支气管动脉栓塞治疗急性大咯血

目的：通过对支气管动脉栓塞治疗急性大咯血的分析,探讨支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的效果及影响因素。方法：21例病人,共栓塞出血动脉34支,其中右支气管动脉18支,左支气管动脉13支,肋间动脉3支：栓塞材料为明胶海绵颗粒。结果：栓塞后,19例病人出血明显减少;2例术后第2天又有大咯血,治疗失败。治疗有效率90．5％（19／21）。结论：支气管动脉栓塞术是急性大咯血的安全、简便、有效的治疗手段。     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血的疗效研究

目的：探讨支气管动脉栓塞术治疗急症大咯血的近远期疗效及术后咯血复发、影响该治疗技术疗效的主要原因。方法：对57例大咯血患者行支气管动脉栓塞术治疗。57例中,支气管扩张症20例,肺结核31例,肺癌6例。术后随访3～18个月,观察疗效。结果：即刻止血48例（84．2％）,术后咯血完全停止;7例咯血明显减少,经内科保守治疗2—5天后咯血停止;2例咯血减少不明显,经二次栓塞治疗后咯血停止。2例肺结核患者及1例肺癌患者术后因病情进展,分别于6个月、9个月后再次咯血,经再次栓塞治疗后咯血停止。结论：支气管动脉栓塞术治疗急症大咯血创伤小,止血迅速安全,近远期疗效确切,有效控制原发病可降低咯血复发率。     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗急性大咯血的临床应用

目的评价选择性支气管动脉栓塞对治疗急性大咯血的效果。方法49例大咯血病人包括经临床与放射学证实的肺结核21例，支气管黏膜结核4例，支气管扩张18例，以及晚期肺癌6例，均经选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗。栓塞治疗后，全部病人经随访6个月至18个月。结果栓塞治疗后12h．49例中的46例(93．9％)被成功地止血，其余3例栓塞后再次咯血，再行栓塞治疗后，咯血停止。在随访6个月至18个月期间，除3例肺癌与1例肺结核偶有痰血外，未发生与栓塞治疗操作相关的严重并发症．结论选择性支气管动脉栓塞是目前治疗急性大咯血的一种较好方法，值得进一步推广应用。     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血26例分析

目的：评价支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血的临床疗效。方法：26例大咯血患者，咯血量300～1200ml／24h，平均420ml／24h，其中肺癌12例，支气管扩张6例，肺结核2例，肺棘球蚴病1例，肺血管畸形5例。采用改良Seldinger方法行选择性支气管动脉栓塞治疗。栓塞材料使用明胶海绵颗粒或PVA，血管粗大者加用明胶海绵条。常规行患侧锁骨下动脉、肋间动脉及对侧支气管动脉造影。以了解有无多支供血，发现供血血管则尽量行超选择插管栓塞治疗。肺癌患者根据不同病理类型行常规化疗灌注。结果：18例一次栓塞成功，3例两次栓塞成功，5例肺癌咯血栓塞后出血量明显减少。栓塞术后即时止血率80．77％，近期复发率7．69％，中远期复发率23．08％。结论：支气管动脉栓塞术治疗大咯血即时止血和近期疗效满意，中远期复发与栓塞材料吸收和原发病有关。     

支气管动脉栓塞术治疗肺咯血疗效分析

目的分析支气管动脉栓塞术治疗肺咯血的临床价值。方法对87例咯血患者(支气管扩张46例、肺结核18例、肺癌15例、支气管动静脉畸形2例、原因不明咯血6例)行选择性支气管动脉或肋间动脉栓塞治疗。其中支气管动脉栓塞78例,肋间动脉栓塞6例,支气管动脉与肋间动脉一同栓塞3例。2例使用同轴微导管行超选择栓塞,使用明胶海绵微粒栓塞85例,使用明胶海绵微粒与聚乙烯醇颗粒联合栓塞2例。全部病例随访12～18个月。结果栓塞后即刻止血58例,咯血量明显减少19例。于栓塞后1周、2周、1个月分别有5例、3例、2例复发。10例复发患者再次行栓塞治疗后未再出现咯血。有效率为89%(77/87)。全部病例无并发症发生。结论支气管动脉栓塞术是治疗肺咯血的一种安全、有效、微创的有效方法。     

明胶海绵加丝线微粒栓塞支气管动脉治疗大咯血

目的：观察明胶海绵加丝线微粒栓塞支气管动脉治疗大咯血中的疗效。方法：22例急性大咯血患者，男14例，女8例，支气管扩张症12例，肺结核6例，肺癌并出血4例，均用海绵加丝线粒栓塞。结果：22例患者术后咯血量明显减少，3天后咯血完全停止，1例1周后复发经第二次栓塞止血。所有病例组随访四个月以上均无复发。结论：支气管动脉栓塞控制急性大咯血为有效、安全的微创手术。     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核并大咯血的疗效观察

目的：探讨支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血中的应用价值。方法：33例肺结核大咯血患者经内科保守治疗无效后行支气管动脉栓塞．栓塞材料为明胶海绵颗粒或聚乙烯醇微粒（PVA），栓塞过程在X线影像监视下完成。结果：33例支气管动脉栓塞治疗后，25例1次栓塞后止血；8例2次栓塞后止血，其中5例行支气管动脉和超选择行胸廓内动脉栓塞止血．1例在第二次栓塞后1周因再次大咯血而死亡。结论：支气管动脉栓塞对肺结核大咯血的治疗是一种安全有效而快捷的手段。     

高温高压处理后明胶海绵在肺咯血动脉栓塞术中的应用初探

目的：探讨高温高压处理后的明胶海绵作为栓塞剂在动脉栓塞治疗肺咯血中的应用价值。材料和方法：19例行动脉栓塞治疗的肺咯血患者，其中肺结核9例，单纯性支气管扩张7例，肺癌术后继发性支气管扩张1例，肺癌1例，原因不明1例。所有患者在动脉栓塞治疗中均应用高温高压处理后的明胶海绵作为栓塞剂，术后进行疗效随访。结果：所有患者均行出血动脉的双重栓塞术。所有患者均行支气管动脉栓塞术，附加行肋间动脉栓塞术4例，附加行胸廓内动脉栓塞术3例，附加行肩胛下动脉栓塞术1例，附加行心包膈动脉栓塞术1例。19肺咯血患者经动脉栓塞术后随访至今，临床疗效满意，无术后严重并发症。结论：高压高温处理后的明胶海绵作为栓塞剂治疗肺咯血，不仅临床疗效满意而且非常经济，适合目前我国的国情，值得推广。     

无水乙醇栓塞支气管动脉治疗大咯血

目的：探讨支气管动脉栓塞治疗大咯血的材料及方法。方法：分析24例大咯血病人的临床资料，具体操作方法。结果：24例大咯血病人中，支气管动脉明显增粗、扩张、迂曲，行支气管动脉栓塞术后咯血即刻停止，有效率达100％，随访观察12—48个月，平均28个月，22例无复发，占98％，2例因新生肿瘤血管复发，占2％。结论：无水乙醇栓塞支气管动脉治疗大咯血效果好，对原发性肺癌有积极的治疗作用。     

隐源性大咯血的DSA表现及栓塞治疗

目的 探讨隐源性大咯血的支气管动脉造影表现及病理基础，支气管动脉栓塞效果。方法 隐源性大咯血定义为胸片和CT未发现明显病灶或原有病灶与咯血部位不一致，无法解释咯血原因。选择隐源性大咯血患19例，进行支气管动脉造影观察血管异常情况，进行支气管动脉栓塞观察术后即时止血率及长期随访止血率。结果 全部病例支气管动脉造影均可见血管异常，为支气管动脉增粗、分支增生、增多、扭曲，部分伴有出血灶，并可见支气管动脉畸形；经支气管动脉栓塞后即时止血效果及长期止血效果好，未见咯血部位恶性肿瘤发生，均为良性病变。结论 隐源性大咯血病理改变为支气管动脉因炎症感染损伤所致出血或肺血管畸形所致出血，支气管动脉造影和支气管动脉栓塞为一种安全可靠，有时是唯一的诊断、治疗方法，未见与技术操作有关的严重合并症。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）