软骨寡聚基质蛋白在慢性胰腺炎损伤中退变腺泡细胞内的表达

目的 研究正常胰腺、慢性胰腺炎与胰腺癌组织中软骨寡聚基质蛋白(cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,COMP)mRNA和蛋白表达水平的差异,揭示COMP在慢性胰腺炎样损伤中的意义。方法 采用Northern印迹法、Western印迹法、原位杂交法与免疫组化方法对14例慢性胰腺炎、14例胰腺癌及15例正常胰腺组织进行分析。结果 在慢性胰腺炎组织中和胰腺癌组织中类似慢性胰腺炎损伤的退变腺泡细胞胞浆内,存在高水平的COMP mRNA信号与免疫反应;而在胰腺癌细胞、正常胰腺组织的导管细胞与胰岛细胞的胞浆内,COMP mRNA信号与免疫反应微弱或缺如。结论 COMP在慢性胰腺炎及胰腺癌中类似慢性胰腺炎损伤的退变腺泡细胞内高表达,可能与慢性胰腺炎中腺泡细胞功能异常有关。     

TUSC3基因在胰腺癌组织中的表达

目的研究TUSC3基因在正常胰腺和胰腺癌组织中的表达水平。方法利用寡核苷酸基因芯片技术和实时定量PCR技术检测20例胰腺癌组织和6例正常胰腺组织中TUSC3基因的表达。芯片杂交结果进行Ratio值分析,实时定量PCR进一步验证杂交结果,PCR产物的定量方法采用比较Ct法。结果芯片扫描图像信号清晰,具有较低的整体背景和较高的信噪比。与正常胰腺组织相比,TUSC3基因在胰腺癌组织中表达下调,平均Ratio值为0．297±0．38。荧光定量PCR结果：TUSC3基因平均模板量在正常胰腺组织中为0．0387493±0．00965,胰腺癌组织中为0．0206028±0．00401;与正常胰腺组织相比,胰腺癌组织中TUSC3基因表达下调1．88倍（P〈0．05）。结论TUSC3基因在胰腺癌组织中表达水平明显下调,其可能机制与该基因启动子区过甲基化有关,TUSC3基因在胰腺癌发生发展中的生物学效应值得进一步研究。     

Inflammatory mechanisms contributing to pancreatic cancer development

OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic cancer is the most deadly of all gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, yet relatively little is known regarding mechanisms of tumor development including the role of inflammation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) increases the risk of developing cancer by 10- to 20-fold; mediators of the chronic inflammatory process and the surrounding fibrotic stroma likely support a transformation to malignancy, yet the exact mechanisms remain undefined. The purpose of our present study was to determine potential inflammatory components in epithelial and stromal cells that may contribute to both CP and pancreatic cancers. METHODS: Specimens of normal pancreas, CP, and pancreatic cancer were examined using laser-capture microdissection (LCM), gene array, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Gene array analysis from LCM-dissected tissues demonstrated: (i) increased expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8), an activator of the inflammatory factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and (ii) decreased expression of IkappaB (an inhibitor of NF-kappaB) in CP ductal cells compared with normal ducts. Compared with CP, cancers demonstrated: (i) increased expression of tumor related genes including S100A4, cyclin E1, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, and (ii) expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2, a pro-invasive factor for tumor cells, which was not present in the CP stroma. Increased staining of both the p50 NF-kappaB subunit and IKKalpha kinase (a protein that allows activation of NF-kappaB) was noted in CP and cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that similar inflammatory components and downstream effectors are present in CP and pancreatic cancers. Importantly, these findings suggest that a common pathway for pancreatic cancer development may be through a chronic inflammatory process including stroma formation. These findings may lead to novel strategies for pancreatic cancer prophylaxis based on inhibition of inflammatory mediators.     

胰腺癌相关基因寡核苷酸芯片的制备和初步应用

目的探讨胰腺癌相关基因寡核苷酸芯片的构建,初步验证其在检测胰腺癌基因表达谱方面的应用。方法有目的地筛选胰腺癌相关基因,采用合成后点样的方法,制成寡核苷酸基因芯片。TRIzol法抽提组织总RNA,在cDNA第一链合成过程中,通过反转录酶将CyDye标记核苷酸直接掺入到eDNA中制备荧光探针,其中用Cy3-dCTP标记胰腺癌组织,cy5-dCTP标记正常胰腺组织。将荧光标记探针与芯片杂交16—18h。用Agilent扫描仪进行扫描,Imagene3．0软件进行图像分析,计算两种荧光Cy3与cy5信号强度的比值。挑选差异基因CDC25B和TUSC3进行荧光定量PCR（Sybrgreen方法）验证,PCR产物的定量方法采用比较Ct法。结果芯片杂交扫描图像信号清晰,具有较低的整体背景和较高的信噪比,各阳性质控点信号均匀一致,阴性质控点和空白点信号低。与正常组织相比,胰腺癌组织中差异表达基因24条,占全部基因的25．5％,其中上调基因17条（18．1％）,下调基因7条（7．4％）。荧光定量PCR验证,CDC25B和TUSC3基因在胰腺癌中的表达趋势与芯片实验的结果一致。结论本研究制备的胰腺癌相关基因芯片可同时、并行检测多种胰腺癌相关基因的表达改变,具有一定的特异性和敏感性。胰腺癌组织与正常胰腺组织相比,基因表达谱具有明显差异。     

Increased expression of alpha-1-antitrypsin,glutathione S-transferase pi and vascular endothelial growth factor in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate abnormalities in gene expression in ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas using cDNA arrays. METHODS: Gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was compared with normal pancreatic tissue controls. Specimens from 5 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were taken fresh at operation and analyzed using commercially prepared cDNA arrays evaluating approximately 2,000 genes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to confirm protein expression of selected genes. RESULTS: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP) were significantly up-regulated in all 5 tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was up-regulated in 4 of the 5 patients. Immunohistochemical staining verified the overexpression of each of these genes. CONCLUSIONS: A1AT, GSTP, and VEGF are overexpressed in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens taken fresh at operation. To our knowledge, this is the first study of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma demonstrating the up-regulation of these genes using gene expression arrays.     

High Histone Deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) Expression Is Significantly Associated with Adenocarcinomas of the Pancreas

Background  Alterations in HDACs gene expression have been reported in a number of human cancers. No information is available concerning the status of HDACs in pancreatic cancer tumors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression levels of members of class I (HDAC1, 2,, 3), class II (HDAC4, 5, 6, and 7), and class III (SIRT1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) in a set of surgically resected pancreatic tissues. Methods  Total RNA was isolated from 11 pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PA): stage 0 (n = 1), IB (n = 1), IIB (n = 6), III (n = 1), IV (n = 2), one serous cystadenoma (SC), one intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas (IMPN), one complicating chronic pancreatitis (CP), and normal pancreas (NP) obtained during donor liver transplantation. Moreover, six other control pancreatic were included. HDACs gene expression was conducted using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Protein expression levels were analyzed by Western blot and their localization by immunohistochemistry analyses of cancer tissues sections. Results  Remarkably, 9 of the 11 PA (approximately 81%) showed significant increase of HDAC7 mRNA levels. In contrast to PA samples, message for HDAC7 was reduced in CP, SC, and IMPN specimens. The Western blot analysis showed increased expression of HDAC7 protein in 9 out of 11 PA samples, in agreement with the qPCR data. Most of the PA tissue sections examined showed intense labeling in the cytoplasm when reacted against antibodies to HDAC7. Conclusion  The data showed alteration of HDACs gene expression in pancreatic cancer. Increased expression of HDAC7 discriminates PA from other pancreatic tumors.     

The neurotrophic factor artemin promotes pancreatic cancer invasion

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the role of Artemin in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in terms of expression, influence on cancer cell behavior, and pain correlation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: PDAC is characterized by prominent local nerve alterations and perineural invasion, which frequently affects the extrapancreatic nerve plexus, causing severe pain and precluding curative resection. Artemin, a neurotrophic protein controlling growth, regeneration, and survival of neurons was analyzed to highlight the neuro-cancer interactions in PDAC. METHODS: Artemin and its receptors (GFRalpha3/RET) were studied in PDAC tissues and normal pancreas by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. RNA expression was analyzed in pancreatic tissues (normal, cancer) and pancreatic cancer cell lines by QRT-PCR. To evaluate whether Artemin influences cancer cell proliferation and invasion, MTT-growth and Matrigel-invasion assays were used. In addition, the tissue expression of Artemin was correlated with pain in PDAC. RESULTS: Artemin and GFRalpha3/RET were both detected at enhanced levels in PDAC compared with normal pancreas, localizing predominantly in hypertrophic nerves and arterial walls, as well as in cancer cells of primary and metastatic lesions. The levels of Artemin and GFRalpha3 did not correlate with pain in PDAC patients. However, Artemin promoted pancreatic cancer cell invasion up to 5-fold, without affecting cancer cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: Artemin expression was not associated with pain in PDAC. However by increasing cancer cell invasion, Artemin seems to influence neural invasion and thereby contribute to cancer cell spreading along pancreatic nerves.     

Affymetrix基因表达谱芯片技术筛选胰腺癌异常表达基因的研究

目的:利用基因表达谱芯片筛选出胰腺癌组织与癌旁正常组织的差异表达基因。方法:收集新疆医科大学第三附属医院2014年1月—2016年6月间手术切除的10例胰腺导管细胞癌组织及其相应癌旁正常组织,用TRIzol法提取总RNA后采用含49395个基因探针的Affymetrix基因表达谱芯片筛选出差异表达基因,并行GO分析和pathway分析,对部分差异表达基因行实时定量PCR法验证表达情况。结果:样本总RNA检测合格,基因芯片质量评估良好,检测结果可靠且可重复性高。经芯片降噪处理后共检测38079个基因,其中存在差异表达的基因共512个,表达上调的基因419个,表达下调的基因93个;共287个差异表达基因编码与3个GO分类(生物学过程、分子功能、细胞组分)相关的蛋白;共29条信号通路存在明显基因差异表达,涉及126个基因。经PCR验证,差异表达基因CPB1、CELA3B、CPA1、POSTN、PLA2G1B、CTRC及SPINK1的表达情况与基因芯片检测结果吻合。结论:胰腺导管细胞癌组织与癌旁正常组织间存在大量差异表达的基因,这些基因主要与生物学过程、分子功能及细胞组分相关,且参与了多个细胞信号通路的调控。     

P物质及其受体在慢性胰腺炎组织的表达和临床意义

目的 了解P物质及其受体NK－1R在正常胰腺和慢性胰腺炎中的表达，探讨它们与慢性胰腺炎时疼痛发生的关系。方法 25个慢性胰腺炎标本取自慢性胰腺炎手术，男性18例，女性7例，正常胰腺组织取自20个器官捐献者，男性11例，女性9例。应用实时定量逆转录整合酶链反应（RT－PCR）技术，检测正常胰腺和慢性胰腺炎组织中P物质和NK－1R的mRNA水平，应用Western blot技术检测NK－1R的蛋白水平，应用免疫组织化学方法进行NK－1R的组织学定位。将P物质及其受体NK－1R mRNA水平与疼痛的程度，发作频率和病程进行分析，寻找其中的相关性。结果 与正常胰腺相比，慢性胰腺炎组织中P物质和NK－1R mRNA和蛋白都过度表达，NK－1RmRNA水平与疼痛的程度，发作频率和病程明显相关。免疫组化检查显示，NK－1R的表达主要位于胰腺腺泡，胰腺导管，神经纤维和炎性细胞。结论 慢性胰腺炎组织中P物质和NK－1R的表达水平都明显上调，扰乱了神经激肽的作用环节，NK－1R的过度表达与疼痛发生有关。     

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制蛋白2A基因拷贝数变异及其与胰腺癌患者预后的关系

目的:探讨细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制蛋白2A(CDKN2A)基因在胰腺癌中的拷贝数变异(CNV)情况及其与胰腺癌患者预后的关系。方法:利用癌症基因组图谱(TCGA)数据库CNV与RNA Seq V2数据分析CDKN2A基因CNV与其mRNA表达水平的相关性,以及CDKN2A基因CNV对其他基因表达的影响。通过比对TCGA数据库及GTEx数据库比较CDKN2A基因在正常人与胰腺癌患者的表达差异,并分析CDKN2A基因CNV与胰腺癌患者预后的关系。应用DIVAD中基因本体分析(GO分析)联合KEGG对CDKN2A和其相关共表达基因进行功能基因富集分析。结果:通过对TCGA数据库挖掘发现,CDKN2A基因CNV与其mRNA表达呈正相关(Pearson:r=0.102,Spearman:r=0.257)。CDKN2A基因CNV胰腺癌中HOXC6、SLC2A1 mRNA表达水平明显升高,GGA2、MTAP mRNA表达水平明显降低(均P0.05)。相关性研究发现,CDKN2A基因与MTAP mRNA呈明显正相关(Pearson:r=0.42,Spearman:r=0.55)。通过对GTEx数据库分析,发现CDKN2A基因在胰腺癌组织中表达明显高于正常胰腺组织(P0.05)。携带CDKN2A基因CNV的胰腺癌患者总生存率与无瘤生存率均明显低于不携带该基因CNV的胰腺癌患者(均P0.05)。通过对包括CDKN2A相关共表达基因功能富集分析发现,这些共表达基因的功能主要集中于细胞周期的信号通路。结论:CDKN2A基因CNV在胰腺癌中是一种不良预后因素,可作为预测胰腺癌预后的指标。     

前列腺癌组织中前列腺干细胞抗原的表达及其意义

目的 :探讨前列腺癌 (PCa)组织中前列腺干细胞抗原 (prostatestemcellantigen ,PSCA)的表达及其意义。方法 :应用核酸分子原位杂交 (ISH)技术 ,对 2 6例PCa和 9例正常前列腺 (NP)组织中PSCAmRNA进行检测和定位。结果 :PSCAmRNA在PCa组织表达阳性率为 84 .6 % ,其中强阳性率为 5 7.7% ;NP组织阳性率为6 6 .7% (均为弱阳性 )。PCa与NP组织表达水平差异有极显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。PSCAmRNA在PCa组织主要表达于癌细胞 ,细胞间质和肌肉组织均无表达 ;NP组织表达则定位于前列腺上皮的基底细胞层。PSCAmR NA表达水平与PCa临床分期、病理分级均无相关性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :PSCA在探索PCa起源、PCa免疫靶向治疗方面有重要意义     

Bak和Bcl-xL蛋白在胰腺癌中表达的临床病理学意义

目的:观察促进细胞凋亡的Bak蛋白与抑制细胞凋亡的Bcl-xL蛋白对胰腺癌发生、进展、转移及预后的影响.方法:免疫组织化学方法(SABC法)检测10例正常胰腺组织、59例胰腺癌及65例胰周淋巴结组织内的Bak和Bcl-xL蛋白表达;TUNEL法检测胰腺癌组织内的凋亡细胞.结果:Bak、Bcl-xL蛋白在正常胰腺组织表达率分别为2/10,4/10,凋亡率为2/10;在胰腺癌组织的表达率分别为79.7%(47/59),32.2%(19/59);凋亡率为74.6%(44/59).Bak蛋白在正常胰腺、高分化胰腺癌、中分化胰腺癌中的表达逐渐增高;在转移淋巴结与非转移淋巴结中表达率分别为86.4%(19/22),23.3%(10/43),二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).中、高分化胰腺癌Bak蛋白高表达,术后平均生存时间长.结论:Bak蛋白的表达与细胞凋亡呈正相关趋势,Bcl-xL则呈负相关趋势.细胞凋亡主要影响胰腺癌的发展、转移及预后.Bak蛋白可作为胰腺癌预后评估的一项指标和一种抗癌基因有望用于胰腺癌治疗.     

Tissue MicroArray Analyses of Pancreatic Duodenal Homeobox-1 in Human Cancers

In previous studies, we demonstrated that rat insulin promoter (RIP)-driven gene therapy successfully targeted human pancreatic tumor PANC-1 cells and mouse insulinoma NIT-1 cells, which are both pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1)-positive. The purpose of this study was to perform a human tissue array analysis to determine potential targets for RIP-driven gene therapy. A custom-designed tissue MicroArray analysis of various human cancer specimens was performed using a PDX-1 polyclonal antibody generated in our laboratory. The custom-designed Tissue MicroArray of human tumor specimens consists of human cancer specimens from different origins, such as the pancreas, breast, colon, prostate, kidney, liver, lung, and ovary. A panel of normal human specimens from 20 organs or tissues was used as a control. All tissues were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. The immunohistochemistry studies of the cytoplasm and the nuclear expression levels were compared using the Loda method and blind reviews. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (p < 0.05 was considered significant by the unpaired student t-test). PDX-1 expression intensity was elevated in both benign and malignant tissues from the same patient with pancreas, breast, colon, prostate, and kidney cancers, whereas normal human tissues from control subjects without cancer did not express PDX-1. These results suggest that PDX-1 is an early marker for these cancers and could be potentially used as a diagnostic parameter and perhaps could be targeted by PDX-1-activated gene therapies, such as RIP-TK.     

前列腺干细胞抗原在人前列腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的　探讨前列腺干细胞抗原 (PSCA)在国人前列腺癌 (PCa)组织中表达的临床意义。　方法　采用免疫组织化学 (IHC)和核酸原位杂交 (ISH)方法检测 4 0例PCa、2 0例良性前列腺增生(BPH)和 2 0例前列腺上皮内瘤 (PIN)组织标本PSCA蛋白和mRNA表达 ,半定量法计算PSCA阳性表达细胞百分数和阳性表达强度 ,比较各组织间表达水平的差异及其与PCa分级、临床分期之间的关系。　结果　PCa、BPH、PIN组织PSCA中度阳性到强阳性表达分别为 85 % (34/ 4 0 )、2 0 % (4/ 2 0 )和35 % (7/ 2 0 ) ;PCa组织PSCA表达水平与BPH和PIN比较差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,BPH与PIN比较差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;PCa组织PSCA表达水平随Gleason评分及临床分期增加而升高。　结论　人PCa组织有PSCA蛋白质和mRNA的过表达 ,且与PCa病理分级、临床分期呈正相关 ,可能对PCa的诊断及判断预后有潜在价值。     

人类胰腺癌Ki—67基因表达的研究

目的 应用原位杂交结合免疫组化分析胰腺癌Ｋｉ－６７基因的ｍＲＮＡ转录和蛋白翻译,研究该基因结构和功能表达的关系。方法 胰腺癌４０例,正常胰腺及良性病变９例;扁桃体组织及Ｈｅｌａ细胞作为阳性对照。通过地高辛标记的Ｋｉ－６７ｃＲＮＡ探针原位杂交和Ｋｉ－６７等效单克隆抗体的免疫组化分析该基因的ｍＲＮＡ转录和蛋白翻译。结果正常胰腺及良性病变Ｋｉ－６７ 指数均小于２０％;胰腺主分化腺癌、低分化腺癌各２０例,