睾丸扭转36例诊治分析

睾丸扭转是泌尿外科常见的急症之一,若未能早期诊断处理,后果极为严重,是造成青少年睾丸丧失的最主要原因.我们2006年1月至2012年12月共收治睾丸扭转患者36例,均行手术治疗,其中成功保留睾丸14例,报道如下. 资料与方法 一、临床资料 36例患者发病年龄10 ～ 28岁,平均(18±4)岁.左侧受累26例,右侧受累10例,无双侧睾丸同时扭转.发病时间1h至7d,其中＜4h者8例,4～6h者4例,＞6h者24例(其中＞1d者3例).初诊于我院者21例,其中门急诊初步诊断即明确为睾丸扭转者16例;初诊于外院者15例,确诊为睾丸扭转者4例,误诊为急性附睾炎8例,睾丸肿瘤1例,急性阑尾炎2例.     

睾丸扭转26例的诊断和治疗

临床资料 1994年3月～2001年5月诊治睾丸扭转26例,年龄5～48岁,以8～20岁青少年发病居多(21例),左侧17例,右侧9例。发病至就诊时间1h～7d。13例在外院曾按急性睾丸、附睾炎治疗4d～2周。11例患者在夜间睡眠过程中或起床时发病。15例患者发病有散步、跑步、打球等运动史及挤压、外伤史。4例慢性者扭转2～3月才就诊,此时睾丸已萎缩。急性睾丸扭转时,多有患侧阴囊、睾     

睾丸扭转49例临床分析

目的 探讨睾丸扭转的疾病特征及发病因素.方法 回顾性分析2008年4月至2014年3月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院收治的49例睾丸扭转患者的临床资料,患者年龄13～52岁,平均(21±6)岁.44例患者术前行阴囊彩色超声检查,其中9例显示患侧睾丸血流信号减弱,35例示睾丸无血流信号.术中根据睾丸血供恢复情况行患侧睾丸切除术或扭转复位固定术,健侧睾丸均行预防性固定术.查询2008年4月至2014年3月南京每月平均昼夜温差值.组间数据的比较采用t检验,采用Pearson相关进行相关性分析.结果 49例患者均为鞘膜内型睾丸扭转,38例(77.5％)发生于11月份至次年4月份.月平均昼夜温差与患病数呈正相关(r =0.6434,P=0.024).44例术前彩色多普勒超声检查提示患侧睾丸血流信号减弱或消失的患者术中均证实为睾丸扭转.睾丸缺血时间6h内、6～ 12 h、12 ～ 24 h和超过24 h的睾丸保留率分别为2/2、5/15、2/9和4.2％(1/24).所有患者随访3～75个月,平均(32±21)个月,无一例出现睾丸扭转复发.结论 睾丸扭转好发于春冬季节,昼夜温差大是重要的诱发因素,早期诊断治疗对保留睾丸十分重要.     

睾丸扭转的早期诊断和治疗

目的 提高睾丸扭转的早期诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析本院2001年4月至2011年5月得到早期诊断和治疗的12例睾丸扭转患者的临床资料.平均年龄21(14～28)岁.发病至确诊时间2～6h,平均4.5h..12例发病时均有睾丸剧烈疼痛症状.12例均表现患侧精索异常.12例均行彩超检查,11例显示血流消失或减少.结果 12例均在发病后10小时内手术复位.结论 早期睾丸扭转诊断应重视精索的检查,精索异常是最主要的特征,彩超是最重要的辅助检查且有诊断价值.     

新生儿睾丸坏死七例报告

睾丸坏死是阴囊急症的严重并发症,各年龄段均可见,在新生儿期主要由腹股沟嵌顿疝及睾丸扭转引起.2000年12月至2010年12月我们收治新生儿睾丸坏死7例,现报告如下. 对象与方法 本组7例.年龄2 ～28 d,平均17 d.原发病分别为新生儿腹股沟嵌顿疝5例及新生儿睾丸扭转2例.发病时间18 ～72 h.右侧嵌顿疝4例(伴对侧斜疝1例),左侧嵌顿疝1例;睾丸扭转2例,均为左侧隐睾.     

睾丸扭转(附18例报告)

目的　总结睾丸扭转的诊治经验。　方法　回顾性分析 18例睾丸扭转患者的临床资料。 18例平均年龄 2 3岁 ,<2 5岁者占 83% ,左侧占 83%。发病至确诊时间 5h～ 4 0d ,10h以上者占 89%。　结果　早期误诊 15例。 4例隐睾扭转者行睾丸切除术 ;14例阴囊内睾丸扭转者中 ,11例 (79% )因睾丸坏死予以切除 ,3例手术复位者随访 6个月～ 3年 ,睾丸萎缩 1例。　结论　隐睾扭转应与腹股沟嵌顿疝和急腹症鉴别 ,阴囊内睾丸扭转应与睾丸炎及附睾炎鉴别。早期手术探查对提高睾丸存活率有重要意义     

儿童睾丸不全扭转的临床特点

目的:分析儿童睾丸不全扭转的临床特点,以提高对睾丸不全扭转的临床认识。方法:回顾性分析2007年4月至2017年4月收治的37例睾丸不全扭转患儿的临床资料,对患儿的病史特点,体格检查、实验室和超声检查结果,治疗结果进行分析。结果:37例患儿中位数年龄为5.7(1～14)岁,高发年龄2～4岁和12～14岁;病程时间12～96 (48±8)h。术前彩色超声检查,31例(83.8%)显示患侧睾丸内可见血流信号,但血流信号较健侧减少,6例(16.2%)睾丸内血流信号正常,但睾丸呈横位。术中逆时针扭转27例(72.9%),顺时针扭转10例(27.1%);7例(18.9%)扭转90°,20例(54.0%)扭转180°,10例(27.1%)扭转270°;31例(83.8%)为睾丸鞘膜内扭转,6例(16.2%)为睾丸鞘膜外扭转;根据Arda "睾丸组织出血3级评分系统",16例(43.3%)患儿睾丸评分为I级,21例(56.7%)为II级;37例患儿术中均予以保留患侧睾丸。术后随访1年,6例(16.2%)患儿出现睾丸萎缩。结论:儿童睾丸不全扭转发病年龄小,扭转度数全部360°(以扭转180°为主),术后睾丸存活率高是其临床特点,术前彩色多普勒检查提示睾丸血流信号减少对其有重要诊断价值。     

睾丸扭转临床分析

目的 总结睾丸扭转的诊断与治疗体会,提高睾丸扭转的诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属盛京医院泌尿外科23例睾丸扭转患者的临床资料,患者年龄14 ～ 25岁,平均16.8岁.左侧19例,右侧4例.发病至确诊时间2h～14d.结果 23例行彩色多普勒血流动态显像(CDF1)检查,均提示睾丸无血流或血流减少.4例发病时间短或扭转程度轻经手法复位而保留睾丸;11例行探查复位固定术,术后复查彩超,睾丸血流恢复至正常.其余8例因睾丸已坏死而予以切除.结论 有关男性青春期睾丸扭转的卫生知识的宣传与教育促使患者及时就诊至关重要;提高对本病的认识,仔细体检,及时进行相关的影像学检查,正确进行早期诊断和处理是提高疗效的关键.     

睾丸扭转误诊113例分析

目的 :提高睾丸扭转 (精索扭转 )诊治水平。　方法 :回顾分析 1994～ 2 0 0 4年总计 113例睾丸扭转误诊的临床资料。　结果 :首诊误诊率 84 .3%。误诊为急性附睾、睾丸炎 81例 (71.7% ) ;鞘膜积液 10例 (8.8% ) ;急性肠炎 7例 (6 .2 % ) ;泌尿系结石 5例 (4.4 % ) ;腹股沟疝 5例 (4.4 % ) ;睾丸肿瘤 3例 (2 .7% ) ;附睾结核 2例 (1.8% )。发病至误诊时间 2h～ 2个月 ,平均 6 .3d。手法复位成功 3例 ;92例行手术探查 ,睾丸、附睾切除 6 4例 ,睾丸萎缩 2 6例 ,总计睾丸毁损率 79.6 %。　结论 :提高首诊医生对睾丸扭转的诊治水平是减少误诊的关键 ,诊断流程采用病史、体征、彩超 3者结合 ,治疗的最佳方法是积极开展阴囊急诊的手术探查。     

睾丸扭转15例报告

我院1990年8月～1996年8月共收治15例睾丸扭转患者,现报告如下。1　资料与方法本组15例,年龄15～29岁,平均19.5岁。睾丸扭转位于左侧13例,右侧2例。病程3h～30d。12h内就诊者5例,1～2d就诊者6例,3d以上就诊者4例。6例于外院抗炎治疗无效后转入我院。在清晨睡眠中发病7例,...     

The effects of N-acetylcysteine on antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental testicular torsion

Testicular torsion is a serious problem in male children and, if not treated at the right time, can lead to subfertility and infertility. The main reason for testicular damage is ischemia-reperfusion injury. A number of chemical substances have been used to protect testes against ischemia-reperfusion injury in experimental animals. The possible protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on testicular tissue after testicular detorsion was examined in the current study. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: sham operation, torsion, detorsion, and NAC + detorsion groups (n = 6 for each group). Excluding sham operation group, the rats were subjected to unilateral torsion (720-degree rotation in clockwise direction). After torsion (5 h) and detorsion (2 h), unilateral orchidectomy was performed. Malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities were determined in testicular tissue. Administration of N-acetylcysteine caused a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and an increase in glutathione peroxidase levels compared to detorsion group. The results suggest that N-acetylcysteine may be a potential protective agent for preventing the negative biochemical changes related to oxidative stress in testicular injury caused by testis torsion.     

Protective role of erythropoietin during testicular torsion of the rats

Testicular torsion is an important clinical urgency. Similar mechanisms occurred after detorsion of the affected testis as in the ischemia reperfusion (I/R) damage. This study was designed to investigate the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) treatment after unilateral testicular torsion. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 underwent a sham operation of the right testis under general anesthesia. Group 2 was same as sham, and EPO (3,000 IU/kg) infused i.p., group 3 underwent a similar operation but the right testis was rotated 720° clockwise for 1 h, maintained by fixing the testis to the scrotum, and saline infused during the procedure. Group 4 underwent similar torsion but EPO was infused half an hour before the detorsion procedure, and in group 5, EPO was infused after detorsion procedure. Four hours after detorsion, ipsilateral and contralateral testes were taken out for evaluation. Treatment with EPO improved testicular structures in the ipsilateral testis but improvement was less in the contralateral testis histologically, but EPO treatment decreased germ cell apoptosis in both testes following testicular IR. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and nitrite levels decreased after EPO treatment especially in the ipsilateral testis. We conclude that testicular I/R causes an increase in germ cell apoptosis both in the ipsilateral and contralateral testes. Eryhropoietin has antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects following testicular torsion.     

小儿急性睾丸扭转(附19例报告)

目的 探讨小儿急性睾丸扭转的诊治方法。方法 回顾分析19例5d至13岁小儿急性睾丸扭转的发病、治疗和预后等临床资料。结果 左侧睾丸扭转15例，右侧扭转4例；发病至就诊时间3h-4d；19例均接受手术治疗。17例为鞘膜内扭转，其中14个睾丸已坏死，行睾丸切除术；睾丸存活，5个，行睾丸固定术。2例为鞘膜外扭转，睾丸均已坏死，行睾丸切除术。结论 睾丸扭转是常见小儿阴囊急症，及早手术是避免睾丸坏死的关键。     

Color Doppler ultrasound compared to a radionuclide scanning of spermatic cord torsion in a canine model.

High resolution color doppler ultrasound can simultaneously display blood flow superimposed on detailed gray scale anatomic images. Using a single-blind study design, nine adult male dogs underwent intravaginal spermatic cord torsion and subsequent evaluation with technetium 99M-pertechnetate radionuclide, and color doppler ultrasound imaging techniques. Torsions of 90 to 720 degrees were created surgically, followed by examination with each modality at one hour (four animals), and four hours (five animals) following the procedure. Testicular torsion was diagnosed if perfusion was absent or markedly diminished on color doppler imaging or radionuclide scan. In all cases of 360 degrees or greater, torsion was diagnosed by either modality at both one and four hour time delays. If observers did not diagnose torsion, they were asked to assess the relative testicular perfusion. Color doppler ultrasound and radionuclide scanning were without error in correctly detecting a relative decrease in perfusion in each of these instances. Furthermore, color doppler imaging with spectral analysis was able to detect an enhancement of the diastolic component of the arterial signal at 180 degrees of torsion. This spectral pattern coupled with a relative decrease in blood flow allowed presumptive diagnosis at one hour of partial torsion that was subsequently apparent as absent perfusion only after 4 hours on radionuclide and repeat color doppler ultrasound. Color doppler ultrasound proved to be superior to radionuclide scanning in detecting diminished perfusion in this experiment. The detailed information provided by spectral and anatomic display with color doppler ultrasound recommends it for the evaluation of acute scrotal pathology of uncertain etiology.     

Testicular torsion: direction,degree, duration and disinformation

PURPOSE: We reviewed and contrast with the literature the cumulative clinical experience at our pediatric urological division in the last 20 years with managing testicular torsion, focusing specifically on the direction and degree of testicular torsion and the duration of symptoms before presentation. We also addressed the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms, role of manual detorsion, residual torsion and incidence of atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 200 consecutive males 18 months to 20 years old who underwent surgical exploration by a pediatric urologist for a diagnosis of testicular torsion between 1980 and 2000. RESULTS: Of 186 nonelective explorations symptoms were localized to the left side in 52% and to the right side in 48%. Information on the direction and degree of testicular rotation was available in 162 of 186 cases (87%) and anticipated medial rotation occurred in only 108 (67%). Lateral rotation in 54 of 162 cases (33%) occurred in 28 of 84 (33%) with left torsion and in 26 of 78 (33%) with right torsion. A median of 540 degrees of torsion (range 180 to 1,080) was noted in the 70 orchiectomy cases (38%) and a median of 360 degrees (range 180 to 1,080) was noted in the 116 salvaged testes (62%). Manual detorsion was attempted in 53 orchiopexy cases with residual torsion in 17 (32%). Testicular atrophy developed in 27% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The traditional teaching that testicular torsion occurs primarily in the medial direction is misleading since in a third of cases it occurs in the lateral direction. While manual detorsion should be guided by response and return of normal anatomy, surgical exploration remains necessary since residual torsion still poses a risk to testicular viability. Long-term followup is warranted to assess the true incidence of subsequent atrophy after the management of acute testicular torsion.     

Testicular salvage following spermatic cord torsion

There have been several reports indicating that men who have suffered from spermatic cord torsion are likely to have abnormal seminal analyses. It is now well recognized that unilateral spermatic cord torsion can result in contralateral testicular damage. This study was instituted to evaluate possible methods of preventing post-torsion contralateral testicular damage. Experimental torsion was produced in 250 g Wistar rats. The duration of torsion was either 3, 6, or 24 hours. The rats were then treated by one of three methods, namely, detorsion, immediate ipsilateral orchidectomy, or detorsion and adjuvant immunotherapy. Contralateral testicular damage was prevented by immediate ipsilateral orchidectomy and by detorsion with adjuvant immunotherapy. The immunotherapeutic agents administered were either hydrocortisone, azathioprine, or cyclosporin A. The results strongly support the premise that detorsion with adjuvant immunotherapy results in salvage of the ipsilateral testis while preventing contralateral testicular damage. Hydrocortisone is the immunotherapeutic agent of choice because its administration was associated with the fewest complications.     

Testicular torsion: late results with special regard to fertility and endocrine function

Late results were determined for 42 patients who had undergone detorsion and fixation for unilateral testicular torsion in the prepubertal and pubertal age. Exocrine and endocrine function for the testes was determined in 30 patients who had reached postpuberal age. Patients who underwent detorsion and fixation 8 hours or less after the onset of symptoms had normal-sized testicles and only slight changes in testicular morphology. When treatment was delayed and detorsion was done more than 8 hours later a marked decrease was observed in testicular size. The exocrine function in patients with torsion was reduced. The semen quality, as judged by 2 semen analyses, was normal in 15 patients, doubtful in 3 and pathological in 12. Even when detorsion was done 4 hours or less after the onset of symptoms the exocrine function of the testes was normal in only 50 per cent of the cases. In patients with doubtful and pathological sperm analyses higher follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone levels were observed.     

Dose-dependent protective effect of sildenafil citrate on testicular injury after torsion/detorsion in rats

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of sildenafil citrate on testicular injury after unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). Thirty-seven adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: sham operated group (group 1), T/D+ saline (group 2), T/D+ 0.7 mg sildenafil citrate (group 3) and T/D+ 1.4 mg sildenafil citrate (group 4). Testicular torsion was created by rotating the right testis 720° in a clockwise direction for 2 h in other groups, except for group 1, which was served as sham group. The level of GSH (P < 0.05) in the testis in the group 2 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) and the levels of MDA and NO (P < 0.01 for both) in the testis were significantly higher when compared with those of the group 1. Administration of low dose sildenafil citrate prevented the increases in MDA and NO levels and decreases in GSH values induced by testicular torsion. However, administration of high dose sildenafil citrate did not have any effect on these testicular tissue parameters (P > 0.05). Also, mean values of seminiferous tubules diameters, germinal cell layer thicknesses and mean testicular biopsy score were significantly better in group 3 than groups 2 and 4. These results suggest that T/D injury occurred in testis after unilateral testicular T/D and that administration of low dose sildenafil citrate before detorsion prevents ischemia/reperfusion cellular damage in testicular torsion. Sildenafil citrate probably acts through reduction of reactive oxygen species and support antioxidant enzyme systems.     

Testicular torsion: most delay occurs outside hospital.

Testicular torsion leading to orchidectomy is a major catastrophe for the patient and continues to occur. We studied the causes of delay leading to orchidectomy by conducting a retrospective hospital-based audit of all patients undergoing scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion over a 2 year period. Fifty patients underwent surgery of whom 22 (44%) had testicular torsion and six required orchidectomy. All patients with a dead testicle presented more than 6 h after onset of symptoms. Of those presenting with 6, 24 or more than 24 h of symptoms, salvageable testes were found in 100%, 83% and 75%, respectively. The median duration of symptoms in patients with viable twisted testicle was 5.5 h compared with 42 h in those who underwent orchidectomy. Late presentation to hospital was the major cause of delay leading to orchidectomy in patients with testicular torsion. Greater effort in health education and direct or self-referral to hospital may reduce this delay.