单核苷酸多态性与肿瘤转移的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性（SNP）是基因组变异最丰富的一种DNA序列变化形式，其与现有的遗传标记物结合，与现有的基因诊断体系接轨，将加速检验医学从表型诊断向基因型诊断的过渡。肿瘤是一种多基因遗传病，其侵袭转移与致病基因的SNP密切相关，现就近几年这方面的研究新进展作一综述。     

单核苷酸多态性与血液学肿瘤的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)是第3代分子遗传标志,SNP决定基因的功能单位和人群遗传变异的内在特征。它反映了个体表型、疾病易感性和对药物、环境因子反应的差异。血液肿瘤是一种多基因遗传病,涉及到多个遗传易感基因的作用。本文就近年来单核苷酸多态性与其在血液肿瘤研究领域(致癌物质代谢酶基因的SNP、DNA修复基因的SNP、癌基因与抑癌基因的SNP、药物代谢相关酶基因的SNP等)的相关进展作一综述。     

端粒酶基因单核苷酸多态性与恶性肿瘤易感性的研究进展

端粒酶的激活与恶性肿瘤的发生密切相关,在85%~90%的肿瘤细胞中可以检测到端粒酶活性,而癌旁组织或良性病变端粒酶几乎无活性。端粒酶基因部分位点单核苷酸多态性通过影响端粒酶的催化活性,在恶性肿瘤的发生、发展中起重要的作用。本文简要介绍端粒酶的结构,并对端粒酶基因单核苷酸多态性与恶性肿瘤易感性的研究作一综述。     

单核苷酸多态性在肿瘤易感性及临床应用中的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性(SNP)是人类基因组中最为常见的一类遗传变异,依据其发展起来的候选基因策略、全基因组关联研究及外显子组测序等已经在鉴定肿瘤易感性方面取得了重大成就.近年来,随着高通量技术手段的发展和应用,SNP在阐述肿瘤发生的作用机制,肿瘤的预防、诊断乃至靶向治疗中都有重要的作用.     

IL-1基因单核苷酸多态性在鼻咽癌发生发展中的作用

目的探讨IL-1α-889T/C,IL-1β-511C/T基因单核苷酸多态性与鼻咽癌易感性与复发的关系。方法采用病例对照研究,采集来自辽宁地区不同医院的鼻咽癌患者193例、正常人群231例静脉血,酚氯仿法提取基因,Taqman real-time PCR方法及SDS软件对IL-1α-889T/C,IL-1β-511C/T基因型进行分型。结果单因素分析和多因素分析均显示IL-1α-889T/T基因型与鼻咽癌易感性相关,可以显著降低鼻咽癌发生。进行病理分层后显示T/T基因型在各病理类型中均起到保护作用,IL-1β-511C/T位点的各基因型与鼻咽癌易感性不相关。经单因素及多因素进一步分析后显示,IL-1α-889T/C,IL-1β-511C/T位点各基因型与鼻咽癌复发不相关。结论 IL-1α-889T/C位点单核苷酸多态性与鼻咽癌易感性相关,T/T基因型可以降低北方汉族鼻咽癌发生风险,IL-1β-511C/T位点单核苷酸多态性与鼻咽癌易感性不相关。     

microRNA相关单核苷酸多态性与肿瘤的关系

微小RNA(miRNA)是一类高度保守的非编码小RNA,可作用于转录及转录后调控基因的表达。miRNA参与许多生物途径,可发挥癌基因或抑癌基因的作用。miRNA相关的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)对于肿瘤的发生、发展有一定影响,并与肿瘤的早期诊断、预后和治疗相关。本文综述了近年来发现的miRNA相关SNP与肿瘤关系的研究,并从miRNA基因自身多态性和miRNA靶基因的SNP两方面论述其对不同肿瘤的影响和作用。     

单核苷酸多态性与血液肿瘤的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)作为人体基因组单个核苷酸变异所导致的DNA序列多态性,是第3代分子遗传标志,它决定基因的功能单位和人群遗传变异的内在特征。SNPs反映了个体表型、疾病易感性以及对药物、环境等影响因素反应的差异。血液肿瘤是一种多基因遗传疾病,涉及到多个遗传易感基因的相互作用。本文拟就近年来SNPs在血液肿瘤研究领域的相关进展作一综述。     

FGFR2基因rs2981578多态性与乳腺癌易感性的相关性研究

目的探讨纤维母细胞生长因子受体2(FGFR2)第二内含子区rs2981578多态性与甘肃地区女性乳腺癌患病易感性的关系。方法运用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)对所选位点在232例乳腺癌患者和203例健康对照女性中进行基因分型分析。χ2检验分析该位点的基因型分布频率在病例组和对照组中的差异。结果 rs2981578位点的三种基因型在对照组中符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。在病例组和对照组中rs2981578位点的等位基因和基因型都没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 FGFR2基因rs2981578位点多态性可能与甘肃地区女性乳腺癌的发生没有相关性。     

IL-10基因单核苷酸多态性与急性淋巴细胞白血病易感性的相关性研究

目的 探讨IL-10基因单核苷酸多态性与ALL发病易感性的关系.方法 选取2007年1月至2009年12月北京大学第一医院、北京市道培医院115例ALL缓解患者,同时选取323名体检健康者作为对照组.采集ALL患者的骨髓以及健康对照者的外周血标本,提取DNA.设计IL-10启动子区-819C/T、-592A/C引物做PCR,应用限制性内切酶Msl Ⅰ、HpyCH4Ⅲ分析其限制性片段长度多态性,并测序验证;同时分析IL-10基因-819位点、-592位点各基因型构成及等位基因在ALL患者组和健康对照组间的差异.用实时定量PCR检测ALL患者EB病毒DNA和BCR/ABL融合基因,分析IL-10基因-819位点、-592位点各基因型构成及等位基因在EB病毒阳性和阴性组间、BCR/ABL融合基因阳性和阴性组间的差异.结果 ALL患者组IL-10基因-819位点的-819CC、-819TT、-819CT基因型比例分别为14.8%(17/115)、45.2%(52/115)、40.0%(46/115),-592位点的-592AA、-592CC、-592AC基因型比例分别为43.5%(50/115)、16.5%(19/115)、40.0%(46/115);健康对照组-819位点的-819CC、-819TT、-819CT基因型比例分别为9.9%(32/323)、16.4%(53/323)、73.7%(238/323),-592位点的-592AA、-592CC、-592AC基因型比例分别为11.8%(38/323)、15.5%(50/323)、72.8%(235/323),ALL患者组与健康对照组间-819和-592位点基因型构成差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为46.000和54.550,P均＜0.05＝.ALL患者组-819T等位基因比例为65.2%(150/230),-592A等位基因比例为63.5%(146/230),而健康对照组分别为53.5%(344/646)和48.1%(311/646),差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为9.877和15.986,P均＜0.05＝.ALL患者中42例检测了EB病毒DNA,其中EB病毒阳性22例,EB病毒阴性20例.EB病毒阳性组-819位点的-819CC、-819TT、-819CT基因型比例分别为9.1%(2/22)、40.9%(9/22)、50.0%(11/22),-592位点的-592AA、-592CC、-592AC基因型比例分别为31.8%(7/22)、13.6%(3/22)、54.5%(12/22),EB病毒阴性组分别为35.0%(7/20)、45.0%(9/20)、20.0%(4/20)和35.0%(7/20)、45.0%(9/20)、20.0%(4/20),2组基因型构成差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).ALL患者中36例进行了BCR/ABL融合基因检测,其中阳性20例,阴性16例.BCR/ABL融合基因阳性组-819位点的-819CC、-819TT、-819CT基因型比例分别为0%(0/20)、45.0%(9/20)、55.0%(11/20),-592位点的-592AA、-592CC、-592AC基因型比例分别为45.0%(9/20)、5.0%(1/20)、50.0%(10/20),BCR/ABL融合基因阴性组分别为18.8%(3/16)、50.0%(8/16)、31.3%(5/16)和50.0%(8/16)、18.8%(3/16)、31.3%(5/16),2组基因型构成差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).结论 IL-10基因-819位点TT基因型和-592位点AA基因型人群易患ALL.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the relationship of IL-10 gene single nucleotide polymorphism and the susceptibility to ALL. Methods The bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 115 ALL patients and 323 healthy controls were collected in Peking University First Hospital and Beijing Dao-pei Hospital from January 2007 to December 2009. The DNA were extracted from all samples. The primers of -819C/T and -592A/C in the promoter region of IL-10 gene were designed for the PCR. The restrictive fragment length polymorphism of IL-10 gene was analyzed by using restrictive enzyme Msl Ⅰ and HpyCH4 Ⅲ.Sequencing was done in part of these samples to confirm the results of PCR. The differences of genotypes and allele ratio of -819 and -592 sites were analyzed between the ALL patients and healthy controls. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to detect the EB virus (EBV) infection and the expression of BCR/ABL fusion gene. The differences of genotypes and allele ratio of -819 and -592 sites were analyzed between the positive and negative group. Results The genotype ratios of -819CC, -819TT, - 819CT, -592AA,- 592CC and - 592AC were 14. 8% ( 17/115 ), 45.2% ( 52/115 ), 40. 0% ( 46/115 ), 43.5% ( 50/115 ),16. 5% ( 19/115 ), 40. 0% ( 46/115 ) in ALL patients, and were 9. 9% ( 32/323 ), 16. 4% ( 53/323 ),73.7% ( 238/323 ), 11.8% ( 38/323 ), 15.5% ( 50/323 ), 72. 8% ( 235/323 ) in the healthy controls,respectively. The genotypes of -819 and -592 sites had statistically significant differences between the two groups(x2 values were 46.000 and 54.550, all P ＜ 0. 05 ). The allele ratio of -819T and -592A were (65.2%, 150/230) and (63.5%, 146/230) in ALL patients, while they were 53.5% (344/646) and 48. 1% (311/646)in the healthy controls. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups (x2 values were 9. 877 and 15.986, all P ＜ 0. 05 ). The EBV DNA were detected in 42 ALL patients,among which 22 were positive and 20 were negative. The genotype ratios of -819CC, -819TT, -819CT,-592AA, - 592CC, - 592AC in EBV positive group were 9. 1% ( 2/22 ), 40. 9% ( 9/22 ), 50. 0%(11/22) ,31.8% ( 7/22 ), 13.6% ( 3/22 ), 54. 5% ( 12/22 ), while they were 35.0% ( 7/20 ), 45.0%(9/20) ,20. 0% (4/20) ,35.0% (7/20) ,45.0% (9/20) ,20. 0% (4/20) in the EBV negative group. The genotypes of -819 and -592 sites showed no statistical differences between the two groups( all P ＞ 0. 05 ).The BCR/ABL fusion gene were detected in 36 ALL patients, among which 20 were positive and 16 were negative. The genotype ratios of - 819CC, - 819TT, - 819CT, - 592AA, - 592CC, - 592AC in BCR/ABL positive group were 0% (0/20) ,45.0% (9/20) ,55.0% ( 11/20), 45. 0% (9/20) ,5.0% (1/20) ,50. 0%( 10/20), while they were 18. 8% ( 3/16 ), 50. 0% ( 8/16), 31.3% ( 5/16 ), 50. 0% ( 8/16 ), 18. 8%(3/16), 31.3 % (5/16)in the BCR/ABL negative group. The genotypes of -819 and -592 sites showed no statistical differences between the two groups ( all P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusion The population with - 819TT and - 592AA genotype of IL-10 gene shows susceptibility to ALL.     

p53基因单核苷酸多态性与肺癌易感性

目的 p53基因是与多种肿瘤发生、发展密切相关的抑癌基因，其单核苷酸多态性与肺癌的早期诊断和放射治疗疗效密切相关。检测p53基因多态性将对肺癌患者的放疗疗效及预后提供指导意义。本文简要综述p53基因单核苷酸多肽性与肺癌及与其组织学类型和种族的关系。     

RAD51-G135C和XRCC3-C241T多态性与伴重现染色体易位急性髓系白血病发生的关系

目的 探讨DNA同源重组修复基因RAD51-G135C和XRCC3-C241T多态性与伴重现染色体易位急性髓系白血病(AML)发生的关系.方法 共收集625例初治原发性AML患者的骨髓、806名患者一级亲属和704名与患者无血缘关系正常人的外周血样本,常规提取基因组DNA.用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法分析RAD51-G135C和XRCC3-C241T基因多态性.选取XRCC3-C241T不同基因型细胞系进行体外照射,用TaqMan实时定量PCR法检测CBFβ-MYH11融合基因mRNA的相对表达量.结果 同正常人和一级亲属比较,XRCC3-C241T变异基因型(C/T+T/T)能明显提高inv(16)/t(16;16)/CBFβ-MYH11(+)AML的发病风险,风险值分别提高了6.22倍(P<0.001)和6.99倍(P<0.001);同正常人和一级亲属比较,RAD51-G135C纯合变异基因型(C/C)亦能明显提高inv(16)/t(16;16)/CBFβ-MYH11(+)AML的发病风险,风险值分别提高了0.87倍(P=0.010)和1.15倍(P=0.001).经照射后,XRCC3-C241T纯合变异型HL-60细胞系CBFβ-MYH11融合基因mRNA表达量是野生型KG1a细胞系的59.49倍.RAD51-G135C和XRCC3-C241T多态性位点基因型与t(15;17)/PML-RARα(+)AML、t(8;21)/AMLI-ETO(+)AML和11q23异常AML发生风险无明显相关性.结论 XRCC3-C241T变异基因型和RAD51-G135C纯合变异基因型可显著增高inv(16)/t(16;16)/CBFβ-MYH11(+)AML发生的风险.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between DNA homologous recombination (HR) repair genes RAD51-G135C/XRCC3-C241T polymorphisms and development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with recurrent chromosome translocation. Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from bone marrow cells of 625 de novo AML patients and peripheral blood cells of 806 patient family members and 704 unrelated volunteers. Genotypes of RAD51-G135C and XRCC3-C241T were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Cell lines with genotypes differed from XRCC3-C241T were selected and irradiated in vitro. The CBFβ-MYH11 fusion gene was detected by TaqMan real-time PCR. Results The XRCC3-C241T variant (C/T + T/T)showed 6. 22-fold and 6.99-fold increase in the risk of developing the AML with inv( 16)/t( 16;16)/CBFβ-MYH11 as compared with the volunteer and family member controls respectively; the RAD51-G135C homozygote-type (C/C) variant showed 0. 87-fold( P =0. 010) and 1. 15-fold(P =0.001) respectively increase in the risk of this subtype AML. In the irradiated group, the CBFβ-MYH11 mRNA level in HL-60 cells was 59.49 times increased than that in KG1a cells. However, the RAD51-G135C and XRCC3-C241T variants had no correlations with the risk of development of t( 15; 17)/PML-RARα( + ) AML,t(8;21 )/AML1-ETO( + )AML and 11 q23 AML subtypes. Conclusion The XRCC3-C241T variant and the RAD51-G135C homozygote-type significantly increase the risk of the development of AML with inv( 16)/t( 16;16)/CBFβ-MYH11.     

脂联素单核苷酸多态性+45位点的表达在2型糖尿病中的研究

目的研究脂联素单核苷酸多态性SNP＋45位点基因在广州汉族2型糖尿病患者中的分布,评价该基因是否为2型糖尿病的易感基因。方法采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性内切酶长度多态性技术,对2型糖尿病（T2DM）组和健康对照（CON）组人群进行脂联素基因SNP＋45多态位点基因的检测。结果T2DM组人群脂联素SNP＋45位点的基因型分布：TT型56．4％、GT型34．9％、GG型8．7％。CON组脂联素SNP＋45位点的基因型分布：TT型42．0％、GT型48．2％、GG型9．8％。结论广州地区T2DM组与CON组脂联素SNP＋45位点的基因型差异有统计学意义。T2DM组T／T型基因明显增多;CON组GT＋GG型基因增多。提示脂联素基因第2外显子45位点多态性与2型糖尿病相关,TT基因型者具有较高的2型糖尿病易感性。     

Affordable assays for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms in insects

Insect genome projects and DNA sequence databases are providing unprecedented amounts of information about variation at specific nucleotides in protein- and RNA-coding genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are abundant in all insect species so far examined and are proving useful in population genetics, linkage mapping and marker-assisted selection. A number of studies has already identified SNPs associated with insecticide resistance, especially mutations conferring reduced target site sensitivity. Unfortunately, most modern, high-throughput, automated SNP detection technologies are expensive or require the use of expensive equipment and are therefore not accessible to laboratories on a limited budget or to our colleagues in developing countries. In this review, we provide a chronological and comprehensive list of all SNP methods. We emphasize and explain those techniques in which genotypes can be identified by eye or that only require agarose gel electrophoresis. We provide examples where these techniques have or are currently being applied to insects.     

急性髓系白血病患者PDGFRβ和SHIP基因突变及其单核苷酸多态性研究

目的探讨Ⅲ型受体酪氨酸激酶信号通路中PDGFRβ以及SHIP等基因突变和单核苷酸多态性（SNP）在急性髓系白血病（AML）发病中的意义.方法采用基因组PCR、RT-PCR、直接测序以及基质辅助激光吸收电离子化-飞行时间质谱技术（Mass-ARRAY）等方法,在273例AML患者中检测PDGFRβ以及SHIP等基因突变和SNP.结果PDGFRβ R685C和SHIP Q1153L为新发现的突变,阳性率分别为0.73%和0.36%.结论PDGFRβ R685C和SHIP Q1153L突变有可能参与急性髓系白血病的发病机制.     

宫颈癌患者IL-18基因单核苷酸多态性的筛选

目的 筛选宫颈癌患者IL-18基因单核苷酸多态性位点,初步探讨IL-18基因单核苷酸多态性与宫颈癌相关性,为后续选择合适的单核苷酸多态性标志进行宫颈癌风险预测提供参考.方法 常规方法对原发性宫颈癌患者和健康人群46例进行外周血单个核细胞DNA抽提;自行设计引物,对IL-18基因5′端和6个外显子(长约5 kb)进行PCR法,产物采用DNA测序方法进行分析.结果 在IL-18基因5′端2 kp和6个外显子区域内共筛查出7个候选单核苷酸多态性,频率约0.14%,其中rs1946518和rs1946519的单核苷酸多态性基因型在宫颈癌和健康人之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且二者存在连锁关系;另有3个位点rs360719、rs360717和rs360718也存在连锁关系,可能与宫颈癌呈负相关,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);位于E4的rs11547404和1个未登陆的单核苷酸多态性分别在1例患者中检测到.结论 采用小样本对特定人群IL-18基因进行测序可有效地筛选出候选单核苷酸多态性.初步发现宫颈癌与IL-18基因上游调控区rs1946518和rs1946519单核苷酸多态性有一定关系,为后续利用单核苷酸多态性标志进行宫颈癌风险预测提供了研究基础.     

轻型β-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血患者β-珠蛋白基因单核苷酸多态性分析

目的对临床诊断为轻型β-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血患者进行β-珠蛋白基因单核苷酸多态性分析.方法用PCR法对β-珠蛋白基因进行扩增,扩增产物经纯化后测序,确定其单核苷酸多态性.结果β-珠蛋白基因分析片段中共发现3个位点存在单核苷酸多态性,分别是外显子1第59位的T/C多态性、内含子2第-16位的G/C多态性及内含子2第-74位的T/G多态性.结论同国外报道的正常人群相比,轻型β-珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血患者的β-珠蛋白基因单核苷酸多态性位点显著减少,各位点的碱基频率也有不同.     

中国人群中单核苷酸多态性位点rs165599与脑区体积的相关性

目的 探讨健康中国汉族人群精神分裂症易感基因儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶（COMT）单核苷酸多态性位点rs165599与部分脑区体积的相关性。方法 纳入299名健康中国汉族志愿者,对所有志愿者行MRI,采用VBM8软件测量19个脑区体积,以SnaP Shot法对rs165599位点进行基因分型,采用线性回归模型分析rs165599位点与所选19个脑区体积的相关性。结果 总体样本和男性样本中rs165599位点与所选19个脑区体积均无相关性（P均>0.05）;女性样本中rs165599位点与岛叶及丘脑体积呈显著相关（P=0.04、0.01）,效应等位基因（C）携带者岛叶体积大于非效应等位基因（T）携带者,丘脑体积小于非效应等位基因（T）携带者,经多重检验校正后rs165599与岛叶及丘脑体积无相关性（P=0.76、0.15）。结论 女性中rs165599可能与岛叶及丘脑体积具有相关性。     

Correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms in CXCR4 microRNA binding site and the susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis in Han Chinese population

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the microRNA target sequence in CXCR4 and the susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis (KOA).MethodsA total of 305 patients with KOA and 305 healthy controls were recruited into this study. The genotypes of CXCR4 rs1804029 and rs17848060 loci were analyzed.ResultsThe susceptibility to KOA of CXCR4 rs1804029 G allele carriers was 1.33 times (95% CI: 1.09‐1.54, P = .006) that of T allele carriers. The KOA susceptibility in individuals carrying T allele at CXCR4 rs17848060 locus was 1.38 times that of individuals carrying A allele (95% CI: 1.17‐1.57, P < .001). The G allele at CXCR4 rs1804029 locus was the target of hsa‐miR‐146a‐3p, while the A allele at CXCR4 rs17848060 locus could be targeted by hsa‐miR‐20a‐3p. The plasma level of hsa‐miR‐146a‐3p was lower in rs1804029 G allele carriers than T allele carriers (P < .001), whereas plasma level of hsa‐miR‐20a‐3p was higher in rs17848060 T allele carriers than A allele carriers (P < .001).ConclusionThe SNPs at rs1804029 and rs17848060 loci in CXCR4 were significantly associated with the susceptibility to KOA in Han Chinese population.