用HFCF-UF联合HPLC法测定血浆中万古霉素游离浓度

目的 建立人血浆中万古霉素游离浓度的测定方法,并用于临床治疗药物监测(TDM)。方法 采用中空纤维离心超滤(HFCF-UF)分离血浆中的游离万古霉素,HPLC法进行浓度测定。色谱柱：Diamonsil C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm);柱温：30℃;流动相：甲醇-0.05 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(pH 3.0)=17∶83(v∶v);流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长：236 nm;进样量：20μL;内标：去甲万古霉素。考察方法的专属性、线性关系、精密度、回收率、稳定性,并对患者的血浆样本进行测定。结果 人血浆中万古霉素游离浓度在0.25～50μg·mL^-1呈线性关系,标准曲线方程Y=2.77×10^-2X-8.00×10^-3(R²=0.994 9);日内和日间精密度的RSD值均小于10%,万古霉素的相对回收率和绝对回收率分别为95.10%～101.00%和88.41%～101.20%,内标绝对回收率96.51%;血浆样本反复冻...     

苍术麸炒前后吡咯里西啶生物碱含量变化研究

目的：建立苍术中吡咯里西啶生物碱(PAs)的含量测定方法,考察麸炒前后5个PAs的变化规律。方法：采用UPLC-MS/MS法进行含量测定,采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3(150 mm×2.1 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液(体积比为11∶89),恒流洗脱,流速0.30 mL·min^-1,进样体积1μL;电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测模式,以标准曲线法计算含量。结果：3批苍术经过麸炒后,PAs总量从188.74～254.64μg·kg^-1下降到101.74～135.36μg·kg^-1;野百合碱从25.35～52.18μg·kg^-1下降到23.25～37.41μg·kg^-1;氮氧化野百合碱从25.12～40.22μg·kg^-1下降到6.98～18.23μg·kg^-1;克氏千里光碱从11.64～36.25μg·kg^-1下降到3.64～12.85μg·kg^-1;...     

RP-HPLC法同时测定浓苯甲酸水杨酸软膏中苯甲酸和水杨酸的含量

目的建立同时测定新型浓苯甲酸水杨酸软膏中苯甲酸和水杨酸浓度的RP-HPLC法。方法采用Kromasil-C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）色谱柱;流动相为V（甲醇）:V(0.02 mol·L^-1,KH₂PO₄溶液,磷酸调pH=3.1)=50:50;检测波长280nm;流速1.0 mL·min^-1;柱温20℃。结果苯甲酸、水杨酸进样质量浓度分别为96～144 mg·L^-1（r=0.999 5）、48～72 mg·L^-1（r=0.999 7）时具良好线性关系,加样回收率分别为99.6%～100.6%、99.4%～100.2%,批间、批内RSD为0.3%～0.7%。结论本方法简便、精确、重现性好,适用于测定新型浓苯甲酸水杨酸软膏中苯甲酸和水杨酸浓度。     

离子色谱法测定聚苯乙烯磺酸钙散剂中的钠、钙含量及钾交换量

目的:建立离子色谱法测定聚苯乙烯磺酸钙散剂中的钠离子和钙离子的含量,以及钾交换量。方法:采用Dionex Ionpac^TM CS12A阳离子柱(250 mm×4 mm),以不同浓度甲烷磺酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,采用抑制型电导检测器检测。结果:钠离子、钾离子和钙离子分别在0.2～10、10～100和16～24μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均大于0.999 8,检测限分别为0.014 40、0.060 98和0.060 00 ng·mL^-1,定量限分别为0.047 99、0.202 6和0.200 0 ng·mL^-1;回收率分别为90.4%～105.3%(RSD为1.6%～5.5%),98.2%～102.3%(RSD为0.5%～0.9%)和97.6%～102.9%(RSD为1.3%～2.7%);重复性RSD分别为4.7%、1.3%和1.7%。3批样品中钠离子测定结果分别为0.506%、0.462%和0.435%;钾交换量分别为0.0...     

UHPLC-MS/MS法测定盐酸二甲双胍制剂中2种亚硝胺类基因毒性杂质

目的 建立超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UHPLC-MS/MS)法同时测定盐酸二甲双胍制剂中2种基因毒性杂质N-亚硝基二甲胺(N-nitrosodimethylaminen, NDMA)和N-亚硝基二乙胺(N-nitrosodiethylamine, NDEA)的含量的方法。方法 采用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测，离子源为APCI(+),色谱柱为ACE Excel 3 C₁₈-AR柱(100 mm×4.6 mm, 3μm),以体积分数0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-质量分数0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液(B)为流动相梯度洗脱，流速0.5 mL·min^-1,进样体积5μL。结果 NDMA和NDEA的线性范围分别为0.99～99μg·L^-1(r>0.999 9)和0.53～53μg·L^-1(r>0.999 9),平均回收率为90.9%～98.9%,定量限分别为0.99和0.53μg·L^-1,检测限分别为0.3和0.2μg·L^-1。用建立的方法测定不同剂型的6批样品，2批...     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中他达拉非的浓度

目的 建立一种测定人血浆中他达拉非浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)法。方法 用蛋白沉淀法对样品进行前处理。色谱柱：Waters ACQUITY UPLC^TM BEH C₁₈(2.1 mm×50.0 mm, 1.7μm),流动相：100%水含2 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵和0.1%甲酸-95%乙腈含2 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵和0.1%甲酸,流速：0.50 mL·min^-1,柱温：40℃,进样量：10μL。用电喷雾离子化源,正离子模式,多反应监测。考察该方法的专属性、标准曲线和定量下限、精密度与回收率、稀释效应和稳定性。结果 他达拉非在0.80～500.00 ng·mL^-1内,线性关系良好,其标准曲线为y=1.91×10^-2x+1.17×10^-3(r=0.998 8),定量下限为0.80 ng·mL^-1<...     

离子排斥色谱法测定药用软膏及乳膏中硼酸及硼砂的含量

目的:建立采用离子排斥色谱法测定药用软膏及乳膏中硼酸及硼砂含量的方法。方法:样品经90%甲醇溶液分散提取,Cleanert IC-RP小柱净化后,以3.0 mmol·L^-1甲烷磺酸+60 mmol·L^-1甘露醇的溶液为淋洗液,25 mmol·L^-1四甲基氢氧化铵+15 mmol·L^-1甘露醇的溶液为再生液,经IonPac ICE Borate离子排斥分析柱(250 mm×9 mm)分离,抑制型电导器检测器检测。结果:硼酸质量浓度在1～200 mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 6;检测限为0.5 mg·L^-1,定量限为1.0 mg·L^-1;软膏剂3个水平的加样回收率(n=3)在99.5%～99.7%,RSD在0.9%～1.3%,乳膏剂3个水平的加样回收率(n=3)在99.2%～100.2%,RSD在1.1%～1.7%。按本法对10批软膏及乳膏中的硼酸进行测定,其中5批硼酸软膏的含量为4.89%～5.21%,5批丁硼乳...     

HPLC法同时测定复方硫酸软骨素片中芍药苷甘草苷和甘草酸的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方软骨素片中芍药苷、甘草苷和甘草酸含量的方法。方法:采用HPLC法;Diamonsil Plus C₁₈柱(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm);以乙腈为流动相A,0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱：0～6 min, 10%A→14%A;6～12 min, 14%A→19%A;12～35 min, 19%A→50%A;35～36 min, 50%A→100%A;36～45 min, 100%A→10%A,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长237 nm,柱温30℃,进样量20μL。结果:芍药苷、甘草苷和甘草酸的线性范围分别为7.04～140.80μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9),2.06～41.20μg·mL^-1(r=1.000 0),30.10～602.00μg·mL^-1(r=1.000 0),平均加样回收率分别为99.1%、98.5%、100.6%,RSD分别为1.18%、0.90%、0.65%。测定3批样品,结果芍药苷、甘草苷和甘草酸的含...     

感冒清热颗粒中藏柴胡检查方法的研究

目的：建立感冒清热颗粒中藏柴胡的检查方法,考察柴胡的掺伪情况。方法：采用液相色谱-串联质谱法,选择Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C₁₈(100 mm×3.0 mm,2.7μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,进样量5μL;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),选择m/z 943.5→797.5、m/z 943.5→781.2和m/z 943.5→635.5为尼泊尔柴胡皂苷K检测离子对,以多反应监测(MRM)模式进行测定。结果：尼泊尔柴胡皂苷K质量浓度在0.049～4.866μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),精密度、重复性良好(RSD分别为1.42%、2.24%)。以0.8μg·mL^-1为掺伪判定浓度,220批感冒清热颗粒中有17批样品溶液尼泊尔柴胡皂苷K的浓度为1.2～3.5μg·mL^-1,判定为检出藏柴胡,不合格率7.7%。结论：建立的方法准确、可靠,可用于感冒清热颗粒中柴胡的掺伪检查...     

HPLC法测定奥卡西平及其制剂中有关物质

目的:建立使用C₁₈色谱柱同时测定奥卡西平及其制剂中8个杂质的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用ACE Excel C₁₈(4.6 mm×150 mm, 3μm)色谱柱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,以6.8 g·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(每1 000 mL加三乙胺2 mL,用磷酸调pH 6.0)为流动相A,乙腈-甲醇(11∶8)为流动相B,梯度洗脱,检测波长240 nm,柱温45℃。结果:奥卡西平与8个杂质分离度良好,奥卡西平和卡马西平分别在0.05～4.0μg·mL^-1和0.08～40μg·mL^-1浓度范围内呈现良好线性(r≥0.999 9),奥卡西平和卡马西平的定量限分别为1.03、0.65 ng,检测限分别为0.34、0.33 ng。共测定奥卡西平原料2个企业5批样品、奥卡西平片2个企业6批样品,其中1批原料检出杂质E,含量为0.004%;3批片剂检出卡马西平,含量分别为0.008%、0.005%、0.006%;1批片剂检出杂质C和杂质D,含量为0.006%、...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.