Coronary-like revascularization for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

AIMS: The aim of this study was to document the early outcome of coronary-like revascularization for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 181 consecutive patient, 102 men, mean age 66.1 (+/- 9.2) years and 79 females, mean age 68.4 (+/- 9.2) years and 198 lesions were treated between February 1999 and May 2004 for ARAS and retrospectively analyzed. At least one major cardiovascular risk factor was present in 179 (98.9%) patients. Pre-dilatation ARAS was 81.3+/-9.6%, 27 ARAS were 50-70% and no ARAS was <50%. 135 (68.2%) of the ARAS lesions were ostial and 63 (31.8%) were non-ostial. In 17 (9.4%) patients bilateral ARAS were present. Technical success defined as residual stenosis < or =30% was achieved in 178 (98.3%) of patients and 195 (98.5%) of lesions. In one patient (0.5%) the target ARAS could not be crossed, in two (1.1%) patients residual stenosis was >30%. No major adverse cardiac or cerebral effects were observed. In 3.9% of patients minor local complications of the access site occurred; 4 (2.2%) inguinal hematoma, 3 (1.7%) pseudoaneurysm were documented. Serum creatinine concentrations and systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after the intervention were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary-like approach to ARAS revascularization is technically feasible and associated with a very low complication rate.     

手术治疗动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄围手术期高血压及肾功能变化的研究

目的对动脉硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)患者围手术期高血压及肾功能病情变化进行总结,判断外科和介入技术的治疗疗效。方法 2006年8月至2010年5月共80例肾动脉狭窄患者(共108条肾动脉病变)为研究对象,男女比例为1.8∶1,平均年龄(64.8±11.1)岁,经选择性肾动脉造影确诊肾动脉狭窄及狭窄程度,其中单侧病变52例,双侧病变28例,肾动脉轻中度狭窄(50%～69%)20条,重度狭窄(70%～99%)82条,肾动脉闭塞6条。行支架成形术67例71条肾动脉,单纯球囊成形术3例5条肾动脉,开放手术3例3条肾动脉,药物治疗7例9条肾动脉。结果全部手术治疗均顺利完成,总体肾功能获益率38.4%,高血压治疗有效率73.9%。术前血压(152.93±23.61)/(80.17±13.85)mm Hg,术后血压(134.76±16.42)/(71.53±13.85)mm Hg,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),对比肌酐、尿素氮、肾小球滤过率及口服降压药种类,术前、术后差异无统计学意义。对比双侧ARAS解除一侧狭窄与单侧ARAS解除狭窄后一周疗效,肾小球滤过率差异有统计学意义(P=0.038)。结论外科和介入技术对改...     

Management of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

The management of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is controversial. Although it may appear intuitive that restoring normal blood flow to the kidney(s) is the treatment of choice, there are no data showing an obvious advantage of interventional therapy compared with medical therapy. In this article, we discuss the most recent advances in the treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis with a focus on randomized studies comparing medical treatment with angioplasty/stenting, particularly in patients with underlying renal dysfunction. The available data are still of limited quality but provide support against indiscriminate use of interventions, as these treatments appear no better than best medical treatment that focuses on blood pressure control, use of blockers of the renin–angiotensin system, and aggressive cardiovascular risk management.     

Value of Doppler sonography for predicting clinical outcome after renal artery revascularization in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the usefulness of Doppler sonography for predicting blood pressure and renal function improvement after percutaneous renal angioplasty in patients with unilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with successfully revascularized unilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis were included. Patients were evaluated by Doppler sonography before treatment, with the resistive index (RI) and acceleration being measured in both kidneys. Blood pressure, number of antihypertensive drugs, and serum creatinine concentration were assessed before treatment and thereafter during a 23 +/- 15-month (mean +/- SD) period. RESULTS: In 20 of the 36 patients (55%), the RI was less than 0.80 before revascularization. After treatment, blood pressure improved in 17 (85%) of those 20 patients and improved in 8 (50%) of 16 patients with an RI of greater than 0.80 (P < .05). Twenty-five patients had renal insufficiency pretreatment, and 11 (44%) had a baseline RI of less than 0.80. Improvement in renal function after angioplasty was shown in 5 (45%) of these 11 patients and in 4 (28.5%) of 14 in the group with high RI (P > .05, not significant). On analysis of acceleration, blood pressure improved in 9 (69%) of 13 patients with acceleration of greater than 3 m/s(2) and in 16 (69.5%) of 23 with acceleration of less than 3 m/s(2) (P > .05). In patients with renal insufficiency, 5 (50%) of 10 cases with normal baseline acceleration and 4 (27%) of 15 with low acceleration showed improvement in renal function (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: An elevated RI should not exclude patients from a revascularization procedure because, although renal RI does correlate with blood pressure response to revascularization, it is not a useful parameter in predicting renal function outcome. Acceleration has no prognostic value.     

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and revascularization

Atherosclerotic renovascular disease is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. The patients with renovascular disease are at increased risk for adverse cardiac outcomes. Recent trials comparing medical therapy alone to medical therapy with stenting are flawed, but lay to rest any existing debate that unselected revascularization is unwarranted; however, revascularization may be appropriate in high-risk populations. Defining an appropriate population for revascularization is an area of ongoing study. Furthermore, delivery of optimal medical therapy in this population is inadequate. This review describes recent developments in renal artery revascularization.     

彩色多普勒超声在动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄诊断中的应用

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)的诊断准确性。方法对123例患有动脉粥样硬化性疾病的患者共246条肾动脉进行彩色多普勒超声检查。每例患者均测量肾动脉峰值流速(PSV)与腹主动脉峰值流速比值(RAR),叶间动脉加速时间(AT)。在双盲条件下,以肾动脉造影为标准,评价彩色多普勒超声诊断ARAS的准确性。结果对肾动脉狭窄度≥50%的病变,PSV≥150cm/s的敏感性和特异性分别为80.3%和98.2%。RAR>2.2的敏感性和特异性为81.8%和96.5%。两者结合,诊断的敏感性和特异性可达96.4%和94.3%。对≥75%的狭窄,采用叶间动脉AT>0.07s,诊断的敏感性和特异性为90.1%及91.4%。结论彩色多普勒超声是诊断动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的一种简便可靠的无创检查手段。     

From anatomy to function: diagnosis of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) affects 7% of the over 65 s and will be increasingly common with an ageing population. ARAS obstructs normal renal perfusion with adverse renal and cardiovascular consequences. Drug therapy is directed at reducing atherosclerotic risk. Two recent major trials of revascularization for ARAS showed that clinical outcomes were not improved beyond those offered by optimal drug therapy in most patients. This reflects experimental data showing that restoration of blood flow alone may not attenuate a cascade of tissue injury. A shift from anatomic to functional imaging of ARAS coupled to novel therapies might improve clinical outcomes in selected patients. This review outlines the case for separately assessing hemodynamic significance of arterial stenosis and functional reserve of renal parenchymal tissue. The authors consider current and emerging diagnostic techniques for ARAS and their potential to allow individualized and functionally directed treatments.     

Safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis following successful renal artery stent revascularization

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are contraindicated in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis due to risk of azotemia resulting from preferential efferent arteriolar vasodilation in the renal glomerulus due to inhibition of angiotensin II. Patients with renal artery stenosis who can derive survival benefit from ACE inhibition, therefore, may not receive ACEI therapy. We evaluated the safety of ACEI therapy in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis following successful revascularization using renal artery stenting. This study is a retrospective analysis of 25 patients who underwent bilateral renal artery stenting for refractory hypertension and had a strong clinical indication for long-term ACEI use (left ventricular dysfunction or diabetes). Eighteen of the 25 patients (72%) have been safely maintained on a target dose of ACEIs, 2 of the 25 have been treated with angiotensin receptor blockers due to cough, and 5 of the 25 are being treated with a hydralazine/nitrate combination due to cough (2 patients) or baseline renal insufficiency (3 patients). We conclude that patients with bilateral renal artery stenoses that have been successfully revascularized using renal stenting may be safely treated with long-term ACEI therapy.     

动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄介入治疗与药物治疗的临床分析

目的动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄（ARAs）与心血管疾病等密切相关,介入治疗能解除动脉狭窄,但其临床疗效却受到质疑,本实验通过严格把握介入治疗指征,分析ARAs患者单纯药物优化治疗与药物合并介入治疗的临床疗效。方法选择2010年1月至2011年1月确诊为ARAS,其肾动脉狭窄程度大于或等于70％的患者,通过综合评价肾脏情况（肾脏大小、肾动脉狭窄程度、患侧肾小球滤过率、动脉狭窄处血流压力阶差等）、临床并发症等,选择药物优化治疗组（拒绝行介入治疗患者）或药物优化合并介入治疗组,记录患者治疗前后血压、血清肌酐、心功能、心血管事件、再入院次数等,随访1年,评价单纯药物优化治疗与介入合并药物治疗的临床疗效。结果共入选120例患者,介入组48例,药物组72例,两纽基础资料差异无统计学意义,介入纽治疗前后血压下降明显,其中3例治愈,24例血压改善,21例无效,服用降压药物数量前后比较差异无统计学意义,平均肌酐轻度降低;药物组需要服用更多降压药物控制血压,平均肌酐轻度升高。在ARAs合并心衰患者分组中,介入合并药物治疗能改善心衰患者心功能,减少1年内因心衰、心绞痛、肺水肿及再住院次数。结论介入合并药物治疗能更好地改善ARAS患者心功能,两者对血清肌酐改善均无明显影响。     

动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄支架术后病人的健康教育及管理

[目的]增加动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)病人介入治疗后随访及治疗的依从性,以减少术后并发症的发生。[方法]将行选择性及非选择性肾动脉造影并进行介入治疗的76例确诊为ARAS病人为研究对象,对病人进行健康教育,使其充分了解ARAS的危害、相关危险因素及介入治疗的并发症;进行术后随访统计术前后相关危险因素控制率。[结果]术后随访到69例病人,随访率90.79%,随访时间4个月~32个月(15.84个月±9.04个月)。病人血压、血总胆固醇、血尿酸、血清同型半胱氨酸的控制率术前分别为46.4%、66.7%、68.1%、41.3%,术后随访分别提高至65.2%、89.9%、84.1%、81.0%;介入后再狭窄6例(8.7%)。[结论]对ARAS病人进行健康教育,可提高病人对相关危险因素的控制率,减少术后并发症的发生。     

动脉粥样硬化性与非动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的彩色多普勒超声表现差异

目的 评价5项有代表性且具有诊断价值的超声指标在肾动脉狭窄(RAS)类型之间的差异.方法 221例RAS患者首先进行彩色多普勒超声检查.测量5项多普勒超声指标.包括肾动脉峰值流速(RPSV)、肾动脉-腹主动脉峰值流速比值(RAR)、肾动脉-叶间动脉峰值流速比值(RIR)、加速时间(AT)和阻力指数(RI),随后进行肾动脉造影检查.造影显示管腔内径减少≥50%者视为RAS.采用卡方检验分析不同病因组间的统计学差异,单因素方差分析或t检验比较组间平均值差异.选择敏感性与特异性之和最大值时的阈值为最佳诊断阈值.结果 在动脉造影所显示的442条肾动脉(包括主肾动脉和副肾动脉)中,214条正常或狭窄程度＜50%,204条存在狭窄(内径减少50%～99%),其余24条闭塞.多普勒超声检查成功率为91.4%(404/442).动脉粥样硬化性与非动脉粥样硬化性RAS相比,RIR、RAR及RI测值差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而RPSV、AT测值差异无统计学意义.两组间RAR、RIR和RI的最佳诊断阈值相差较大(2.5对1.9,5.1对6.5,0.57对0.50),但RPSV和AT的最佳诊断阈值相差较小或相等(170 cm/s对200 cm/s,51 ms对51 ms).结论 对于内径减少≥50%RAS,最好针对动脉粥样硬化性与非动脉粥样硬化性RAS分别建立RAR、RIR和RI指标的诊断标准,而RPSV和AT应建立统一的诊断标准.RIR是诊断RAS尤其动脉粥样硬化性和纤维肌性发育不良性RAS的良好指标.     

Evaluation of the tardus-parvus pattern in patients with atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic renal artery stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the tardus-parvus pattern between atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) and to explore the causes of these differences. METHODS: In 81 patients, including a nonatherosclerotic group (29 cases of Takayasu arteritis and 22 cases of fibromuscular dysplasia) and an atherosclerotic group (n = 30), RAS was detected by color Doppler sonography and confirmed by renal arteriography. Doppler spectra were obtained at the upper, middle, and lower pole interlobar arteries, and the one with the most prolonged acceleration time (AT) was selected for recording the AT and resistive index (RI). RESULTS: Renal angiography revealed 16 moderate RASs, 80 severe RASs, and 15 occlusions. No statistically significant differences were found in the AT between the atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic groups in the mild (P = .24), moderate (P = .63), and severe stenotic (P = .41) subgroups; however, there were statistically significant differences in the RI between the atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic groups in the mild (P < .001), moderate (P < .01), and severe (P < .001) subgroups. The RI values in the atherosclerotic group were much higher than those in the nonatherosclerotic group for the 3 stenotic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The AT measurement method used widely now cannot differentiate potential differences in pulsus-tardus waveforms between atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic RAS; however, it remains a useful approach to detect RAS. Different RI cutoff values should be established according to atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic RAS, and consideration of influencing factors for the RI will help reduce misdiagnosis.     

肾动脉分支异常伴或不伴肾动脉狭窄的超声漏误诊分析

目的探讨超声诊断肾动脉分支异常伴或不伴肾动脉狭窄的漏误诊原因。 方法选取2018年1月1日至2019年12月25日于北京协和医院经CT血管造影（CTA）检查诊断为肾动脉分支异常的80例患者共103个肾的超声检查结果,与CTA检查结果进行对比分析,重点讨论肾动脉分支异常伴或不伴肾动脉狭窄的漏误诊原因。 结果在CTA诊断的103个肾中,27个为肾动脉变异合并狭窄,76个仅为肾动脉分支异常不伴肾动脉狭窄。在肾动脉变异合并狭窄的27个肾中,2个超声正确诊断（检出率为7.4%）,均由高年资超声医师检查;25个超声诊断不全面或漏诊,其中15个由低年资超声医师检查,10个由高年资超声医师检查。仅肾动脉分支异常的76个肾中,9个超声正确诊断（检出率为11.8%）,其中8个高年资超声医师检查,1个由低年资超声医师检查;67个超声漏诊,其中24个由低年资超声医生检查,43个由高年资超声医师检查。 结论肾动脉分支变异伴或不伴肾动脉狭窄的超声检出率较低,超声检出水平与工作年限可能有一定关系,提示在超声医师临床实践及教学培训过程中,注意强化对肾动脉分支异常的全面认识,将有助于提高超声检查对肾动脉分支异常这类疾病的检出率及诊断水平。     

Endovascular intervention for renal artery stenosis

Renovascular diseases are common conditions with important implications on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is present in 1–5% of patients with hypertension (HTN) in the US with the vast majority of caused by atherosclerosis. Atheroscelortic RAS is related not only to uncontrolled HTN, but also to renal dysfunction. Atherosclerotic RAS in the USA has been reported to account for approximately 14–16% of new patients requiring dialysis each year. Hence a concerted effort was made in the last decade to treat renovascular stenosis using newly developed endovascular therapies to improve cardiovascular morbidity and renal function. A review on new advances in the endovascular management of renal artery stenosis with low profile stents, embolic protection devices, and drug eluting stents is presented.