AlphaMUPA mice: a transgenic model for longevity induced by caloric restriction

Caloric restriction (CR) is currently the only therapeutic intervention known to attenuate aging in mammals, but the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon are still poorly understood. To get more insight into these mechanisms, we took advantage of the alphaMUPA transgenic mice that previously were reported to spontaneously eat less and live longer compared with their wild-type control mice. Currently, two transgenic lines that eat less are available, thus implicating the transgenic enzyme, i.e. the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), in causing the reduced appetite. This phenotypic change could have resulted from the ectopic transgenic expression that we detected in the adult alphaMUPA brain, or alternatively, from a transgenic interference in brain development. Here, we have summarized similarities and differences so far found between alphaMUPA and calorically restricted mice. Recently, we noted several changes in the alphaMUPA liver, at the mitochondrial and cellular level, which consistently pointed to an enhanced capacity to induce apoptosis. In addition, alphaMUPA mice showed a reduced level of serum IGF-1 and a reduced incidence of spontaneously occurring or carcinogen-induced tumors in several tissues. In contrast, alphaMUPA did not differ from wild type mice in the levels of low molecular weight antioxidants when compared in several tissues at a young or an old age. Overall, the alphaMUPA model suggests that fine-tuning of the threshold for apoptosis, possibly linked in part to modulation of serum IGF-1 and mitochondrial functions, could play a role in the attenuation of aging in calorically restricted mice.     

RhoA和ROCK2在SOD1-G93A转基因小鼠脊髓中的表达

目的:通过研究Rho A和ROCK2在SOD1-G93A转基因小鼠脊髓内的表达变化以阐明Rho/ROCK信号通路在肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)病程中的作用。方法:饲养SOD1-G93A转基因小鼠和同窝野生型小鼠至发病早期、中期和晚期,部分小鼠冰上剥离新鲜脊髓组织,利用RT-PCR方法检测Rho A和ROCK2 mRNA的表达,利用Western Blot方法检测Rho A和ROCK2蛋白的表达;部分小鼠行心脏灌注并剥离其脊髓组织制成冰冻切片,利用免疫组织化学染色方法检测Rho A和ROCK2蛋白的表达。结果:在SOD1-G93A鼠发病的早期、中期和晚期,转基因小鼠脊髓中Rho A和ROCK2的mRNA及蛋白表达均上调。免疫组织化学染色实验结果显示,野生型小鼠脊髓中Rho A和ROCK2弥散分布于胞质和突起中,阳性染色浅,SOD1-G93A转基因小鼠脊髓中Rho A和ROCK2阳性染色深,大量聚集在细胞膜及细胞质。结论:Rho A和ROCK2在SOD1-G93A转基因小鼠脊髓中异常高水平表达与ALS脊髓区病变密切相关,可能参与ALS疾病进程。     

CCL17 transgenic mice show an enhanced Th2-type response to both allergic and non-allergic stimuli

CC chemokine ligand (CCL)17 is implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). To study the effect of CCL17 produced by keratinocytes (KC) during inflammation, we created transgenic (Tg) mice in which CCL17 is overexpressed in KC. Th2-type contact hypersensitivity (CHS) was enhanced and Th1-type CHS was suppressed in these mice. Increased numbers of CC chemokine receptor (CCR)4(+) cells and mast cells infiltrated in Tg mice. Levels of IL-4 mRNA were higher and those of IFN-gamma mRNA were lower in both acute and chronic CHS. Higher levels of serum IgE were observed after CHS. Numbers of CCR4(+) cells among PBMC were increased in Tg mice challenged acutely on the trunk. Chronic irritation with croton oil induced dermatitis and an elevation of serum IgE levels. Tg mice showed enhanced ear swelling after tape stripping. CCL17 was thought to modify the inflammation caused by sensitizing reagents as well as irritant reagents by attracting CCR4(+) cells into the lesional skin and creating a Th2-dominant condition. AD-like conditions such as increased number of mast cells and elevated levels of serum IgE were observed. Thus, CCL17 may participate in the pathogenesis of skin diseases such as AD by regulating both allergic and irritant inflammation.     

人ACE2转基因小鼠SARS-CoV感染后的病理变化及免疫学反应

目的 观察SARS-Cov感染人血管紧张素转换酶2(hACE2)转基因小鼠引起的病理变化并初步探讨其发生的免疫学机制,为SARS研究提供可靠的动物模型.方法 实时PCR测定hACE2转基因小鼠的拷贝数;用PUMC01株SARS-CoV感染hACE2转基因小鼠,光镜下观察小鼠全身组织器官的病理变化;ELISA方法检测血清特异性抗体和肺组织匀浆上清细胞因子TNF-a、IL-6、IFN-γ变化.结果 单拷贝hACE2转基因小鼠在感染SARS-CoV后肺组织出现更严重的间质性肺炎并伴有肺外多器官损伤;少数转基因小鼠血清检测到特异性IgC,抗体;转基因小鼠肺组织匀浆上清TNF-a、IL-6、IFN-γ的水平明显升高.结论 hACE2转基因小鼠感染SARS-CoV后出现与人类SARS患者相似的病理特征和免疫学反应,为研究SARS发病机制和药物评价提供了小动物模型.     

Genetic analysis of immune dysfunction in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice: Mapping of a susceptibility locus close to the Bcl-2 gene correlates with increased resistance of NOD T cells to apoptosis induction

The non-obese diábetic (NOD) mouse strain provides a remarkable model for investigating the mechanisms of autoimmunity. Independent genetic analyses of this model have previously shown that chromosome 1-linked loci were involved in the control of periinsulitis and sialitis on the one hand and of insulitis and diabetes on the other hand. In the present work, analysis of a [NOD × (NOD × C57BL/6)F1] backcross progeny allowed us to clearly dissociate two genetic regions: one was associated with periinsulitis and mapped to the middle region of chromosome 1, in the vicinity of the Bcl-2 gene; the other was associated with insulitis and mapped to the proximal part of the chromosome. Three intermediate markers D1Mit18, D1Mit5 and D1Mit19 covering at least 25 centiMorgans between these two regions, were associated with neither periinsulitis nor insulitis. The role of the Bcl-2-linked region in the immune anomalies of NOD mice was further investigated in a (NOD × C57BL/6)F2 cross where the Bcl-2^nod haplotype was linked to elevated serum levels of IgG (p 0.0005). The middle region of chromosome 1 is, therefore, involved in the control of three phenotypes, including periinsulitis, sialitis and hyperIgG, pointing to Bcl-2 as a good candidate for a cause of the NOD mouse disease. Consistent with the anti-apoptotic function of the Bcl-2 gene product, activated T lymphocytes from NOD mice showed a markedly increased resistance to induction of apoptosis following deprivation of interleukin-2 when compared to those from non-autoimmune strains. After the recent observation of the Fas gene alterations in the lpr and lpr^cg mutations, these findings indicate that deregulation of lymphoid cell apoptosis may be a general pathogenetic mechanism in autoimmune diseases.     

Epithalon inhibits tumor growth and expression of HER-2/neu oncogene in breast tumors in transgenic mice characterized by accelerated aging

Female transgenic FVB mice carrying breast cancer gene HER-2/neu were monthly injected with Vilon or Epithalon (1 g subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days) starting from the 2nd month of life. Epithalon markedly inhibited neoplasm development: the maximum size of breast adenocarcinomas was 33% lower than in the control (p<0.05). The intensity of HER-2/neu mRNA expression in breast tumors of Epithalon-treated mice was 3.7 times lower than in control animals. These results indicate that Epithalon inhibits breast tumor development in transgenic mice, which is probably related to suppression of HER-2/neu expression.     

β-蜕皮甾酮对APP/PS-1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力及海马Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的观察β-蜕皮甾酮对APP/PS-1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力及海马Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响。方法取C57小鼠6只及APP/PS-1转基因小鼠12只,C57小鼠为对照组(Control)、APP/PS-1小鼠12只随机分为模型组(APP/PS-1)和实验组(APP/PS-1+20HE),实验组APP/PS-1转基因小鼠按14.4mg/kg的剂量灌胃β-蜕皮甾酮,每日一次,对照组及模型组小鼠灌胃等量蒸馏水,连续灌胃8周,Morris水迷宫检测小鼠学习记忆能力,尼氏染色观察各组小鼠海马组织病理学变化,免疫组化法观察海马Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的变化。结果模型组小鼠与对照组小鼠相比,认知能力明显下降(P<0.01),海马Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达均增加。实验组与模型组相比,学习记忆能力明显改善(P<0.01),Bcl-2蛋白的表达增加,Bax蛋白的表达减少。结论β-蜕皮甾酮能够改善转基因小鼠的学习记忆能力,可能与促进海马Bcl-2蛋白表达和抑制Bax蛋白表达有关。     

IL-2 preS DNA疫苗免疫正常小鼠和HBV转基因鼠的免疫应答研究

目的 探讨IL—2 preS DNA疫苗作为预防和治疗性疫苗的可行性及作用机理。方法 应用基因重组技术，构建人白细胞介素2(hIL-2)和前表面抗原(preS)的真核表达载体，将此重组载体用基因枪分别注射正常的BALB／c小鼠和HBV转基因小鼠，通过ELISA方法检测BALB／c小鼠和HBV转基因鼠的抗-preS2、HBsAg及抗-HBs抗体水平；荧光定量PCR方法检测HBV转基因鼠血清中HBV DNA拷贝数，并用免疫病理HE染色观察小鼠肝组织炎症活动度，同时检测肝功能指标。结果 ①基因枪注射真核表达质粒免疫正常小鼠后，100％小鼠能在第4、6周检测到抗preS1抗体，持续时间长达10周。②用IL-2 preS真核表达质粒基因枪肌肉注射方式优于正常肌肉注射和皮下注射的方式，且所需质粒量(10μg／只)仅为后者(100μg／只)的1／10。③在第4周高峰期检测IgG亚类，是诱导以TH1(IgG2a)细胞免疫为主的反应。④基因枪注射真核表达质粒(1μg／只)免疫转基因小鼠后，80％的小鼠产生了抗体，HBV DNA量下降，其中20％的小鼠HBsAg转阴。⑤HE肝组织染色显示：肝组织有明显的炎细胞浸润、肝细胞肿大、颗粒样变性、转氨酶升高。结论 IL-2 preS DNA疫苗能刺激小鼠机体产生体液和细胞免疫，可部分打破小鼠机体的免疫耐受，为新型乙肝疫苗和抗HBV持续性感染的特异性免疫治疗剂的设计和构建提供理论与实践依据。     

Dysregulated expression of the IL-2 receptor {beta}-chain abrogates development of NK cells and Thy-1+ dendritic epidermal cells in transgenic mice

The IL-2 receptor ß-chain (IL-2Rß), a specificity-determiningsubunlt In the IL-2R complex with a restricted tissue distributionpattern, Is essential for signal transductlon. Our previousstudies demonstrate that the continuous treatment of mice withanti-IL-2Rß) resulted in the complete disappearanceof NK cells and Thy-1⁺ dendritic epidermal cells (Thy-1⁺ dEC),suggesting that signals through IL-2Rß are criticallyinvolved in development of these lymphocyte subsets. However,these lymphocyte subsets are reported to be apparently unaffectedIn the IL-2-deficient mice. To further examine the biologicalroles of the IL-2Rß, transgenic mice carrying theIL-2Rß transgene were generated. In these mice, highlevels of the cell surface expression of the IL-2Rßwere observed in essentially all hematopoietic lineage cells,and CD4⁺ T cells as well as CD8⁺ T cells showed vigorous cellproliferation upon IL-2 stimulation. Surprisingly, NK cellsmarked with a high expression of NK1.1 in the spleen and Thy-1⁺dEC in the skin were completely absent in transgenic mice. However,the development of other lymphocyte subsets Including conventionalßTCR ⁺ cells, TCR⁺ cells and B cells remained apparentlyintact. From these observations together with previous dataon IL-2-deficlent mice, we speculate that factors, other thanIL-2 that utilizes the IL-2Rß as its functional receptorsubunlt, may have a vital role in the development of NK cellsand Thy-1⁺ dEC. Implications for possible In vivo functionsof over-expressed IL-2Rß are discussed.     

精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸细胞线粒体钙、Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达和细胞凋亡的研究

目的：研究精索静脉曲张（VC）大鼠睾丸细胞线粒体钙、Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达与细胞凋亡及其机制。 方法： 选取35只成年健康雄性 Wistar大鼠，随机分为VC组（VG, n=20）和假手术组（SOG, n=15）。术后10周，取双侧睾丸，采用火焰原子吸收法测定线粒体钙、采用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测生殖细胞凋亡,免疫组化SABC法检测Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达。 结果： VC组大鼠双侧睾丸生殖细胞线粒体钙的含量明显低于SOG组，生殖细胞凋亡显著增多，Bcl-2表达显著降低，Bax表达显著升高,但双侧睾丸生殖细胞凋亡率差异无显著。 结论： VC时，大鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡明显增加，提示VC时所致的男性不育可能是在某种凋亡诱发因素（高温、毒素返流、氧自由基等）作用下，线粒体钙、Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达的变化直接对生殖细胞产生影响,导致男性不育。     

Ubiquitous expression of human SCA2 gene under the regulation of the SCA2 self promoter cause specific Purkinje cell degeneration in transgenic mice

The objective of this work was the generation of an animal model of the SCA2 disease for future studies on the benefits of therapeutic molecules and neuropathological mechanisms that underline this human disorder. The transgenic fragment was microinjected into pronuclei of B6D2F1 X OF1 mouse hybrid strain. For Northern blots, RNAs were hybridized with a human cDNA fragment from the SCA2 gene and a mouse beta-actin cDNA fragment. Monoclonal antibody directed to the N-terminal of the ataxin 2 protein with 22Q was used for Western blot analysis. A rotating rod apparatus was utilized to measure motor coordination of mice. Immunohistochemical detection of Purkinje neurons was performed with anti-calbindin 28K as primary antibody. Ubiquitous expression of the SCA2 transgene with 75 CAG repeats regulated by the SCA2 self promoter was obtained after generation of our transgenic mice. Analysis of transgenic mice revealed significant differences of motor coordination compared with the wild type littermates. Specific degeneration of Purkinje neurons and transgene over-expression in the brain, liver and skeletal muscle, rather than in lungs and kidneys was also observed, resembling the expression pattern of the ataxin 2 in humans.     

Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 in the central nervous system of SOD1 transgenic mice as an in vivo model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

In the present study, we used the SOD1^G93A mutant transgenic mice as an in vivo model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and performed immunohistochemical studies to investigate the changes of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 4 (IGFBP4) in the central nervous system. Decreased expression of IGFBP4 was obvious in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellar cortex and inferior olive of SOD1^G93A transgenic mice. In the cerebral cortex, there was a significant decrease in IGFBP4 immunoreactivity in the pyramidal cells. In the hippocampal formation, IGFBP4 immunoreactivity was also decreased in the pyramidal cells of CA1–3 areas and the granule cells of dentate gyrus. In the cerebellar cortex, IGFBP4 immunoreactivity was prominent in the granular layer in wtSOD1 transgenic mice, compared to that in SOD1^G93A transgenic mice. IGFBP4 immunoreactivity was decreased in the inferior olive of SOD1^G93A transgenic mice. This study, showing decreased IGFBP4 in different brain regions of SOD1^G93A transgenic mice, may provide clues to understanding the differential susceptibility of neural structures in ALS, suggesting a role of IGFBP4 in an abnormality of cognitive and/or motor function in ALS. The mechanisms and functional implications of these decreases require elucidation.     

MUC4 expression and its relation to ErbB2 expression, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and tumor stage in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

There is a peptide sequence homology between the gene product of human MUC4 and rat Muc4/sialomucin complex (SMC). Each contains a transmembrane subunit with two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains that act as ligand for ErbB2. MUC4 and ErbB2 mediate intracellular signaling pathways that are linked to repression of apoptosis and either to proliferation or to differentiation of tumor cells. This study investigates the expression of human MUC4 in neoplastic and corresponding non-neoplastic tissues, and the relation of MUC4 expression in neoplastic tissues to ErbB2 expression, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and tumor stage in a series of 100 non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). MUC4 and ErbB2 expressions and cell proliferation (PCNA) were shown using immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic index (AI) and tumor differentiation were determined by morphologic criteria. All the non-neoplastic bronchial tissues and 85% of NSCLCs showed MUC4 expression. MUC4 expression was found to be higher in neoplastic than in non-neoplastic tissues (Yates correction p: 0.0006). MUC4 expression was inversely correlated with AI (p=0.0002) and was correlated with ErbB2 expression (p=0.022), but not with PCNA counts and tumor stage. Our results indirectly suggest that MUC4, in association with ErbB-2, might be involved in the repression of apoptosis and differentiation rather than proliferation in tumor cells of NSCLCs.     

大鼠实验性心肌缺血后Fas、bcl-2的表达与心肌细胞凋亡的关系

目的 探索心肌缺血后Fas、bcl-2的表达与心肌细胞凋亡的关系。方法 结扎大鼠左侧冠状动脉造成心肌缺血,10min—7d后取心脏标本做末端脱氧核酸转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)原位细胞凋亡染色、Fas、bcl-2蛋白的免疫组织化学抗生物素蛋白-生物素复合物法(ABC法)染色。结果 在时间上,心肌细胞凋亡从缺血后3h开始,36h仍较显著,7d时TUNEL法检测不到凋亡细胞;而bcl-2、Fas分别于缺血后10min和3h开始检出,持续到缺血后7d;在组织学关系上,凋亡的心肌细胞和Fas、bcl-2阳性细胞不在心肌同一区域,凋亡的心肌细胞在心肌缺血区,Fas、bcl-2表达在无明显缺血的心肌区域。结论 Fas、bcl-2的表达可能并不直接参与缺血心肌细胞凋亡的调控。     

Inactivation of the CB2 receptor accelerated the neuropathological deterioration in TDP‐43 transgenic mice,a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The activation of the cannabinoid receptor type‐2 (CB₂) afforded neuroprotection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) models. The objective of this study was to further investigate the relevance of the CB₂ receptor through investigating the consequences of its inactivation. TDP‐43(A315T) transgenic mice were crossed with CB₂ receptor knock‐out mice to generate double mutants. Temporal and qualitative aspects of the pathological phenotype of the double mutants were compared to TDP‐43 transgenic mice expressing the CB₂ receptor. The double mutants exhibited significantly accelerated neurological decline, such that deteriorated rotarod performance was visible at 7 weeks, whereas rotarod performance was normal up to 11 weeks in transgenic mice with intact expression of the CB₂ receptor. A morphological analysis of spinal cords confirmed an earlier death (visible at 65 days) of motor neurons labelled with Nissl staining and ChAT immunofluorescence in double mutants compared to TDP‐43 transgenic mice expressing the CB₂ receptor. Evidence of glial reactivity, measured using GFAP and Iba‐1 immunostaining, was seen in double mutants at 65 days, but not in TDP‐43 transgenic mice expressing the CB₂ receptor. However, at 90 days, both genotypes exhibited similar changes for all these markers, although surviving motor neurons of transgenic mice presented some morphological abnormalities in absence of the CB₂ receptor that were not as evident in the presence of this receptor. This faster deterioration seen in double mutants led to premature mortality compared with TDP‐43 transgenic mice expressing the CB₂ receptor. We also investigated the consequences of a pharmacological inactivation of the CB₂ receptor using the selective antagonist AM630 in TDP‐43 transgenic mice, but results showed only subtle trends towards a greater deterioration. In summary, our results confirmed the potential of the CB₂ receptor agonists as a neuroprotective therapy in ALS and strongly support the need to progress towards an evaluation of this potential in patients.     

Matrigel对不同Her2表达的乳腺癌细胞原位成瘤、增殖、凋亡和转移的影响

目的: 探讨matrigel对Her2阳性和阴性的乳腺癌细胞原位成瘤、增殖和凋亡的影响。方法: 将Her2阳性的人乳腺癌BT 474和Her2阴性的人乳腺癌MDA-MB 231细胞分为单纯原位移植组和matrigel联合移植组,分别接种于裸鼠乳房脂肪垫(mammary fad pat, MFP),每3 d测量肿瘤大小, 第30 d处死裸鼠,肿瘤组织及相关脏器送病理切片和HE染色及免疫组化,并比较matrigel对2种乳腺癌细胞移植后肿瘤形成时间、成瘤率、肿瘤生长、增殖、凋亡和转移的情况。结果: Matrigel应用后2种乳腺癌细胞的成瘤时间较单纯MFP移植明显缩短(P<0.01);Her2阴性的MDA-MB 231细胞的转移率由25.0%上升至37.5%(P<0.05);Her2阳性乳腺癌BT 474细胞的转移率,2种乳腺癌细胞的成瘤率、增殖率和凋亡率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论: Matrigel应用于Her2阳性和阴性乳腺癌的原位移植可以缩短成瘤时间,提高Her2阴性乳腺癌的转移率,但对2种癌细胞的成瘤率、增殖率和凋亡率无明显影响。     

赤芍总甙对Bcl-2、c-myc基因表达影响及诱导细胞凋亡机制研究

目的：探讨赤芍总甙（TGC）诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡机制，为TGC的开发应用提供实验依据。方法：采用流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡，SABC免疫组化法检测Bcl-2蛋白表达，原位杂交法测定c—myc mRNA表达，电镜观察凋亡小体。结果：TGC治疗组出现Ap峰GO-G1期细胞明显减少，S期细胞明显增多，与模型对照组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）。实验组下调相关基因Bcl-2蛋白和c-myc mRNA表达水平。TGC组电镜可见细胞内膜结构完好，染色质边集，细胞核形成核带和核突，凋亡细胞数目较多，有新月形或花环状（凋亡小体形成）。结论：TGC诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，其机制可能与下调Bcl-2和c-myc mRNA表达水平密切相关。     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs2120131, rs4935047, and rs7095891 in the MBL2 gene show no association with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in a Chinese Han population

Thus far, many studies have evaluated the correlation between MBL2 gene polymorphisms and hepatitis B infection. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to investigate the relationship between MBL2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by comparing 996 chronic HBV infection cases to 301 acute infection controls. There was no significant correlation between rs2120131, rs4935047, and rs7095891 and chronic HBV infection. This suggested that the new SNPs within MBL2 were not associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in a Chinese Han population. J. Med. Virol. 85:602–607, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

肝素增强佛波酯对人鼻咽癌CNE2细胞的作用：上调c-jun、p53、p21的表达（英文）

目的：观察肝素联合佛波酯对人鼻咽癌细胞的增殖与凋亡的影响及其可能的分子机制。方法：用细胞记数法、流式细胞术观察肝素联合佛波酯对人鼻咽癌细胞的增殖及细胞周期的影响；而用TUNEL、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、Western blot等方法观察肝素与佛波酯联合应用对人鼻咽癌细胞凋亡的作用。结果：肝素与佛波酯联合应用后对鼻咽癌细胞的生长抑制及其凋亡具有显著增强的作用，同佛波酯单独应用于诱导细胞凋亡相比,低剂量的肝素与佛波酯联合应用后发现：TUNEL阳性细胞明显增多；G₁期细胞阻滞，S期细胞明显减少，凋亡率增加；DNA“梯形”变化更加明显；c-jun、p53、p21基因表达明显升高，而c-fos在整个用药过程中没有改变。结论：肝素增强佛波酯对人鼻咽癌细胞的抗增殖及促凋亡，这可能与c-jun、p53、p21的表达上凋有关。