首发精神分裂症患者亲属的心理状况及干预效果探讨

目的 探讨首发精神分裂症患者亲属的心理状况及干预效果。方法 对50例首发精神分裂症患者亲属采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)及抑郁自评量表(SDS)进行测评,并根据测评存在的心理问题给予干预。结果 首发精神分裂症患者亲属SCL-90、SAS、SDS评分明显高于国内常模．存在明显的焦虑抑郁情绪,男女之间差别不明显,经心理干预以及随着患者病情改善．患者亲属SAS、SDS评分也随之下降。结论 首发精神分裂症患者亲属存在着不同程度心理问题．应主动做好他们的心理干预,提高他们的心理承受能力,减轻心理应激反应。     

97例首发抑郁症患者配偶的心理状况调查及干预

目的探讨首发抑郁症患者配偶的心理卫生状况及心理综合干预的效果。方法对97例首发抑郁症患者配偶采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）及焦虑自评量表（SAS）抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行测评,并根据测评存在的心理问题给予4周有计划的心理综合干预。结果首发抑郁症患者配偶存在明显的抑郁、焦虑情绪,SCL-90、SAS、SDS评分均明显高于国内常模（P〈0．01）;女性配偶的焦虑、抑郁不良情绪反应比男性配偶重（P〈0．01）;经心理综合干预4周后患者配偶SAS、SDS评分均明显低于干预前（P〈0．01）。结论首发抑郁症患者配偶存在着不同程度的心理问题,应主动予以心理综合干预,可减轻他们的不良情绪反应,提高其心理健康水平。     

66例支气管哮喘患者心理调查分析

目的 探索支气管哮喘患者的心理特征。方法 分别用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)对研究组66例支气管哮喘患者，对照组66例正常人进行测量。结果 在EPQ分析中，研究组E分显著低于对照组，N分显著高于对照组。在SCL-90因子分析中，研究组躯体化、抑郁、焦虑和恐怖因子显著高于对照组。在SAS和SDS分析中，研究组分值均显著高于对照组。结论 支气管哮喘患者情绪不稳，性格内向，存在严重心理问题，应加以关注。     

首发精神分裂症患者父母心理状况与心理干预

目的 探讨首发精神分裂症患者父母的心理状况及心理干预效果。方法 对100例首发精神分裂症患者父母采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)进行测评,并根据测评结果,针对存在的心理问题给予干预。结果 首发精神分裂症患者父母SCL-90、SAS、SDS评分明显高于国内常模,存在明显的焦虑、抑郁情绪．父、母之间无显著差异,经心理干预及随着患者病情改善,患者父母SAS、SDS评分也随之下降。结论 首发精神分裂症患者父母存在着不同程度的心理问题,心理干预能提高他们的心理承受能力,减轻心理应激反应。     

西安地区中学数学教师心理健康状况调查分析

目的 了解西安地区城市、城镇、农村中学数学教师的心理健康状况.方法 采用现况调查:整群抽样方法,抽取参加西安地区中学数学教师培训班的所有教师,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、流调中心用抑郁自评量表(CES-D),焦虑自评量表(SAS)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、社会支持量表(SSRC)和一般情况调查表,评价不同地区中学数学教师的心理健康状况.结果 农村、城镇中学数学教师的SCL-90评分、抑郁、焦虑、N、P分显著高于于城市;城市中学数学教师的社会支持的利用度显著高于农村、城镇.结论 新形势下中学数学教师的心理健康状况有待于提高,特别应该关注农村、城镇中学数学教师的心理健康状况.     

癌症患者焦虑、抑郁与睡眠质量的相关性研究

本研究采用焦虑自评量表 ( SAS) ,抑郁自评量表 ( SDS)和匹慈堡睡眠质量指数 ( PSQL)测查了 560名癌症患者 ,以SAS≥ 4 5和 SDS≥ 50为界值 ,结果显示 1 4 .4 6%和 1 7.32 %的癌症病人存在焦虑和抑郁状态 ,1 0 .36%的癌症病人焦虑和抑郁并存。SAS和 SDS评分呈正相关 ( r=0 .72 8,P<0 .0 1 ) ,SAS和 SDS分与 PSQL各成份呈显著正相关关系 ,焦虑组、抑郁组和焦虑抑郁混合组 PSQL评分显著高于正常组     

西安地区中学数学教师个性特征、社会支持与心理健康状况

目的：了解西安地区中学数学教师的个性特征、社会支持与心理健康状况。方法：整群抽样参加西安地区中学数学教师培训班的所有教师，采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、流调用抑郁自评量表（CES-D），焦虑自评量表（SAS）、艾森克个性量表（EPQ）、社会支持量表（SSRC）和一般情况的问卷调查。结果：位于农村、城镇中学数学教师的SCL-90评分、抑郁、焦虑，N、P分显著高于城市中学数学教师的评分；普通中学数学教师的SCL-90评分、抑郁、焦虑、N、P分显著高于重点中学教师的评分。城市中学数学教师的社会支持利用度显著高于农村、城镇中学数学教师。重点中学数学教师的社会支持利用度高于普通中学数学教师。结论：西安地区位于城市、城镇、农村中学数学教师的个性特征、社会支持和心理健康状况存在差别。     

口吃患者人格特征与临床症状的研究

目的探讨口吃患者的情绪状态与口吃程度及其人格特征之间的相互关系,为临床治疗提供理论依据.方法应用焦虑自评量表(SAS),抑郁自评量表(SDS)、艾森克个性人格问卷(EPQ)对108例口吃患者,110名正常人,103例强迫症患者,137例抑郁性神经症患者进行测评.结果口吃组抑郁、焦虑高于正常组,低于抑郁组、强迫症组(p＜0.01).口吃患者的E分低于正常组,高于抑郁组、强迫组;N分高于正常组,低于抑郁组、强迫组(p＜0.01).E分与N分呈显著正相关.SAS、SDS得分与E分呈显著负相关.与N分呈显著正相关.SAS与SDS呈显著正相关.结论口吃患者的人格倾向于抑郁质,其负性情绪可能与人格特征有关.     

儿童精神病患者父母心理状况及干预效果

目的 探究儿童精神病患者父母的心理状况及心理干预的效果.方法 采用抑郁自评量表(SDS)及焦虑自评量表(SAS)对50例患儿父母进行量表测评后给予2周的心理干预,设对照组50例,对比患儿父母的心理健康水平及干预效果.结果 患儿父母的SDS评分比较(t=29.85,P＜0.01)、SAS评分比较(t=37.05,P＜0....     

综合医院住院病人焦虑抑郁状况调查

目的　了解综合医院住院病人焦虑、抑郁状况。方法　用焦虑自评量表 (SAS)、抑郁自评量表 (SDS)对内科、外科、妇产科住院病人进行调查。结果　内科组 SAS45 .98± 7.3 5 ,SDS46.60± 1 1 .3 1 ;外科、术前组 SAS5 2 .3 3± 8.91 ,SDS5 5 .7± 1 0 .2 8;外科术后组 SAS42 .2 5± 8.46,SDS46.3 6± 1 0 .41 ;妇科产前组 SAS48.3 6± 8.0 2 ,SDS49.1 3± 1 1 .2 6;病后组SAS 3 5 .62± 6.2 8,SDS 47.0 5 5± 1 1 .66病人的 SAS、SDS评分明显高于常模 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;外科组 :手术前与手术后有显著差异 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;妇科组 :SAS中产前明显高于产后 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ;SDS分数产前、产后无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　综合医院住院病人存在一定的焦虑、抑郁症状 ,应积极开展心理咨询工作 ,给予必要的心理支持及药物干预     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。