腹主动脉球囊阻断术在前置胎盘产妇中的应用分析

目的 探讨前置胎盘产妇剖宫产术中应用腹主动脉球囊阻断术的效果及方法.方法 2015年10月1日至2016年10月31日,在安徽医科大学附属妇幼保健院就诊的前置胎盘产妇22例,采用腹主动脉球囊阻断术后行剖宫产术,对孕妇的手术情况、术中出血量、输血情况、术中和术后并发症以及新生儿预后进行分析.结果 22例孕妇中凶险型前置胎盘20例、中央性前置胎盘并发胎盘植入1例、中央性前置胎盘合并血小板减少1例.腹主动脉球囊充水量7(5～9)mL,术中出血量1000(600～1625)mL,12例输注血制品.术中均配合应用各种保守性手术方法止血,6例术后行子宫动脉栓塞术,2例行子宫切除术,1例术后出现休克并发阔韧带血肿,新生儿轻度窒息3例.结论 对高危类型的前置胎盘患者在剖宫产术前行腹主动脉球囊预置术,可有效减少术中出血,降低子宫切除的风险;该方法简便易行,便于在基层医院推广.     

腹主动脉临时置入球囊在凶险性前置胎盘剖宫产中的应用

目的 探讨腹主动脉远端临时置入球囊在凶险性前置胎盘剖宫产中的临床应用。方法 回顾性分析我科30例凶险性前置胎盘的临床资料,其中,12例在剖宫产术前行腹主动脉远端球囊临时置入作为观察组;另18例采用常规方法处理的作为对照组,观察两组手术时间、术中出血量、子宫切除例数及新生儿情况,并进行比较。结果 观察组手术时间、术中出血量及子宫切除例数均明显少于对照组（P〈0.05）,新生儿预后情况无明显变化。结论 腹主动脉远端临时置入球囊可减少凶险性前置胎盘剖宫产手术时间、出血量、子宫切除风险,不影响母婴并发症。     

腹主动脉球囊预置治疗凶险型前置胎盘剖宫产术的全程护理管理

目的 探讨建立腹主动脉球囊预置治疗凶险型前置胎盘剖宫产术的全程护理管理。方法 选取2016年2月至2017年3月合肥市妇幼保健院住院的20例凶险型前置胎盘产妇，所有产妇均行剖宫产术，术前行腹主动脉球囊预置，配合术前、术中和术后的全程护理管理。结果 20例产妇母婴平安。16例保留子宫，4例行子宫切除。产妇术中出血量为500～4 000 mL，平均（1 547.50±993.92）mL。3例产妇穿刺侧右下肢麻木，1例产妇右下肢无力，3～5 d症状缓解。无1例静脉血栓形成。结论 腹主动脉球囊预置后剖宫产术，结合针对性的全程护理管理对治疗凶险型前置胎盘临床效果较好，值得推广应用。     

Bakri 球囊在介入治疗凶险型前置胎盘中的应用

比较宫腔Bakri球囊填塞序贯介入镶嵌式治疗（SITHT）与宫腔纱条填塞SITHT对凶险型前置胎盘（PPP）产后出血的防治效果。选取在我院诊治的72例PPP产后出血患者,其中16例给予宫腔纱条填塞SITHT（对照组）,56 例给予宫腔Bakri球囊填塞SITHT（观察组）。比较分析2组患者的宫腔填塞时间、剖宫产术中出血量、子宫切除率、剖宫产手术时间、剖宫产术后24 h出血量等指标。观察组的宫腔填塞时间、剖宫产术中出血量、剖宫产手术时间、剖宫产术后24 h出血量较对照组少（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;2组子宫切除率、术后感染发生率、术后抗生素使用时间、手术费用、治疗费用比较均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。SITHT法防治PPP产后出血术中宫腔Bakri球囊填塞较宫腔纱条填塞操作简单、止血快、止血疗效肯定、安全,具有临床推广应用价值。     

22例凶险型前置胎盘诊治体会

目的：探讨凶险型前置胎盘孕妇围手术期处理,通过多种措施,改进手术技巧,降低凶险型前置胎盘孕妇分娩过程失血量,争取保留子宫,保障产妇安全。方法通过对22例凶险型前置胎盘孕妇术前均行右侧股动脉鞘置管固定,术中尽量避开胎盘切开子宫,娩出胎儿后,止血带环扎子宫下段,胎盘剥离即结扎子宫动脉上行支及缝扎止血,宫腔纱条或球囊压迫联合超选择子宫动脉栓塞止血。结果6例术中因子宫创面出血汹涌,胎盘无法剥离,无法有效控制,考虑胎盘植入,行全子宫切除,16例行子宫压迫止血联合超选择血管介入治疗,均栓塞成功,保留子宫,恢复良好。结论对于凶险型前置胎盘,术前股动脉鞘预置管,能有效减少术后由于大出血造成插管困难,减少栓塞时间。子宫压迫止血结合超选择血管栓塞为治疗凶险型前置胎盘患者提供了一种新的选择,具有迅速、有效、并发症少,出血量少,可保留子宫等优点。     

Bakri球囊填塞治疗剖宫产术中产后出血的临床分析

目的分析Bakri球囊填塞治疗剖宫产术中产后出血的效果。方法选取剖宫产术产后出血的19例患者,均采用Bakri球囊填塞治疗,回顾性分析患者治疗效果。结果 19例患者中11例宫缩乏力患者经Bakri球囊填塞治疗均成功止血,8例前置胎盘/胎盘植入患者中1例因持续大量出血行介入治疗后成功止血,1例出现弥散性血管内凝血行子宫切除术,Bakri球囊填塞治疗成功率为89.5%。结论 Bakri球囊填塞治疗剖宫产术中产后出血效果显著,值得临床推广。     

44例凶险性前置胎盘的临床分析

目的:探讨凶险性前置胎盘伴胎盘植入的病因、诊断及其应对策略对妊娠结局的影响。方法:对44例凶险性前置胎盘分为植入组(研究组)22例,非植入组(对照组)22例。分析凶险性前置胎盘植入组与非植入组术中出血量、输血情况、转ICU率、切除子宫情况、膀胱修补情况及围手术期腹主动脉球囊置入术联合各种缝扎止血手术方法。结果:44例凶险性前置胎盘并胎盘植入22例,发生率50%;穿透性胎盘植入3例,发生率6.8%;植入组术中出血量、转ICU率、切除子宫率、腹主动脉球囊置入术、子宫动脉下行支结扎均高于对照组。结论:剖宫产是凶险性前置胎盘的危险因素,应严格掌握剖宫产指征。凶险性前置胎盘胎盘植入率高,产后出血率高,应在产前及时诊断,术前分准备,多学科合作,从而有效改善妊娠结局及临床预后。     

子宫填塞宫腔一次性压迫球囊在凶险性前置胎盘剖宫产术中应用观察及护理干预

目的 探讨子宫填塞宫腔一次性压迫球囊在凶险性前置胎盘剖宫产术中应用价值及护理干预效果。方法 按照随机数字表法将2018年1月至2019年12月本院接收的38例凶险型前置胎盘预行剖宫产术的孕产妇等均分为两组各19例,分别以对照组与实验组来命名,两组均在术中行子宫填塞宫腔一次性压迫球囊治疗,对照组按照临床常规护理模式,实验组则实施护理干预模式,比较两组孕产妇术中及术后相关指标、孕产妇并发症发生率及入住ICU的几率;比较两组孕产妇对护理措施的满意度评价。结果 实验组术中出血量、术后出血量均低于对照组,填塞物留置时间、手术时间及住院时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组术后并发症发生率以及入住ICU率均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),实验组产妇对护理服务工作的满意度明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 子宫填塞宫腔一次性压迫球囊配合科学的护理干预,可大大降低凶险性前置胎盘剖宫产术中出血几率和出血量,保障母婴安全,提高产妇满意度评价。     

凶险型前置胎盘40例临床特点分析

目的 分析探讨凶险型前置胎盘的临床特点,提高对凶险型前置胎盘的救治能力,从而改善妊娠结局.方法 回顾性分析我院收治的前置胎盘合并剖宫产史病例69例,其中凶险型前置胎盘40例,非凶险型前置胎盘29例,对两组的产前情况、超声检查、手术情况、妊娠结局和新生儿情况进行比较.结果 凶险型前置胎盘胎盘植入发生率更高,产后出血量多,手术时间长,子宫切除、弥漫性血管内凝血的发生率均高于非凶险型组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 凶险型前置胎盘组胎盘植入、产后出血、弥漫性血管内凝血、子宫切除的发生率均高于非凶险组.充分的术前准备,把握好终止妊娠的时机,术中联合运用多种止血方法,可有效控制出血,改善母婴结局.     

凶险型前置胎盘的手术配合护理体会

临床上将既往有过剖宫产史,此次为前置胎盘,胎盘植入30%～50%者,称为凶险型前置胎盘.产后出血仍然是目前产科主要的并发症,居我国孕产妇死亡原因的首位.前置胎盘是引起产后出血的重要原因[1],而凶险型前置胎盘的患者一般既往有剖宫产史,更增加了出血的风险和出血量,特别是凶险型前置胎盘伴有胎盘植入者.近年来,随着剖宫产率增加,凶险型前置胎盘发病率有所增加.剖宫产术是凶险型前置胎盘产妇结束妊娠的最佳方法,但术中常发生不可预见的大出血,又因其病例较少,目前临床认识尚不足,一旦发生则严重威胁生命,如处理不当,不仅大大增加子宫切除的概率,甚至威胁产妇的生命安全.前置胎盘患者行剖宫产手术时出血多且止血较为困难,短时间内产妇即可因大量失血而陷入休克,因此采取有效的措施,果断控制术中出血,做好急救麻醉,手术护理配合是关键.我院是一所三级甲等妇幼保健专科医院,近两年来年分娩总数达到了12000例左右,其中剖宫产手术占49%(剖宫产史前置胎盘手术占30 %,其中,凶险型前置胎盘手术就占到了前置胎盘手术的 30 %).结合临床多次参与抢救的经历,现以一台凶险型前置胎盘择期手术为例将护理抢救体会介绍如下.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.