The outcome of early surgical management of ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms

Abstract

Since 7990, early surgery within 3 days following subarachnoid hemorrhage has been performed routinely in our hospital even for ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms. Our experience with early surgical management of 25 patients with posterior circulation aneurysms, including two patients who underwent endovascular surgery, is reported. Fourteen patients had an aneurysm on the basilar, the posterior cerebral or superior cerebellar artery (BAJ, and 77 patients had an aneurysm on the vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (VA). The mortality and morbidity of the BA group were 7% and 29%, respectively, and those of the VA group were 27% and 9%, respectively. In BA, the incidence ofsymptomatic vasospasm and hydrocephalus was definitely high compared with VA, and the outcome in elderly patients was significantly unfavorable. Early surgery for posterior circulation aneurysms to prevent rebleeding might be considered in selected cases. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 385-388]     

Does intraoperative aneurysm rupture influence outcome? Analysis of 169 patients

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of intraoperative aneurysm rupture (IAR) in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) undergoing surgery for cerebral aneurysms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July 1997 and April 2000, 292 consecutive patients were admitted to our institution with SAH due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Of these, 169 patients were treated surgically according to standard microsurgical procedures and were included in this study. Mean age was 47 years. Initial clinical state was graded according to the classification of Hunt and Hess (HH). Outcome was classified according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale as favorable (grades IV and V) and unfavorable (grades I-III). Outcome of patients with intraoperative ruptured and non-ruptured aneurysms was analyzed in correlation to the preoperative clinical state and with respect to the time of surgery and to aneurysm localization. RESULTS: Different rupture rates were observed with respect to the localization of the aneurysm: anterior circulation (n=69) 39.1%, middle cerebral artery (n=46) 34.8%, internal carotid artery (n=48) 31.2%, and posterior circulation (n=6) 16.7%. Patients with HH-grades I-III showed a favorable outcome in 72.2% (61 of 84 patients) without intraoperative rupture and in 71.7% (33 of 46 patients) with intraoperative aneurysm rupture. The corresponding values for patients with HH-grades IV/V were: favorable outcome in 34.6% (9 of 26 patients) and 23.1% (3 of 13 patients), respectively. Poor initial clinical condition (HH IV and V) as well as the initial Fisher grades III and IV were strongly associated with poor clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative aneurysm rupture has no impact on the outcome, neither in patients with good initial condition nor for poor grades patients.     

超选择性栓塞治疗颅内后循环动脉瘤

目的 分析后循环动脉瘤的特点,总结血管内介入治疗的经验、教训.方法 采用血管内栓塞治疗32例后循环动脉瘤,对临床资料、疗效、并发症等进行分析总结.结果 32例中,动脉瘤闭塞＞95%占90.7%.＜95%占9.3%.术中常见并发症是动脉瘤破裂、血管痉挛和血栓形成,本组占15.6%.术后早期死亡2例,23例获得随访,GOS评定,Ⅰ级16例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ1例.结论 血管内栓塞治疗是后循环动脉瘤的理想治疗方法,它具有安全性高,并发症少,病死率低等优点.     

Fusiform aneurysm of a persistent trigeminal artery.

OBJECTIVE: Fusiform aneurysms of the persistent trigeminal artery are rare and endovascular treatment of these aneurysms has not been attempted previously. We describe a case of persistent trigeminal artery with a fusiform aneurysm in its middle third, managed using Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC). CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 50-year-old, diabetic and hypertensive patient presented with sudden onset headache and neck stiffness. On examination, she was conscious but disoriented, without cranial nerve or sensorimotor deficits. Four-vessel cerebral digital subtraction angiography revealed a fusiform aneurysm of the middle third of a persistent trigeminal artery on the left side with adult type posterior cerebral arteries. INTERVENTION: Guglielmi detachable coils were used for occlusion of the persistent trigeminal artery. RESULTS: The procedure was well tolerated but delayed ischemic neurological deficits developed due to vasospasm. CONCLUSIONS: (1) In spite of angiographically documented independence of the anterior and posterior cerebral circulation, occlusion of a persistent trigeminal artery using endovascular techniques may result in posterior circulation stroke due to a number of factors, including occlusion of brainstem perforators taking origin from the persistent trigeminal artery or vasospasm. (2) The timing for endovascular intervention following aneurysmal rupture remains poorly defined.     

无蛛网膜下腔出血的破裂脑动脉瘤

目的 总结无蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的破裂脑动脉瘤的诊治经验.方法 对15例在起病后2 d内首次CT或MRI上表现为脑内出血(ICH),和(或)脑室内出血(IVH)、硬脑膜下血肿(SDH)和壁间出血(IMH)而无SAH的破裂脑动脉瘤患者的临床表现、影像学检查结果 、治疗方法 和预后进行回顾性分析.结果 本组首次CT或MRI检查表现为ICH者3例、IVH合并ICH者6例、SDH者1例、IVH者1例、IMH者3例和等高混合密度者1例.其中动脉瘤位于大脑中动脉6例、前交通动脉4例、后交通动脉3例、大脑前动脉1例和小脑后下动脉1例.开颅手术夹闭动脉瘤13例,血管内栓塞2例.出院时GOS评分:恢复良好8例、中残3例、重残3例和植物生存1例.本组15例占同期破裂脑动脉瘤的3.8%.结论 破裂脑动脉瘤首次CT扫描可表现为单纯ICH,和(或)IVH、SDH、IMH而无SAH,与CT扫描时间、动脉瘤的部位和指向以及出血量有关.早期控制颅内高压、及时诊断和有效处理破裂动脉瘤,是改善预后的关键.     

后循环动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的探讨后循环动脉瘤血管内介入治疗的临床应用。方法 14例后循环动脉瘤患者Hunt&Hess分级分为Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例;数字减影血管造影(DSA)显示椎动脉瘤2例,小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤5例,基底动脉尖动脉瘤2例,基底动脉末端动脉瘤1例,小脑前下动脉瘤2例,大脑后动脉瘤2例。入组者均给予血管内介入治疗,其中7例囊性动脉瘤采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞术,5例采用Onxy胶载瘤动脉局部栓塞术,分别有1例应用支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞术及支架塑形术。结果术后DSA显示动脉瘤完全栓塞10例,近全栓塞3例。1例支架塑形术后梭形膨出明显好转。格拉斯哥预后量表评分为5分12例,3分1例,2分1例。随访3个月～5年,8例恢复正常,1例左侧偏瘫,1例死亡,4例失访。结论颅内后循环动脉瘤多为复杂动脉瘤,个体化血管内介入治疗是安全、有效的方法。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂急性期经眉眶上锁孔入路手术治疗

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂急性期经眉眶上锁孔入路手术的可行性及相对适应证。方法对28例颅内动脉瘤破裂急性期经眉眶上锁孔入路手术治疗病人的临床资料进行分析,着重描述该手术方法、注意点、术中动脉瘤破裂及术后脑血管痉挛发生情况。结果28例动脉瘤全部夹闭成功,其中3例术中有动脉瘤破裂出血,术后10例病人有不同程度的脑血管痉挛,其中2例为症状性脑血管痉挛。除1例大脑中动脉瘤有轻偏瘫,1例前交通动脉瘤有单侧下肢轻瘫外,其他病人恢复良好。结论绝大多数颅内动脉瘤破裂病人急性期同样适合锁孔手术,术中动脉瘤破裂和术后脑血管痉挛发生的机会同常规开颅显微手术并无明显差别。     

Reported incidence and treatment modalities of giant cerebral aneurysms in the pediatric population: A systematic review and illustrative case report

Giant intracranial aneurysms represent a complex pathology that pose challenges for management, especially in the pediatric population. With emerging endovascular techniques, combined endovascular and open surgical approaches may be a favorable alternative for complex cases. In this systematic review, we characterize the treatment modalities of giant aneurysms in the pediatric population and provide an update on the number of giant aneurysms reported in the literature by anatomic location. We conducted a literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases with the following terms: ‘pediatric’ AND ‘giant’ AND ‘intracranial aneurysm.’ Studies were included if data on treatment modality and aneurysm location were available for pediatric patients with giant intracranial aneurysms. The literature search yielded a total of 188 papers, with 82 pediatric patients from 33 articles ultimately meeting inclusion criteria. There were significantly more male than female patients (p = 0.011), with 52 and 29 respectively. Patients presenting with a ruptured aneurysm were significantly younger than patients presenting without rupture (p = 0.018), with a median age of 8.0 and 12.0 years, respectively. There were 45 giant aneurysms reported in the anterior circulation and 37 in the posterior circulation. Anterior aneurysms were most often treated with surgical approaches, while posterior aneurysms were typically treated with endovascular interventions (p = 0.002). Although combined surgical and endovascular approaches were the least frequently utilized, we suggest a combined approach may be particularly useful for patients with complex cases that require a management plan tailored to their needs.     

Delayed oculomotor nerve palsy associated with a ruptured anterior communicating aneurysm: Case report

Background and importanceOculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) is usually associated with posterior communicating (PCOM) aneurysms. ONP in patients with anterior circulation aneurysms are extremely rare, with only a handful of such published cases to date. There is currently no accepted mechanism to explain this clinical finding.Clinical presentationWe describe a case of a 60-year-old female that benefitted from endovascular coiling of a ruptured anterior communicating (ACOM) aneurysm. In the following days, she clinically deteriorated and benefitted from another digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with intravascular verapamil for suspected vasospasm, and subsequently developed a right ONP.ConclusionAlthough classically related to PCOM aneurysm, ONP may be associated with ACOM aneurysms. The causative mechanism is unclear, but vasospasm may alter the microvascularisation of the oculomotor nerve, leading to ischemia.     

儿童颅内动脉瘤的临床特征及治疗

目的 探讨儿童颅内动脉瘤的发病特点、影像学特征及其治疗策略.方法 对宣武医院神经外科及神经介入中心1985年10月至2008年5月共23例14岁以下(含14岁)儿童的24个颅内动脉瘤的发病方式、部位、大小等影像学特点、治疗方式及其结果进行回顾性分析.结果 儿童颅内动脉瘤占所有年龄组颅内动脉瘤的1.3%,男:女=1.56:1;24个动脉瘤中,16个位于前循环,8个位于后循环;14个属于复杂动脉瘤;以蛛网膜下腔出血为表现者11例;14例采用神经介入治疗,4例采用显微手术治疗,5例未行外科治疗,其中2例在随访过程中动脉瘤及载瘤动脉自行闭塞而自愈;1例死亡,1例因术前动脉瘤再破裂导致中度致残,其余21例结果良好.结论 (1)儿童颅内动脉瘤较为罕见,发病率男性高于女性;(2)颈内动脉及大脑中动脉是儿童颅内动脉瘤的好发部位;(3)与成人相比,巨大动脉瘤、夹层动脉瘤及后循环动脉瘤、感染或外伤性动脉瘤比例较高;(4)神经介入及显微手术都是治疗儿童颅内动脉瘤的有效方法,但对于复杂动脉瘤首选神经介入治疗,相当一部分动脉瘤甚至不得不采用载瘤动脉闭塞的方法治疗.     

Does the method of treatment of acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms influence the incidence and duration of cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome?

OBJECTIVES: Cerebral vasospasm remains the leading cause of death and permanent disability after subarachnoid haemorrhage. This study determined whether the method of aneurysm treatment plays an important role in determining the incidence of cerebral vasospasm and its clinical consequences. METHODS: Admission data, cranial computed tomography (CT), treatment details, transcranial Doppler (TCD) results, and clinical outcomes of patients who had surgical or endovascular management of their ruptured aneurysm were recorded and subject to multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Between January 1995 and December 1999, 292 eligible patients (206 female, 86 male) had definitive aneurysm treatment at our unit. 212 patients were clipped, 80 coiled. There was no significant difference in patient age, pre-treatment neurological grade, Fisher grade, or timing of treatment in the two groups. 48.3% patients developed TCD detected cerebral vasospasm and 16.1% patients developed permanent ischaemic neurological deficit. At clinical follow up, 84.2% of patients were well (mGOS 1 and 2) with a cumulative death rate of 6.5% from all causes. The only significant predictor of TCD-detected cerebral vasospasm was patient age (inversely, p = 0.004). Increased patient age, vasospasm, poor pre-treatment WFNS, and higher CT Fisher grades correlated with a poor discharge GOS. However, only poor pre-treatment WFNS grade and patient age correlated with poor GOS at follow up (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The treatment method had no influence on the incidence or duration of TCD detected vasospasm and there was no significant difference in outcome at discharge or follow up between those patients who had surgery or endovascular management of their aneurysms.     

开颅夹闭术和血管内介入术治疗前循环动脉瘤的对比研究

目的 比较开颅夹闭术和血管内介入术两种方法治疗前循环动脉瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性研究湘潭市中心医院2007年1月至2011年6月按照个体化治疗原则开颅夹闭术治疗的45例和血管内介入术治疗的36例前循环动脉瘤患者的临床资料,对两组患者主要并发症、术后死亡率、恢复优良率、复发率和平均住院时间进行比较,并进行统计学分析,P＜0.05有统计学意义.结果 开颅组术后动脉瘤复发率低于介入组,分别为2 2％和19.4％,开颅组和介入组平均住院天数为16±0.9天及11±0.8天,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组患者术中动脉瘤破裂出血、术后脑血管痉挛、脑积水等并发症的发生率分别为8.9％和8.3％、31.1％和36.1％、2.2％和5.6％,死亡率分别为2.2％和2.8％,恢复优良率分别为82.2％和83.3％,两者比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 开颅夹闭术和血管内介入术治疗前循环动脉瘤疗效无明显优劣之分,可按照个体化治疗原则,选择其中一种方法进行治疗.     

Aneurysms in children: review of 15 years experience.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial aneurysms in children are rare. The location, size, age, and presentation in the young are markedly different from that of adults. The 15-year experience of the senior author in southern California is presented. METHODS: All paediatric patients treated for cerebral aneurysm over a 15-year period were identified. Intraoperative and postoperative data were collected retrospectively from the medical records. The need for additional surgery as well as the incidence of complications including death, hemiparesis, seizures, memory disturbances, and the need for subsequent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion were identified. RESULTS: Fifty children were identified (54 lesions). Subarachnoid haemorrhage was the most common mode of presentation with the average Hunt-Hess grade being I-II. The locations of the lesions were middle cerebral (10), internal carotid (8), anterior communicating (7), posterior cerebral (6), posterior communicating (5), pericallosal (4), anterior cerebral (3), choroidal (3), posterior inferior cerebellar (3), basilar (2), vertebral (2) and frontopolar (1) arteries. Clinical vasospasm was encountered in eight of our patients, but no cases were observed in those younger than nine years. Long-term outcome was excellent in 22 cases, good in 20 and poor in nine, with one death and two patients lost to follow-up. CONCLUSION: Analysis of our data suggested a predilection for the posterior circulation compared to adults, larger size, more complex architecture, and a decreased incidence of clinical vasospasm in the younger age group. This series and a review of the literature suggest that aneurysmal disease in children may be distinct from that of adults.     

血管内治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床分析

目的探讨血管内治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年6月血管内治疗的257例颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果 257例患者共261枚动脉瘤,其中259枚动脉瘤顺利栓塞,2枚动脉瘤未能栓塞。术后即刻造影显示：Raymond分级Ⅰ级栓塞211枚,Ⅱ级37枚,Ⅲ级11枚。术中出现脑血管痉挛13例、动脉瘤破裂再出血5例、支架内急性血栓形成3例、弹簧圈部分脱出至载瘤动脉2例。术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅳ级患者3例和术中动脉瘤破裂再出血患者1例死亡。237例患者出院后随访3~42月,改良Rankin评分0~2分229例,3~5分8例;9例动脉瘤复发和2例动脉瘤破裂再出血均再次栓塞治疗,其余患者未发生动脉瘤复发和再出血,并且17枚Ⅱ级栓塞和5枚Ⅲ级栓塞的动脉瘤达到Ⅰ级栓塞。结论血管内治疗是一种有效、安全、微创的治疗颅内动脉瘤的方法。     

前循环巨大动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨手术治疗脑前循环巨大动脉瘤的方法，设计个体化治疗方案。方法回顾分析2001年1月至2005年3月间手术治疗的38例脑巨大动脉瘤方法和效果。分别采用：直接夹闭瘤颈12例；动脉瘤切除加脑血管重建5例；动脉瘤孤立术4例；颅内外动脉吻合伴或不伴血管内介入治疗14例；包裹1例；载瘤动脉阻断2例。结果术后恢复优良32例，重度病残4例，死亡2例。结论术前应充分评价脑血流动力学和侧支循环，个性化设计治疗方案，采用不同手术术式可取得良好预后；同时颅内外血管吻合术可有效改善颅内供血，确保动脉瘤的后续治疗；手术和血管内介入治疗的结合是今后巨大型动脉瘤治疗的一个方向。     

锁孔入路治疗破裂的前循环动脉瘤

目的探究锁孔入路治疗破裂的前循环动脉瘤的显微技术和治疗效果。方法通过眉弓眶上和翼点锁孔入路治疗前循环动脉瘤36例,包括前交通动脉瘤13例,后交通动脉瘤16例,大脑中动脉分叉处动脉瘤7例。手术均为发病后1～3d进行。结果术中动脉瘤显露良好,36例均成功夹闭,其中2例动脉瘤术中破裂出血。29例恢复良好,6例轻残,1例死亡。结论锁孔入路可显著减小手术损伤及手术并发症。完善的术前准备和设计,熟练的手术操作技术,良好的术中配合是手术成功的保证。     

脑动脉瘤显微手术治疗及脑血管痉挛的综合防治

目的探讨脑动脉瘤破裂出血后的最佳手术时机和方法,分析影响脑动脉瘤患者预后的因素,探讨防治脑血管痉挛的最佳措施.方法回顾性分析412例脑动脉瘤患者的临床资料,着重探讨不同时期开颅手术的效果和急性期锁孔手术的相对适应证,分析影响颅内动脉瘤患者预后的因素,比较各种防治脑血管痉挛措施的效果.结果使用常规开颅显微手术治疗361例,其中急性期手术222例,92%动脉瘤夹闭成功;发病后4～14d手术63例;延期手术76例.非急性期手术患者在等待手术期间发生动脉瘤再破裂出血27例(27/139).经眉眶上锁孔入路动脉瘤夹闭31例.未行手术治疗20例.术后脑血管痉挛的总发生率为45.5%,其中静脉联合使用尼莫同加硫酸镁组为32.7%;尼莫同加环孢菌素-A组为33.3%.术后3个月时预后良好333例,中残29例,重残及植物人15例,死亡23例,自动出院12例.病程中有意识障碍、癫痫发作、动脉瘤多次破裂的预后较差.结论脑动脉瘤一旦发现应积极争取早期手术治疗,锁孔手术同样适合急性期手术.病程中有意识障碍、癫痫发作、病情危重及动脉瘤多次破裂是影响患者预后的重要因素.静脉联合使用尼莫同加硫酸镁或尼莫同加环孢菌素-A是防治脑血管痉挛的较好方法.     

脑前循环系统动脉瘤显微手术(附92例报告)

目的 探讨脑前循环系统动脉瘤的手术时机、术中动脉瘤破裂的处理和多发性动脉瘤的治疗原则。方法 回顾性分析我院自1996年12月至2005年12月92例脑前循环系统动脉瘤显微手术治疗患者的临床资料。结果 92例患者共手术夹闭动脉瘤98个，同时清除血肿20例；4例多发性动脉瘤（其中1例先行一侧动脉瘤直接夹闭术，术后40d对侧动脉瘤破裂脑疝急诊手术直接夹闭3个动脉瘤）；92例中死亡2例（大面积脑梗脑疝1例，肺部感染1例）。结论 脑前循环系统动脉瘤早期施行显微手术疗效较佳。对于多发性动脉瘤，应尽可能在一期内行单侧或双侧开颅术，先处理破裂的动脉瘤，后处理未破裂动脉瘤。手术中避免动脉瘤破裂和正确处理破裂后的出血，显微镜下充分解剖蛛网膜，避免解剖关系不清状态下盲目操作及术后积极防止血管痉挛是手术成功的关键。     

颅内后循环动脉瘤的临床特征及显微外科治疗

目的 探讨颅内后循环动脉瘤的临床特征、显微外科治疗的方法及其效果.方法 对2000年1月至2008年10月手术治疗的10例颅内后循环动脉瘤的临床资料进行回顾分析.结果 动脉瘤位于基底动脉分叉部4例,大脑后动脉P1-P2交界处2例,小脑后下动脉3例,小脑前下动脉1例.以蛛网膜下腔出血为临床表现者8例,以脑神经麻痹等占位效应为表现者2例;8例行单纯动脉瘤夹闭术,2例行动脉瘤夹闭及残颈包裹术.术后随访6个月至8年,恢复良好6例,中度伤残2例,重度残疾1例,死亡1例.结论 后循环动脉瘤手术较为困难,应选择合适的入路,充分显露动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,术中尽可能保护脑干、脑干穿支动脉及脑神经,以减少手术后致死致残率.     

颅内破裂动脉瘤合并脑内血肿的复合手术治疗

目的 探讨复合手术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤合并脑内血肿的疗效。方法 回顾性分析簧圈栓塞术后行颅骨钻孔血肿腔引流术治疗的5例颅内破裂动脉瘤合并脑内血肿的临床资料。结果 5例头颅CT均表现为典型蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）合并脑内血肿;DSA发现动脉瘤位于大脑前动脉A2段分叉部1例、大脑前动脉A2段1例、前交通动脉1例、颈内动脉后交通动脉1例、大脑中动脉分叉部1例;术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。引流术后3~4 d血肿大部分引流干净,无再出血、感染及脑梗死。术后6个月GOS评分3分1例,4分1例,5分3例。结论 对合并脑内血肿的自发性SAH,首先应考虑动脉瘤破裂出血可能,需尽早行DSA检查明确诊断;复合手术对于部分未发生脑疝又合并脑内血肿的破裂动脉瘤是可行的,能取得良好的疗效。