阿米卡星对小鼠内耳水通道蛋白4表达的影响北大核心CSCD

目的观察阿米卡星对小鼠内耳水通道蛋白4(aquaporin 4,AQP4)表达的影响,探讨AQP4在阿米卡星耳毒性机制中的可能作用。方法 60只CBA/CaJ小鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,每组30只,实验组小鼠皮下注射阿米卡星450mg·kg-1·d-1,每天1次,共14d,对照组小鼠皮下注射等量生理盐水。注射4天后应用免疫组化染色分别检测两组小鼠耳蜗AQP4的表达及定位情况,应用蛋白免疫印迹技术及RT-PCR技术检测两组小鼠内耳AQP4表达水平的变化。结果 AQP4在小鼠内耳表达于Corti器的支持细胞。对照组和实验组的AQP4蛋白相对含量分别为0.672±0.074、0.479±0.108,AQP4mRNA相对含量分别为0.701±0.107、0.460±0.080,实验组AQP4的蛋白及mRNA的相对含量均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论阿米卡星可导致小鼠内耳AQP4蛋白及基因表达的下调,这可能是阿米卡星耳毒性的机制之一。     

葡萄糖转运蛋白1在人喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的:观察葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT1)在人喉鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其与临床病理学的关系.方法:应用免疫组织化学的方法以及RT-PCR法检测57例喉鳞状细胞癌患者的肿瘤组织、癌旁喉组织以及远离肿瘤的正常喉组织中GLUT1的蛋白和mRNA的表达,并结合喉癌患者的临床病理特征进行分析.结果:①免疫组织化学:GLUT1在喉癌组织中的表达高于癌旁喉组织和正常喉组织(P<0.01);在低分化喉癌中的表达高于高分化喉癌(P<0.05);Ⅲ期+Ⅳ期喉癌较Ⅰ期+Ⅱ期喉癌有高表达GLUT1的趋势(P<0.01);有淋巴转移的喉癌的表达高于无淋巴转移者(P<0.05);在直径≥3 cm的肿瘤中的表达高于直径＜3cm者(P<0.05).②RT-PCR结果:GLUT1在喉癌组织中的表达高于癌旁喉组织和正常喉组织(P<0.01);在低分化喉癌中的表达高于中分化和高分化喉癌(P<0.05);Ⅲ期+Ⅳ期喉癌较Ⅰ期+Ⅱ期喉癌有高表达GLUT1的趋势(P<0.05);有淋巴转移的喉癌的表达高于无淋巴转移者(P<0.05);在直径≥3 cm的肿瘤中的表达高于直径＜3 cm者(P<0.05).结论:GLUT1与喉癌发生、发展、分化、淋巴转移和转归等密切相关,可以作为喉癌的诊断、治疗和预后指标之一.     

小鼠内耳发育过程中Evi-1基因的表达

目的观察在小鼠内耳发育过程中不同阶段Evi-1基因的动态表达特征及变化规律,为进一步探索EVI-1基因在小鼠内耳发育中作用。方法选用胚胎第9.5天(E9.5)到胚胎期18.5天(E18.5)的C57BL/6胎鼠,E9.5-E15.5取胚胎头,E15.5后取内耳,之后进行冰冻切片及免疫荧光染色,利用荧光显微镜观察小鼠内耳发育过程中EVI-1基因的表达变化情况。结果在E9.5天时尚未在听泡及其周围组织观察到EVI-1基因的表达,当胚胎发育到E10.5天时,EVI-1开始在感觉上皮周围弱表达,其局限表达于听泡周围的间充质;E11.5时期Evi-1的表达增强但也局限于内耳周围的间充质;E12.5时期时感觉上皮中开始出现Evi-1的表达,但随后即消失,仅在这一时期的感觉上皮中一过性表达,E13.5后,Evi-1表达逐渐减弱至消失。结论 Evi-1基因在小鼠内耳发育时期的表达具有明显时限性以及区域性,可能与内耳感觉细胞的增殖分化有关。     

抗分泌因子与水通道蛋白1和2在大鼠内耳中的表达及其相互作用

目的研究抗分泌因子（antisecretory factor，AF）与水通道蛋白1、2（aquaporin-1，2，AQP1，2）在大鼠内耳中的表达及其相互作用。方法选取6只健康雄性SD大鼠，采用Envision二步法免疫组化技术，观察AF、AQP1和AQP2在大鼠内耳中的表达情况；选取20只健康雄性SD大鼠，分别取其前庭及耳蜗组织，运用免疫共沉淀结合蛋白质印记方法，用抗AQP1的单克隆抗体和抗AQP2多克隆抗体分别特异性地沉淀前庭和耳蜗组织中的蛋白抗原，用抗AF的特异性抗体检测沉淀物。结果AF在内耳分布广泛，耳蜗血管纹边缘细胞、螺旋韧带Ⅰ-Ⅴ型纤维细胞、前庭膜、基底膜、壶腹嵴等部位呈轻中度阳性反应，圆窗膜呈中强阳性反应，耳蜗螺旋神经节及前庭、耳蜗神经纤维均有阳性分布；AQP1主要分布于血管纹的中间细胞、螺旋韧带Ⅲ型纤维细胞、基底膜以及圆窗膜，染色强度为中重度；AQP2主要表达于螺旋韧带Ⅱ型、Ⅳ及Ⅴ型纤维细胞，呈中重度阳性染色反应，圆窗膜也有轻度表达。以AF特异性抗体分别检测AQP1及AQP2特异性抗体沉淀物中有清晰的阳性条带，相对分子质量约60000，与AF的相对分子质量吻合，而未加AQP1及AQP2特异性抗体的对照实验中无反应条带出现。结论AF、AQP1及AQP2在内耳组织中的分布有一定的规律，多位于与内淋巴关系密切的部位，提示三种蛋白可能参与内淋巴中水的调节。AF的分布区与AQP1及AQP2均有重叠，AQP1、AQP2与AF之间均存在相互结合作用。     

胸腺素beta4在快速老化鼠耳蜗的过度表达

目的　通过比较年轻与年老的快速老化鼠 (senescence acceleratedmouse ,SAM)耳蜗中基因表达水平 ,筛选并分析可能的与老年聋相关的基因。方法　将分别从 2个月和 12个月的SAM耳蜗中提取的总RNA合成cDNA ,并与载有 110 1鼠基因的基因芯片进行杂交 ,杂交信号通过蓝色素 3荧光显色 ,并使用微机对其图像进行分析。通过实时定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应技术对其结果进行验证。用免疫荧光染色的方法 ,确定候选基因所编码的蛋白在耳蜗中的表达部位。结果　多数基因在老年耳蜗中的表达并没有明显的变化 ,本研究发现有 3个基因的表达较年轻耳蜗中有明显的增加 ,通过定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应技术证实其中的胸腺素beta4mRNA过度表达。免疫荧光染色显示胸腺素beta4主要在耳蜗的盖膜及外毛细胞的支持细胞中表达。结论　通过生物芯片技术 ,显示老年鼠耳蜗中基因表达的情况 ,并发现胸腺素beta4有可能与老年聋相关。这一研究为探讨老年聋的分子生物学机制提供了参考。     

MARK4基因在小鼠的表达研究及其在DFNA4基因搜寻中的意义

目的探讨微管亲和力调节激酶基因MARK4基因在小鼠不同组织（尤其耳蜗）中的表达情况，以及在不同发育期耳蜗中的表达变化，研究该基因与听觉系统功能的关系，为DFNA4型耳聋基因的定位克隆提供有意义的线索。方法分别取成年（30天）健康NIH小鼠的五种组织（心、肝、肾、脑、耳蜗）以及不同发育期（出生后6、11、15、30天）健康NIH小鼠的耳蜗组织，提取各组织的总RNA，针对小鼠MARK4基因的mRNA序列（NM-172279），设计引物进行逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT—PCR）；同时，利用生物信息学方法了解MARK4基因与DF—NA4型耳聋基因座的定位关系。结果①成年小鼠（30天）五种组织中，除心脏组织外其余四种组织均有MARK4基因的表达，以肝、肾中表达量较高，而耳蜗和脑组织中表达稍弱，表现出一定的组织特异性；②处于新生期（6天）、幼年期（11、15天）、成年期（30天）的小鼠，其耳蜗组织中均有MARK4基因的表达，以新生期表达量最高，生长至成年期时较前稍有降低，但无统计学差异；③MARK4基因位于人类19号染色体的长臂上，恰位于中国DFNA4型耳聋家系的定位区域。结论MARK4基因在成年小鼠的表达具有一定的组织特异性，其在耳蜗组织的表达情况提示该基因与听觉功能相关，可能在小鼠听觉系统的发育过程中产生作用。MARK4基因无论从位置上还是功能上考虑，均是中国DFNA4型耳聋家系极好的候选基因。     

角蛋白,波形蛋白,神经细丝蛋白在人胎内耳的定位表达

本文对合法引产９￣３２周胎龄的人内耳中角蛋白、波形蛋白、神经细丝蛋白的表达进行了免疫组织化学定位研究。结果发现增殖期的前庭器和Ｃｏｒｔｉ器始基细胞均有这三种中间纤维的表达。随着内耳分化的进行，角蛋白表达部位限于表皮板、网板、支持细胞、血管纹和前庭壁细胞。波形蛋白的表达部位分布在Ｃｏｒｔｉ器始基细胞、一些支持细胞、环绕的结缔组织、软骨细胞、骨组织、血管纹缘细胞、螺旋神经节细胞和神经纤维，前庭感觉上皮     

小鼠内耳水通道蛋白的定位及其意义

目的 检测水通道蛋白（water channel proterin;aquaporin,Aqp)亚型在小鼠内耳不同部位的分布和亚型所在部位。方法 使用成年小鼠30只,经活体灌注,切取双侧颞骨,按石虹包埋技术处理和切片。使用免疫组织化学方法标记确认小鼠内耳组织中水通道蛋白亚型1、3、4、5、7、9分布情况。结果 Aqp-1为1:200和Aqp－3、7、9为1:100的一抗浓度可以看一它们在内耳不同部位稳定、清晰的染色反应,但Aqp-4和5使用1：50甚至1：30也未观察到染色。Aqp－1在圆窗膜、螺旋韧带、内淋巴囊和内淋巴管、椭滞 和球囊以及内耳血管壁等处被标记;Aqp-3在螺旋韧带、前庭唇、内、外螺旋沟、基底膜和基底膜嵴、内淋巴囊和内淋巴管、膜半规管和椭圆囊、 球囊斑等处显示荧光染色。Aqp-7在血管纹、基底膜、前庭膜、椭圆囊和球囊及其囊斑有反应染色,而Aqp-9在螺旋缘、前庭唇、内、外螺旋沟、前庭膜、膜半规管和球囊及其囊斑有较强染色。结论 水通道蛋白亚型1、3、7、9广泛分布于小鼠内耳不同组织中,其分布部位和反应强弱存在差异,主要存在与内淋巴密切相关的组织结构中。     

Otoconin 90蛋白在豚鼠内耳的表达

目的观察Otoconin 90蛋白在内耳的表达情况,探讨其在耳石代谢中的意义。方法采用免疫组织化学SP方法 (streptavidin-perosidase,链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连结法)检测正常豚鼠内耳切片各主要部位Otoconin 90表达情况。结果 Otoconin 90蛋白不只在椭圆囊和球囊囊斑的感觉上皮有表达,在与其临近和相对位置的非感觉上皮,以及壶腹、半规管和耳蜗等多个部位均有丰富表达,在椭圆囊和球囊囊腔、半规管内等也有染色阳性物质出现。结论 Otoconin 90蛋白在内耳呈现出"多点"表达的特点,提示内耳多处产生Otoconin 90,可能最后转运至椭圆囊和球囊囊斑,在此与钙离子相互作用形成耳石。     

胸腺素beta4在快速老化鼠耳蜗的过度表达

目的通过比较年轻与年老的快速老化鼠(senescence—accelerated mouse，SAM)耳蜗中基因表达水平，筛选并分析可能的与老年聋相关的基因。方法将分别从2个月和12个月的SAM耳蜗中提取的总RNA合成cDNA，并与载有1101鼠基因的基因芯片进行杂交，杂交信号通过蓝色素-3荧光显色，并使用微机对其图像进行分析。通过实时定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应技术对其结果进行验证。用免疫荧光染色的方法，确定候选基因所编码的蛋白在耳蜗中的表达部位。结果多数基因在老年耳蜗中的表达并没有明显的变化，本研究发现有3个基因的表达较年轻耳蜗中有明显的增加，通过定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应技术证实其中的胸腺素beta4 mRNA过度表达。免疫荧光染色显示胸腺素beta4主要在耳蜗的盖膜及外毛细胞的支持细胞中表达。结论通过生物芯片技术，显示老年鼠耳蜗中基因表达的情况，并发现胸腺素beta4有可能与老年聋相关。这一研究为探讨老年聋的分子生物学机制提供了参考。     

Expression of glycoconjugates in the mouse inner ear after prenatal irradiation

Summary Irradiation of the murine fetal inner ear is known to produce damage both to the vestibular and cochlear parts in the adult mouse. Fluorescein-labelled lectins were used to reveal possible differences in the glycoconjugate content between normal and irradiated inner ears. In the vestibular part, the otoconia showed the highest uptake of labelled sugars. This uptake was weaker after irradiation when compared to non-irradiated specimens. The type I hair cells in the ampulla and in the utricle showed a weaker uptake, but no labelling was demonstrated in the type II hair cells compared to the non-irradiated controls. In the cochlear part of the inner ear almost no uptake of fluorescent-binding lectins could be demonstrated in the irradiated groups except for in the tectorial membrane. In the endolymphatic sac no uptake was shown after prenatal irradiation. These findings are discussed and correlated to the already known damage of the inner ear following prenatal irradiation.     

Diving injuries to the inner ear

Summary Two skin divers and 7 SCUBA divers, all men, aged 21–33 years, are presented. The injury occurred at shallow depths and difficulties with pressure equilibration to the ears were a common complaint. Vertigo and hearing losses. When a perilymph fistula is suspected and decompression sickness can be in the round, the other in the oval window. The latter patient also had a perforated ear drum on the same side, but his hearing normalized after surgical repair of the fistula and perforation. The others suffered lasting sensorineural high tone losses. When a perilymph fistula is suspected and decompression sickness can be ruled out, surgery within two days is recommended if bed rest does not prove effective.     

Melanin in the inner ear

Summary Following several studies on the effects of kanamycin toxicity on the inner ears of guinea pigs, we have studied the importance of melanin in this phenomenon. Transmission electron microscopy showed that, under the influence of kanamycin, the intermediate strial cells developed a secretory aspect similar to that seen in skin melanocytes. This aspect as yet has never been described for the inner ear cells. A planimetric, morphometric method was also used to determine the strial cell melanin status in control animals. Additional findings in the study confirmed an increase in the number of melanosomes during kanamycin poisoning. Statistical data are discussed.Presented at the First European Congress of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Cervico-Facial Surgery, Paris, 26–29 September 1988     

Expression of S-100 protein in the human fetal inner ear

The expression of S-100 protein was analyzed in the human fetal inner ear using immunohistochemical methods. In the 11-week-old human fetus, the cochlea was almost negative for S-100 protein, whereas in the 14- and 15-week-old fetuses, the spiral ligament, Reissner's membrane and spiral limbus were positive for the protein. These results suggest that S-100 protein may be a reliable marker for determining functional maturation of the fetal cochlea and the inner ear. In the l l-, 14- and 15-week fetuses, the epithelial cells of the endolymphatic sac were labelled with S-100 protein. These findings demonstrate that the endolymphatic sac, spiral limbus and spiral ligament in the fetal inner ear have a high activity of S-100 protein, with this presence possibly related to fluid and ion transport of endolymph.     

The progenitors of inner ear hair cells and their regulating genes

Hair cells in the mammalian inner ear are very fragile and are often injured as a result of acoustic trauma or exposure to ototoxic drugs (cisplatin, aminoglycosides, etc)[1]. In amphibians and birds, spontaneous post-injury regeneration of all inner ear sensory hair cell occurs, while in the mammalian cochlea, such hearing loss is usually permanent as there are currently no treatments that can lead to post-injury hair cell regeneration.     

Inner ear fine structures of the hamster in frozen sections used for immunohistochemical assays for inner ear diseases

Summary Frozen sections of the inner ear of the hamster enable detailed investigations of the fine structures in immunofluorescence assays. At high magnification single mitochondria can be identified by their reactions with an antiserum containing antibodies against mitochondria. In the positive reaction with an antiserum against nuclei, the typical green fluorescence is restricted to the nuclei, which are mostly separated by the surrounding cytoplasm. The method of immunohistochemical assay using frozen sections from the non-decalcified inner ear is very time-consuming and cannot be recommended for the routine diagnosis of inner ear diseases, although it may be useful in research and for studying critical clinical cases. Offprint requests to: N. R. Wei     

细胞凋亡与激光对内耳损伤关系的研究

目的 研究激光对内耳的损伤过程中细胞凋亡最终是否参与,并探讨激光对内耳损伤的机制。方法 选用健康雄性听力正常的豚鼠24只,随机分成对照组及实验A、B、C组,每组6只。对照组只打开听泡暴露圆窗龛,实验组分别以平均功率为1W、3W及5W的超脉冲CO2激光在豚鼠左耳耳蜗底周造孔。术前1d和处死前分别检测豚鼠听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)。术后1d断头处死豚鼠,扫描电镜形态学观察,DNA末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡。结果 实验B组和实验C组术后ABR III波阈值较术前提高(P<0.05)。实验C组外毛细胞纤毛散乱,并有散在缺失,实验B组外毛细胞纤毛稍散乱,无缺失,而对照组和实验A组基本正常。实验C组耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞、耳蜗神经细胞及外毛细胞等处见明显凋亡阳性细胞,实验B组上述部位仅见散在少量凋亡阳性细胞,而对照组和实验A组未见明显改变。结论 高峰功率激光对内耳的结构和功能有损伤,细胞凋亡在其中起了重要作用。     

The presence of laminin in the fetal human inner ear

Summary The expression of laminin was analyzed in the human fetal inner ear using immunohistochemical methods. In the 11-week-old human fetus, the presence of laminin was found in the basement membrane of the immature cochlea, endolymphatic sac and vestibular end organs. The reaction of the basement membrane of the endolymphatic sac was strong in the 15-week-old human fetus. A laminin reaction was seen in the cochlea, Reissner's membrane, epithelial cells of the limbus spiralis, the basilar membrane and the stria vascularis. In particular, the capillaries and basement membrane of the stria vascularis were strongly positive. These results suggest that laminin may be an essential component in the development of the inner ear and may possibly be related to filtration of the endolymph.     

Wideband tympanometry findings in inner ear malformations

ObjectiveThe deficits in the cochlea which is at the one end of the ear sound transfer system, may effect middle ear functions. Wideband typanometry (WBT) is frequently used to evaluate these transfer functions which play a crucial role in setting the impedance matching between the external ear and the cochlea. To this end, the aim of this study was to investigate the ear transfer functions in inner ear malformations via WBT, and to question whether these functions change depending on the types of inner ear malformation.MethodsThis prospective case-control study was conducted in a university hospital. One hundered-fifty-seven ears (aged 3–37 years) under the groups of cochlear hypoplasia, incomplete partition I, incomplete partition II, cochlear aplasia and complete labyrinthine aplasia were evaluated. In the control group, 30 ears with normal hearing were enrolled and WBT was carried out. Tympanometric peak pressure, equivalent middle ear volume, static admittance, tympanogram width, resonance frequency, average wideband tympanometry and absorbance measurements were analyzed.ResultsThe inner ear malformation groups demonstrated statistically significant differences than the control group and from each other in terms of traditional tympanometric parameters and WBT test parameters (p < 0.05). The most remarkable difference was between the group of complete labyrinthine aplasia and the control group, most probably because of complete labyrinthine aplasia’s structural effects. However, on some parameters, incomplete partition II and the control group showed similarities. In absorbance measurements, there was significant difference between all patient groups and the control group, especially at high frequencies (p < 0.05). The largest difference was between the control group and the group of complete labyrinthine aplasia which has revealed the lowest absorbance values (p < 0.05). In averaged-wideband tympanogram analysis, all patient groups obtained a lower amplitude peak than the control group; complete labyrinthine aplasia group had the flattest peaked amplitude, while the incomplete partition II group had a near-normal curve.ConclusionThe results of the study revealed the distinctive effects of inner ear malformations in middle ear transfer functions. It is concluded that the absence of inner ear structures causes negative effects on energy absorbance and the other transfer functions of the middle ear. WBT may provide additional information on diagnosis of patients with inner ear malformations.