36例创伤性休克院前急救与护理体会

目的 提高创伤性休克的院前急救处置能力,有效降低死亡率.方法 36例创伤性休克患者在现场急救时迅速作伤情评估,实施有效的救治方法,转运途中严密监测病情变化,做好患者心理护理.结果 36例病例中,安全送入医院30例,死亡6例,其中l例到现场已死亡,2例现场抢救无效死亡,3例转送途中因循环衰竭死亡.死亡原因均系创伤严重,失血过多,延误抢救时间及合并多脏器功能衰竭.结论 健全的急救队伍,快捷、有效的现场急救措施、转运途中的严密监测及做好心理护理,有效的提高了抢救严重创伤性休克患者的成功率.     

颅脑火器伤的临床特征与救治

目的 总结和分析颅服火器伤的临床特征与救治经验，提高其诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析了259例颅脑火器伤患者的损伤特点和救治情况。结果 本组火器伤类型为：盲管伤162例（62．5％）；贯通伤（32．8％）；切线伤12（4．6％）；合并其他部位伤63例（24．3％），损伤特点是：伤情急、创伤重、病情变化快。经急救和手术处理后，生存225例（86．9％），死亡34例（13．1％）。对187例平均随访5．6年；恢复良好105例（56．1％）；轻残54例（28．9％）；重残23例（12．3％）；植物生存状态5例（2．7％）。结论 迅速对患者开展现场急救、正确地进行伤情评估和急诊手术处理，是提高救治水平的关键。     

损伤控制剖腹术治疗严重胰腺损伤19例

目的 总结损伤控制剖腹术（damage control laparotomy，DCL）治疗严重胰腺损伤的经验。方法回顾性分析采用DCL治疗的19例严重胰腺损伤患者的手术方式选择和后续治疗情况。结果6例行快速止血、清创及引流（32％），3例行改良Cogbill手术（16％），10例行消化道未重建的胰十二指肠切除（53％）。SICU复苏后，所有患者均接受再次确定性手术。死亡2例（11％），死亡原因与手术无关；治愈17例（89％），术后出现胰瘘2例（11％），经保守治疗痊愈。结论符合DCL指征的严重胰腺损伤的患者，应根据不同损伤胰腺部位和程度，积极选用适宜的方式，分次手术治疗。     

多发性严重创伤56例急救处理

严重多发性创伤多为意外事故，具有病情急、危重、复杂、伤及多个系统脏器、死亡率高等特点。我院于1984～1995年收治多发性严重创伤56例。IIB床资料1．1一般情况男41例，女15例；年龄4～72岁，其中18～45岁49例（占87．5％）。交通事故伤23例（41．1％），工伤21例（37．5％），斗殴伤7例（12．5％），火器伤3例（5．3），烧伤2例（3．6％）。共伤及135个部位，平均每例2．5个部位，最多达8个部位。合并颅脑损伤11例，颌面部损伤3例，胸部损伤3例（血气胸、心包穿透2例，大血管损伤正例），腹部35例（脾破裂9例，肝破裂4例，肠破裂8例，…     

209例肝脏损伤的院内救治

目的：探讨创伤性肝破裂的院内救治效果。方法：总结1989－1999年第三军医大学三所附属医院收治的肝破裂209例，其中Ⅲ级以上严重肝损伤108例（51．7％）。手术治疗186例，伤后至手术时间165min-16h，保守治疗23例。结果：手术治愈169例（90．9％），死亡17例（9．1％），有18例发生并发症，保守治愈22例（95．7％），死亡1例（4．3％）。结论：伤情严重和治疗延迟是导致肝外死亡的两大因素，外科手术仍是治疗肝破裂的主要措施，保守治疗应严格掌握适应征。     

肾损伤300例临床分析

为探讨肾损伤的诊断与治疗方法，作者对300例肾损伤进行了回顾性分析。其中闭合性损伤274例（91．3％），开放性损伤26例（8．7％）；合并伤123例（41％）；伴失血性休克56例（18．7％）。常规剂量IVU阳性率48．7％，双倍剂量IVU阳性率90．9％，B超阳性率79．3％，CT阳性率95．7％；非手术治愈185例，死亡14例。研究结果表明，B超可作为初步判断肾脏伤情最便捷的检查；CT检查准确快速，能正确显示肾脏伤情；治疗主要取决于伤情，保守治疗是重要的治疗方法；手术经腹 探查切口利于腹腔脏器探查及伤肾处理；早期处理中及时纠正休克、预防严重并发症的发生极为重要。     

CR与螺旋CT诊断急诊胸腹部创伤中的临床应用价值分析

目的：探讨CR与螺旋CT在急诊胸腹部创伤中的诊断价值。方法分析87例急性胸腹部联合创伤患者的CR及螺旋CT表现，为临床治疗措施提供参考依据。结果 CT检查于病理诊断符合率（100．00％）明显高于 CR（87.10％），且差异具有统计学意义（χ2＝6．35， P ＜0．05）。其中肋骨骨折发生率最高，共计39例52处，CT表现为肋软骨内的线样低密度影或肋软骨钙化区中断，部分患者显示断端错位；肩胛骨骨折8例，锁骨骨折6例；伴有不同程度皮下气肿21例，肺挫伤24例，胸腔积液18例，气胸14例，肺不张12例，纵隔气肿2例。肝脏损伤12例，脾脏损伤14例，肾脏损伤11例，胰腺损伤8例，腹腔积血18例，肠系膜撕裂伤3例，膈肌损伤5例。结论对胸腹部创伤时，CT有优于CR检查，尤其对伤情严重或多脏器损伤的胸腹部联合创伤患者更有价值。     

严重胸腹部血管损伤的早期诊治(附81例报告)

目的探讨严重胸腹部血管损伤的早期诊治方法。方法2000年1月-2007年10月收治的严重胸腹部血管损伤患者81例,其中22例到达急救部时表现为明显失血性休克,经胸或腹腔穿刺抽出较多不凝血,立即送手术室紧急手术确诊,38例经64排螺旋CT及血管造影（CTA）检查确诊,21例经数字减影血管造影检查确诊。45例行手术治疗,其中36例行血管损伤缝合修补,手术前12例行血管造影后球囊血管阻断;9例行人造血管吻合,其中3例患者因伤情太重而行损害控制,即严重破损血管临时插管分流,术后于ICU复苏,待全身情况改善后于术后48h内再手术行血管吻合。36例行动脉栓塞治疗（盆腔腹膜后血管损伤31例,其他5例）。结果73例救治成功,救治成功率90．1％。发生严重并发症35例,其中脓毒症6例、ARDS8例、MODS23例（其中MODS伴发脓毒症2例）。8例死亡,其中6例于伤后12h内死亡,主要原因为多脏器严重损伤及失血性休克;2例于创伤后8d及16d死亡,主要原因为脓毒症及MODS。结论胸腹部血管严重损伤后应快速完成检查及诊断,紧急手术行血管修复或吻合,部分腹部血管损伤及盆骨骨折引起的腹膜后血管损伤可用动脉栓塞治疗。     

汶川特大地震中骨科伤员的伤情分析

目的：总结我科此次收治地震伤员的临床特点及救治经验。方法：分析整理我科地震伤员的临床资料,包括一般情况、伤情特点及救治措施。结果：693例骨科伤员中,开放性损伤272例（39．2％）,闭合性损伤421例（60．8％）;单纯四肢躯干及骨盆损伤361例（52．1％）,多发伤（四肢、脊柱及骨盆损伤同时伴有胸腔、腹腔、头颅损伤）157例（22．7％）;伴出血性休克8例（1．2％）,四肢筋膜间隙综合征24例（3．5％）,挤压综合征并急性肾功能衰竭8例（1．2％）,气性坏疽1例（0．1％）。本组共截肢23例26肢,截肢率为3．3％。结论：地震伤员的数量大,送达时间集中,损伤严重,伤情复杂,因此,科学组织、合理分工,可以在短时问内完成大批伤员的治疗,降低病死率及致残率。     

1162例严重胸部创伤的院前急救分析

目的：总结严重胸部创伤院前救治经验,提高院前救治水平。方法收集2009年1月～2014年12月经院前“120”现场救治后转入我院的严重胸部创伤（ AIS）≥3分患者病例资料1162例,其中男性827例,女性335例;年龄13～98岁,平均（45．3±10．8）岁。分析胸部损伤情况,院前、院内救治方法和救治结果等。结果1162例中,院前平均急救反应时间（46．52±17．33）min,平均急救时间（16．73±7．32） min。清除呼吸道异物31例,气管插管机械通气42例,紧急气管切开23例,张力性气胸减压25例,呼吸机正压通气纠正反常呼吸运动43例,纱垫填塞或包扎胸壁开放性伤口151例,呼吸心跳停止者现场进行徒手心肺复苏16例,胸部伤情未进行特殊处理者735例。本组死亡29例。结论院前快速准确判断,熟练正确急救为严重胸部创伤院内进一步救治创造机会和争取时间。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.