儿童与成人甲型H1N1流感临床对比分析

目的探讨儿童与成人甲型H1N1流感的临床特点,并进行对比分析。方法选择2009年9月～2010年1月间隔离治疗的甲型H1Nl流感患者57例,并将其分为成人组（23例）和儿童组（34例）,比较两组患者的临床症状、合并症、实验室检查和特检等指标。结果成人组与儿童组甲型HlNl流感患者的扁桃体肿大、合并基础疾病等方面相近;成人组并发肺炎、呼吸衰竭等危重症的发生率较儿童组高,但无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。儿童组的高热、消化道症状发生率、表浅淋巴结肿大、支气管炎发生率较成人组明显增高,差异有显著性（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。两组患者的外周血白细胞计数、乳酸脱氢酶、空腹血糖相近;成人组丙氨酸氨基转移酶、肌酸激酶及心电图异常等指标高于儿童组,但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;成人组外周血淋巴细胞计数及低氯低钠血症异常指标明显高于儿童组,而儿童组x线异常率明显高于成人组（P〈0．05）;儿童组肌酸激酶同工酶明显高于成人组（P〈0．01）。结论甲型H1N1流感可引起多器官、多系统的病变损害,成人和儿童患者的临床表现不尽相同,各有其特点。     

保留隔、壁束技术在法洛四联症手术矫正中的应用(附193例报告)

目的：探讨保留隔、壁束技术在法洛四联症手术矫正中的价值。方法：右室流出道纵切口，环形狭窄只切除狭窄环；管形狭窄或右室前壁极度肥厚者，将切口两侧心肌自前向后斜形切除修剪，完全保留隔、壁束和室上嵴。均行右室流出道加宽。结果术后早期死亡l例。余右／左室压比均在0．5以下，全部治愈出院，随访效果满意。结论：法洛四联症手术矫正保留隔、壁束技术，可有效的保护右心室功能、预防室缺残余漏、避免完全性右束支传导阻滞。     

成人法洛四联症根治术的麻醉处理

成人法洛四联症由于心内血管畸形继发严重病变 ,长期缺氧 ,常合并有多脏器功能的损害、灌注肺、肾功能衰竭及因侧支循环丰富而术中术后易致出血、渗血等并发症。同时由于主动脉骑跨 ,高位大室间隔缺损 ,右室流出道狭窄所致右向左分流 ,肺血流减少 ,且伴有左心室发育不良 ,低氧血症和红细胞继发增多所致的血液黏稠度增加。在麻醉期间易出现缺氧发作 ,术中、术后易出现低心排血量综合征。因此麻醉的管理难度增加。我院 2 0 0 0年～ 2 0 0 4年共行 7例成人法洛四联症的手术治疗。现总结如下 :     

右室流出道间隔部与心尖部起搏对心功能的影响

目的了解右室流出道间隔部起搏和右室心尖部起搏参数的差异及对心功能的影响。方法65例安装DDD起搏器的患者随机分为右室心尖部（RVA）与右室流出道间隔部（RVS）起搏进行置入时及术后3个月起搏参数、左室射血分数的分析。结果两组基线资料无显著差异，术后15min及3个月两组的起搏阂值、感知、阻抗均无差异，术后3个月右室流出道间隔部组左室射血分数显著高于右室心尖部组（0．57±0．04vs0．50±0．03，p〈0．05）。结论右室流出道间隔部起搏安全可行，且对心功能的影响优于右室心尖部起搏。     

右室流出道心律失常的发作方式与单导管消融治疗

报道 33例右室流出道心律失常的发作方式与单导管消融治疗。 3例仅室性早搏 (简称室早 )发作 ,30例室早与室性心动过速 (简称室速 )或心室颤动 (简称室颤 )并存。其中室早合并短阵单形室速 17例 ,合并持续单形室速 6例 ,合并多形室速 4例 ,合并快速室速或心室扑动 2例 ,合并室颤 1例。单点穿刺股静脉后 ,行右房或心室造影 ,将单根多枚电极导管按需放置于右室心尖部或流出道 ,行电生理检查、起搏与激动顺序标测和消融治疗。结果 :消融成功 30例 ,成功率 91%。靶点电图较体表QRS波始点早 38± 12 .4ms。 12例成功靶点位于右室流出道游离壁、9例位于间隔部、5例在游离壁和间隔部作多点片状消融、3例位于肺动脉瓣上、1例在右室流出道间隔部和左室间隔部消融成功。操作时间 5 2± 2 2 .2min ,X线透照时间 2 6± 18.0min ,放电时间 373± 111.7s。术中 1例未诱发心律失常 ,未行消融。 3例发生并发症 ,2例终止消融。 1例右室流出道穿孔 ,心包压塞。 1例多形室速 ,消融中室早多次触发室颤。 1例剧烈胸痛 ,冠状动脉造影示前降支近端 5 0 %局限狭窄。随访 14± 4 .5个月 ,无死亡病例 ,3例复发 ,1例消融 3次均复发 ,复发率 10 %。住院总花费人均 9133± 12 0 0元。结论 :右室流出道心律失常发病形式多种多样 ,单导?     

室间隔缺损并发畸形的发生率和超声心动图检测的漏诊分析

目的 :探讨室间隔缺损并发畸形的发生率及超声心动图漏检并发畸形的原因。方法 :对 379例非复杂性先心病室缺并发畸形的超声心动图检测结果与手术所见进行比较。结果 :较常见的非复杂性先心病室缺并发畸形的发生率为 36.0 % ,为卵圆形未闭、房缺、动脉导管未闭、右室流出道狭窄、右室双腔心及肺动脉瓣狭窄。超声心动图比较容易漏诊的室缺并发畸形为卵圆孔未闭、右室流出道狭窄及一些少见并发畸形。结论 :彩色多普勒超声心动图对室缺并发畸形具有一定的漏诊率 ,注意全面扫查及改进探查技巧有助于提高室缺并发畸形的检出     

射频消融治疗右室流出道起源室性心律失常的临床分析

目的:总结射频消融治疗右室流出道起源的室性心律失常的疗效、安全性;分析其ECG特征及心脏转位对其初步定位的影响。方法:入选右室流出道起源的室性心律失常射频消融患者246例,其中顺钟向转位30例,逆钟向转位99例,通过同步12导联ECG,分析ECG特征及进行初步定位,在Ensite velocity 3.0Nav标测系统指导下,结合激动标测、起搏标测进行靶点定位消融。结果:本组手术成功率为96.3%,复发率3.7%,并发症发生率0.4%,右室流出道起源室性心律失常的ECG有一定的特征性。结论:射频消融治疗右室流出道起源的室性心律失常是有效及安全的;体表发作图分析对其初步定位有一定帮助;心脏转位对于ECG初步定位鉴别右室流出道起源部位(间隔部/游离壁)没有影响。     

右室流出道室性早搏患者的窦性心率震荡变化

目的观察右室流出道室性早搏患者窦性心率震荡（HRT）的变化并探讨其临床意义。方法52例右室流出道室性早搏患者按室早数目分为两组：A组（室早≥1000／24h）和B组（室早〈1000/24h），比较两组间的HRT参数震荡初始（TO）和震荡斜率（TS）。结果右室流出道室性早搏患者HRT异常的发生率为23．08％，且A组患者中异常HRT的发生率明显高于B组；与B组相比，A组患者的TO值明显增大，幅值降低（p均〈0．05）；HRT与室早数目呈明显正相关（p〈0．01），TS与室早数目呈明显负相关（p〈0．01）。结论频发右室流出道室性早搏（室早≥1000／24h）患者的窦性心率震荡现象减弱，且HRT与室性早搏数目明显相关。HRT是一种较好的检测心脏自主神经功能的新技术。     

右室流出道间隔部与心尖部起搏贴心功能的影响

目的了解右室流出道间隔部起搏和右室心尖部起搏参数的差异及对心功能的影响。方法65例安装DDD起搏器的患者随机分为右室心尖部（RVA）与右室流出道间隔部（RVS）起搏进行置入时及术后3个月起搏参数、左室射血分数的分析。结果两组基线资料无显著差异，术后15min及3个月两组的起搏阂值、感知、阻抗均无差异，术后3个月右室流出道间隔部组左室射血分数显著高于右室心尖部组（0．57±0．04vs0．50±0．03，p〈0．05）。结论右室流出道间隔部起搏安全可行，且对心功能的影响优于右室心尖部起搏。     

成人法洛四联症根治术65例临床分析

目的总结成人法洛四联症（TOF）的外科手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2009年8月我院65例成人法洛四联症患者手术治疗的临床资料。所有患者在低温体外循环下行根治术,其中44例采用跨瓣环补片加宽右心室流出道及肺动脉,8例仅行右心室流出道扩大补片,13例疏通流出道后直接缝合右室切口。结果住院期间死亡率3．1％（2／65）,死亡原因均为低心排血量综合征;其余并发症包括室缺残余漏1例,一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞2例未安装永久起博器,心包积液1例,胸腔积液3例,肺不张3例,肺部感染2例,肾衰竭2例（行血液滤过治疗后,1例恢复1例死亡）。随访3-55个月,平均16．6个月,存活63例,心功能Ⅰ级48例（75％）,心功能Ⅱ级15例（25％）。结论彻底矫正畸形、加强心肌保护、避免发生低心排血量综合征、加强术后管理,成人法洛四联症外科手术可取得良好的疗效。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.