白藜芦醇对大鼠脑创伤后伤区脑组织神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨白藜芦醇（resveratrol，Res）对大鼠脑创伤后神经细胞凋亡的影响及可能的作用机制。方法采用改良的Feeney自由落体脑损伤模型，对颅脑损伤大鼠用Res（50mg／kg，ip）治疗，应用原位末端标记法（TUNEL）及免疫组织化学方法检测受损脑组织治疗前后TUNEL阳性细胞数、Bcl-2及Bax的表达变化。结果治疗组大鼠脑组织TUNEL及Bax表达阳性细胞数低于创伤组及对照组（P〈0．05），Bcl-2表达伤后持续升高，治疗组高于对照组和创伤组（P〈0．05），创伤组和对照组差异不明显（P〉0．05）。结论白藜芦醇具有抗凋亡作用，可能是通过抑制促凋亡因素，促进抑凋亡因素表达来减少颅脑损伤后神经细胞的凋亡，发挥脑保护作用，其详细机制有待进一步研究。     

脑源性神经营养因子转基因细胞移植和甲基强的松龙对损伤脊髓caspase-3表达的影响

目的 探讨大鼠脊髓损伤后腺病毒介导的脑源性神经营养因子（AxCA-BDNF）体外转基因成肌细胞移植和静脉内注射大剂量甲基强的松龙（MP）对大鼠脊髓细胞caspase-3表达的影响。方法 将120只大鼠分为脊髓挫伤组（A组）、脊髓挫伤后AxCA-BDNF基因转染的成肌细胞移植组（B组）、脊髓挫伤后静脉内注射大剂量甲基强的松龙治疗组（C组）、AxCA-BDNF基因转染的成肌细胞移植和静脉内注射大剂量，甲基强的松龙治疗组（D组）。伤后1，3，7，14，28d，应用免疫组化法对脊髓损伤区进行细胞凋亡caspase-3蛋白表达的测定，并采用计算机图像分析技术进行定量分析。应用行为学和电生理检查方法观察大鼠运动功能恢复情况。结果A、B、C、D四组中均发现凋亡caspase-3蛋白阳性表达细胞；各组caspase-3免疫反应阳性细胞数依次为A〉B〉C〉D组（P〈0．05），与大鼠后肢功能恢复有平行的变化趋势。结论 体外转基因成肌细胞移植和大剂量甲基强的松龙能抑制脊髓损伤后的细胞凋亡。     

α-硫辛酸对糖尿病大鼠认知能力的影响

目的检测α-硫辛酸对糖尿病大鼠认知能力的影响情况,探讨α-硫辛酸对糖尿病大鼠学习与记忆影响的机制。方法Wistar大鼠共30只,随机分成3组,对照组10只,治疗组10只,糖尿病组10只。糖尿病大鼠模型用链佐菌素（STZ）制模。12周后,Morris水迷宫测试其学习记忆能力,western blotting检测各组NF—kB蛋白水平表达,TUNEL法检测大鼠海马神经元凋亡情况。结果糖尿病组大鼠学习成绩降低（P〈0．05）,TUNEL阳性细胞增多（P〈0．05）,NF-kB蛋白水平表达增加（P〈0．05）,甜硫辛酸治疗组大鼠较糖尿病组学习成绩升高（P〈0．05）,TUNEL阳性细胞减少（P〈0．05）,NF-kB蛋白水平表达减少（P〈0．05）。结论NF-kB蛋白的表达增高可能与糖尿病大鼠海马神经元凋亡及认知功能障碍有关。α-硫辛酸可能通过降低NF-kB的表达,从而对糖尿病大鼠学习与记忆障碍有一定程度的改善。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对脊髓损伤大鼠中枢α-氨基羟甲基恶唑丙酸受体蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对脊髓损伤大鼠海马和杏仁核α-氨基羟甲基恶唑丙酸(AMPA)受体蛋白谷氨酸受体(GluR)1,2表达的影响,探讨BMSCs移植治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的潜在抗慢性应激作用.方法 选择成年雄性SD大鼠48只,按随机数字表法分为对照组、模型组、治疗组,每组16只.模型组、治疗组采用改良Allen法建立大鼠下胸段(T10)脊髓损伤模型.造模后7d,于L4～L5间隙蛛网膜下腔向对照组及治疗组注射100μl含1.0×106BMSCs的Hank缓冲液混悬液,模型组注射同体积Hank缓冲液.术前、术后评估大鼠后肢运动功能.每组于移植后第14,28天处死一半动物,灌注后取脑,冰冻切片后行GluR1、GluR2免疫组织化学染色.结果 BMSCs移植后,治疗组动物后肢运动功能持续恢复.移植术后14 d,GluR1阳性细胞数,模型组和治疗组在海马CA1区均高于对照组(P ＜0.05,0.01);GluR2阳性细胞数有类似趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).移植术后28 d,GluR1阳性细胞数,模型组在CA1、CA3、DG区均高于对照组,在CA1、CA3区亦高于治疗组(P＜0.05,0.01),模型组和治疗组在DG区均高于各自移植后14 d阳性细胞数(P＜0.05,0.01);GluR2阳性细胞数,治疗组在基底外侧杏仁核(BLA)高于对照组(P＜0.05),在其他区各组表现出与GluR1表达类似的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 BMSCs移植可改善大鼠下胸段脊髓损伤模型的后肢运动功能,并对其中枢AMPA受体GluR1/2表达有调节作用,表现出潜在的抗慢性应激作用.     

白藜芦醇对大鼠脑创伤后伤区脑组织神经细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨白藜芦醇(resveratrol,Res)对大鼠脑创伤后神经细胞凋亡的影响及可能的作用机制.方法 采用改良的Feeney自由落体脑损伤模型,对颅脑损伤大鼠用Res(50mg/kg,ip)治疗,应用原位末端标记法(TUNEL)及免疫组织化学方法检测受损脑组织治疗前后TUNEL阳性细胞数、Bcl-2及Bax的表达变化.结果 治疗组大鼠脑组织TUNEL及Bax表达阳性细胞数低于创伤组及对照组(P＜0.05),Bcl-2表达伤后持续升高,治疗组高于对照组和创伤组(P＜0.05),创伤组和对照组差异不明显(P＞0.05).结论 白藜芦醇具有抗凋亡作用,可能是通过抑制促凋亡因素,促进抑凋亡因素表达来减少颅脑损伤后神经细胞的凋亡,发挥脑保护作用,其详细机制有待进一步研究.     

吸入性损伤对小鼠肺组织细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨细胞凋亡、促凋亡基因和凋亡抑制基因在吸入性损伤发生的作用及意义。方法以小鼠烟雾吸入性损伤为模型，应用RT—PCR和TUNEL技术，观察其损伤后肺组织中Bcl-2和Bax基因mRNA表达及细胞凋亡的变化。结果小鼠烟雾吸入性损伤后肺组织Bcl-2和Bax的表达增加，细胞凋亡指数升高，与对照组相比，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论提示细胞凋亡可能参与了吸入性损伤肺组织的病理形成过程。     

脊髓减压病大鼠神经细胞凋亡及神经生长因子的保护作用

目的探讨脊髓减压病对大鼠脊髓神经细胞凋亡的影响及神经生长因子的保护作用。方法SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、安全减压组、生理盐水组和神经生长因子治疗组，建立大鼠脊髓减压病模型．于出舱后0，10，30，60，120min经蛛网膜下腔各注入20μl生理盐水或神经生长因子，在6，24，48，72h用TUNEL法标记脊髓神经细胞凋亡，免疫组织化学方法检测TNF-α蛋白表达。结果脊髓减压病大鼠出舱后6h组出现少量脊髓神经细胞凋亡及TNF—α蛋白表达，24h组阳性染色明显增强，48h组达到高峰，神经生长因子治疗后神经细胞凋亡及TNF—α蛋白表达明显减少，与生理盐水组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。TNF—α蛋白表达与神经细胞凋亡存在正相关（P〈0．05）。结论神经细胞凋亡是脊髓减压病大鼠的重要病理变化，TNF—α可能参与了脊髓减压病继发损伤，神经生长因子可以减轻脊髓减压病的神经细胞损伤。     

高压氧对快速减压致中枢神经损伤诱发神经元凋亡的效用

目的研究成年大鼠快速减压致中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤后神经组织细胞凋亡的变化及高压氧（HBO）暴露的效用。方法SD大鼠40只，按随机数字法分为10组，每组4只，即正常对照组、安全减压组、快速减压4个组（1．0MPa暴露5．5min后快速（50S）减至常压后6，24，48，72h组）、HBO4个组（快速减压后5h给予0．25MPa HBO暴露60min）。大鼠均分别于快速减压后6，24，48和72h同期取大脑，用原位末端TUNEL法标记凋亡细胞，光学显微镜下观察形态学改变和高倍镜计数阳性细胞计算凋亡指数。结果正常对照组和安全减压组未标记出TUNEL阳性细胞；快速减压致伤动物6h组CNS组织内仅见少量散在阳性细胞；24h组凋亡指数较6h组增加（P〈0．01）；48和72h组明显增加，达到高峰（P〈0．01）；TUNEL阳性凋亡细胞主要为神经元细胞。HBO暴露组24h组神经元凋亡指数明显较快速减压组相同时间组降低（P〈0．05），48h和72h组降低更加显著（P〈0．01）。结论神经元凋亡是快速减压致CNS损伤中神经元丧失的重要形式之一：HBO暴露能够减少损伤后期的神经元凋亡，对保存神经元、改善预后起到重要作用。     

兔肺动脉栓塞再灌注肺泡细胞凋亡及调控基因的实验研究

目的 探讨兔肺动脉栓塞／再灌注损伤中的细胞凋亡及其基因调控机制。方法 健康新西兰白兔36只，雌雄不拘，运用5F Berman球囊堵塞左下肺动脉，然后球囊放气，复制肺动脉栓塞缺血再灌注模型，随机分为6组：对照组，假手术组，肺栓塞1h组、肺栓塞2h组，肺栓塞2h再灌注1h组、肺栓塞2h再灌注2h组。实验结束取肺组织，测定肺组织湿干比，采用流式细胞分析法检测肺组织细胞凋亡率和免疫组织化学法检测肺上皮细胞Bax、Bcl-2、Fas／FasL蛋白表达的变化。结果兔肺动脉栓塞时肺组织细胞凋亡明显增加，再灌注后1h、2h凋亡细胞继续增加，并随着再灌注时间延长而增加（P〈0．05），Bax、Fas及FasL蛋白表达在肺动脉栓塞缺血及再灌注后明显增加（P〈O．01）。肺泡上皮细胞凋亡指数与肺组织湿干比、Bax、Fas、FasL蛋白表达之间存在非常显著的正相关关系（r=0．721，0．806，0．820，0．820；P〈0．01），与Bcl-2、Bcl-2／Bax比值呈显著负相关关系（r=-0．602，-0．829；P〈0．01）。结论肺动脉栓塞／再灌注中诱导肺组织细胞凋亡增加，肺组织细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl-2，Fas、FasL系统活化可能参与了肺栓塞缺血再灌注肺损伤的发生。     

移植胰腺冷缺血后细胞凋亡与Bcl-2Bax表达的研究

目的：探讨胰腺移植后供胰冷缺血损伤后细胞凋亡与Bcl-2、Bax表达的关系。方法：建立小型猪胰腺移植冷缺血再灌注模型，根据供胰冷缺血时间（CIT）分为：CIT 0h组、CIT 3h组、CIT 6h组、CIT 9h组。切除受体猪胰腺制作成糖尿病模型，胰腺移植完成30min后观察胰腺病理变化及TUNEL法检测胰腺细胞凋亡、免疫组织化学法进行Bcl-2、Bax测定。结果：CIT 3h、CIT 6h、CIT 9h组供胰细胞凋亡指数（AI）明显高于冷缺血时间0h组，随着冷缺血时间的延长Bcl-2表达及Bcl-2／Bax比率逐渐下降，Bax表达则逐渐增强。结论：冷缺血时间越长，胰腺细胞凋亡程度越重，细胞凋亡不仅与Bcl-2、Bax自身表达水平有关，也与Bcl-2／Bax比率失衡有关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.