6.27 ± 2.27 mU/mL; FSG levels, 4.46 ± 1.45 mmol/L). The prevalence of cognitive impairment was 61.81 % and that of hypoinsulinemia was 31.92 %. Individuals with hypoinsulinemia showed lower cognitive function scores (14.81 ± 5.79 vs. 15.78 ± 5.24, t = 2.160, P = 0.031). No differences in cognitive function score between different FSI and FSG groups were significant, and no differences in FSI and FSG between individuals with and without cognitive impairment were statistically significant. Unadjusted multiple logistic regressions showed that hypoinsulinemia, impaired fasting glucose, or diabetes did not change the risk of cognitive impairment significantly. In summary, we found that in elderly subjects, cognitive function appeared associated with FSI, and higher FSI may be associated with enhanced cognitive function.     

皖南泾县557例门诊病人和健康体检者空腹血糖检测结果分析

目的 比较WHO糖尿病1999和1985诊断标准的临床价值.方法 收集皖南泾县557例门诊病人和健康体检者的空腹血糖检测结果.血糖测定方法采用葡萄糖氧化酶终点比色法.结果 按1999年和1985年的WHO糖尿病诊断标准,557例空腹血糖DM/IFG的检出率分别为15.08％/8.61％和10.59％/13.10％;男女间IFG检出率、DM检出率的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);FPG有随年龄增长呈逐渐增高的趋势(P＜0.05).结论 应用WHO( 1999) FPG标准对自然人群中DM的筛检和存在DM发病高危因素者的监测,具有简便易行,经济实用的优点.     

空腹血糖水平与胰岛β细胞功能关系的研究

411例入选者均行OGTT或馒头餐-胰岛素释放试验，并测定空腹胰岛素原。根据FPG水平分为7组。结果显示随FPG升高，HOMA-β功能指数和糖负荷30分钟后净增Ins与净增萄萄糖比值逐渐降低；空腹胰岛素原和空腹胰岛素原／Fins数值逐渐升高；FPG≥8mmol／L，胰岛素曲线下面积逐渐降低。FPG结合Fins测定是反映胰岛β细胞功能的一种简单而实用的方法，对临床处理有指导价值。     

肾移植术后空腹血糖变化规律及其对预后的影响分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后存活1年以上患者空腹血糖变化规律及其对预后的影响.方法 收集446例1993年1月至2008年12月接受肾移植手术且移植肾存活1年以上患者的临床资料,根据术前空腹血糖,将患者分为移植前糖尿病、空腹血糖受损、空腹血糖正常3组,观察各组术后空腹血糖变化规律.对428例术前非糖尿病患者,根据空腹血糖分析术后移植后糖尿病( PTDM)发生及转归,比较持续性PTDM和一过性PTDM临床特点,并比较PTDM组和非PTDM组术后并发症及生存率的差异.结果 肾移植后患者血糖整体呈先升高后下降的趋势.428例术前非糖尿病患者,共有87例(20.3％)发生PTDM,其中15例(占总PTDM的17.2％)在随访中转为空腹血糖正常或空腹血糖受损.与持续性PTDM相比,一过性PTDM患者急性排斥反应发生率更高(P=0.043).与非PTDM组相比,PTDM组术后感染、高血压和脂代谢紊乱发生率更高(P＜0.05).平均随访(5.65±3.68)年,两组患者生存率和生存时间未见明显差异.结论 PTDM并非持续存在,在病程中有可能转为空腹血糖受损或空腹血糖正常.急性排斥反应是一过性血糖升高的危险因素.肾移植后PTDM患者术后更容易发生感染、高血压、高血脂等并发症,但本组术后随访,存活率未受明显影响.     

A reassessment of fasting plasma glucose concentrations in population screening for diabetes mellitus in a community of northern European ancestry: the Wadena City Health Study

In current clinical and research practice, the determination of diabetic status depends largely on plasma glucose levels 2 h after the ingestion of a standard 75-g glucose load, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The OGTT, however, remains inconvenient, not highly reproducible, and costly, especially for large-scale studies and population screening tests. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) determinations are convenient, reliable, and valid measures of glucose intolerance, but the currently prescribed cut-off point of 140 mg/dl (7.8 mM) lacks sensitivity. We evaluated the reliability and validity of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) values compared with other measures of hyperglycemia for a diagnosis of diabetes in a populationbased study of carbohydrate metabolism in Wadena, Minnesota, a community of predominantly northern European ancestry. As a part of this effort, a random sample of Wadena adults, stratified by age and gender, plus all known, previously diagnosed diabetics participated in 2 days of baseline testing and were followed prospectively and retested 5 years later. Cross-sectional analyses of baseline data are presented in this article. Diabetic status was ascertained by administering a standard OGTT according to National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) specifications. Sensitivity and specificity levels obtained when using a FPG cut-off point of 6.4 mM were 95.2% and 97.4%, respectively. In study subjects with no known diagnosis of diabetes, the FPG cut-off point of 6.4 mM performed reasonably well with a sensitivity and specificity of 67.7% and 97.4%, respectively. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that FPG consistently performed better than glycosylated hemoglobin in distinguishing diabetic from non-diabetic subjects. FPG concentrations accurately and reliably discriminate diabetic from non-diabetic individuals in a population-based study of Caucasians of northern European ancestry.     

空腹血糖与冠状动脉病变程度的相关性

目的探讨空腹血糖（FPG）水平与冠状动脉（下称冠脉）病变程度的相关性。方法回顾分析913例高度怀疑冠心病（CHD）而行冠脉造影的患者的临床资料,冠脉造影病变程度由是否诊断CHD、冠脉病变支数和冠脉病变Gensini总积分三方面表示。对FPG水平与冠脉病变程度进行单因素和多因素分析。结果FPG与冠脉病变程度密切相关：（1）Logistic回归结果显示FPG与冠脉有无病变显著相关（OR值1.462,95%CI为1.178~1.813,P〈0.01）;（2）多元逐步回归结果显示在校正了年龄、性别等因素之后,FPG与冠脉病变支数（r=0.164,P〈0.01）、冠脉病变总积分（r=0.088,P〈0.05）仍然独立相关。随着FPG的升高,冠脉病变支数增加。结论冠心病高危人群的FPG水平与冠脉病变程度密切相关,即使在糖尿病前期,随着FPG升高,冠脉病变程度也更加严重。