肝细胞腺瘤（三例报告和文献复习）

肝细胞腺瘤为一少见肝脏良性肿瘤。本文报道的３例中２例为无长期服用避孕药或激素类药物的妇女，１例为老年男性。作者结合文献对其发病、病理和临床表现作了阐述，并着重对其放射性核素扫描、超声扫描、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和肝动脉造影的表现和诊断价值以及本病与局灶性结节性增生和巨块型原发性肝癌的鉴别要点作了讨论。     

螺旋CT双期动态扫描在小肝癌诊断中的价值

目的：应用螺旋ＣＴ行肝动脉期和门静脉期双期全肝动态扫描，比较二期的病灶检出率并和超声进行检出敏感性和定性准确性的比较研究。材料和方法：４９例小肝癌患者行螺旋ＣＴ双期全肝动态扫描后，统计各期病灶的检出数，观察病灶强化方式，计算检出敏感性并行统计学处理。结果：４９例共发现病灶５３个，肝动脉期、门静脉期及双期合计的检出敏感性分别为：８８．６８％、７１．７０％、９０．５７％，双期扫描和超声（６７．９２％）比较有显著性差异，其定性准确性（９５．８３％）也明显高于超声（８０．５６％）。结论：螺旋ＣＴ双期动态扫描可充分反映小肝癌的血供特点，明显提高小肝癌的检出敏感性，无论检出还是定性均优于超声     

肝脏局灶性病变MR动态增强扫描及临床意义

目的探讨肝脏局灶性病变ＭＲ动态增强扫描方法及临床意义。方法作者前瞻性研究了１３６例肝脏局灶性病变，包括肝细胞性肝癌、周围型肝内胆管细胞性肝癌、转移瘤及海绵状血管瘤。采用平静呼吸状态下梯度回波Ｋ空间中心部分采集技术、７个连续层面８个时相动态增强扫描。结果各例均动态增强扫描成功。动态扫描显示时间信号强度曲线在肝细胞性肝癌呈速升速降型；胆管细胞癌呈渐升型；转移瘤呈环形强化，缓慢升高型；海绵状血管瘤呈速升平台型。结论平静呼吸下Ｋ空间中心部分采集肝脏动态扫描，可以显示肝脏局灶病变的血供状态，而且不同病变具有不同的强化特征。     

K空间中心部分采集技术技术肝脏局灶性病变动态增强扫描

目的：探讨Ｋ空间中心部分采集技术肝脏局灶性病变ＭＲ动态增强扫描主临床意义。材料与方法：前瞻性研究１１７例肝脏局灶性病变,包括肝生肝癌,肝细胞性肝癌介入治疗后,周围型肝内胆管细胞性肝癌、转移癌、海绵状血管瘤及肝囊肿,位常规自律回波Ｔ１加权成像主快速自肇回波Ｔ２加权成像后,采用平静呼吸状态下梯度回波Ｋ空间中心采集技术、７个连结面８个时相动态增强扫描。结果：各例均动态增强扫描成功。动态扫描显示时间信号强     

肝脏常见占位病变MRI扫描序列的优选

肝脏常见占位病变ＭＲＩ扫描序列的优选梁碧玲黄穗乔高明勇钟镜联叶瑞心肝癌、肝转移癌、肝血管瘤和肝囊肿是常见的肝脏肿瘤，临床检查及Ｂ超、ＣＴ、核素扫描等影像手段仍有一些疑难病例不易确诊。ＭＲＩ以其优良的组织分辨力、多参数多层面成像的特点，为肝脏肿瘤的诊断...     

螺旋CT在肝占位性病变检查中的应用

增强ＣＴ为肝点位性病变常用的检查方法，而螺旋ＣＴ的应用标志着ＣＴ成像技术的又一次飞跃。本综述了近年有关献，复习报道肝脏ＣＴ增强检查的发展过程，概述了螺旋ＣＴ肝脏检查技术，重点介绍螺旋ＣＴ扫描在肝一怀病变检查中的优点和价值，认为螺旋ＣＴ双期扫描可明显提高病灶检出率，而且在临别诊断中也具有重要价值。最后对常规ＣＴＡＰ和螺旋ＣＴＡＰ作了分析比较。     

K空间中心部分采集技术肝脏局灶性病变动态增强扫描

目的：探讨Ｋ空间中心部分采集技术肝脏局灶性病变ＭＲ动态增强扫描方法及临床意义。材料与方法：前瞻性研究１１７例肝脏局灶性病变,包括肝细胞性肝癌、肝细胞性肝癌介入治疗后、周围型肝内胆管细胞性肝癌、转移瘤、海绵状血管瘤及肝囊肿。轴位常规自旋回波Ｔ１加权成像及快速自旋回波Ｔ２加权成像后,采用平静呼吸状态下梯度回波Ｋ空间中心部分采集技术、７个连续层面８个时相动态增强扫描。结果：各例均动态增强扫描成功。动态扫描显示时间信号强度曲线在肝细胞性肝癌及肝细胞肝癌介入治疗后活癌组织部分呈速升速降型;胆管细胞癌呈渐升型;转移瘤呈环形强化,缓慢升高型;海绵状血管瘤呈速升平台型;肝囊肿无强化。结论：Ｋ空间中心部分采集技术肝脏局灶性病灶动态扫描,可以在平静呼吸下成像,显示肝脏局灶病变的血供状态特征,有助于术前病灶定性诊断。     

大白鼠肝癌模型乳剂增强CT研究

目的：评价乳状造影剂在肝脏ＣＴ增强扫描的应用效果。方法：给正常大白鼠及肝癌大白鼠注射乳状造影剂后行ＣＴ扫描，并做泛影葡胺增强对比。结果：注射乳状造影剂后，正常肝脏ＣＴ值增加４５ＨＵ肝内肿瘤ＣＴ值仅增加１．２ＨＵ。乳剂增强ＣＴ可检出０．５ｃｍ大小的肿瘤。病理结果显示：乳剂颗粒被肿瘤周围肝组织的Ｋｕｐｆｅｒ细胞和肝细胞吞噬。肿瘤组织中没有乳剂颗粒。结论：乳状造影剂对正常肝脏有明显的增强效果。肝内肿瘤组织不增强，使肝脏和肝内肿瘤对比度增加，使小肝癌的检出率增加。     

肝脏螺旋CT动脉造影

目的：评价肝脏螺旋ＣＴ动脉造影（ＳＣＴＡＬ）对肝肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：对２０例肝细胞性肝癌（ＨＣＣ）和１０例肝内转移癌患者作ＳＣＴＡＬ：经皮穿刺肱动脉，将５－ＦＣｏｂｒａ导管送入肝动脉，以０．３～１．５ｍｌ／ｓ的速度经导管注入浓度为３００ｍｇＩ／ｍｌ的造影剂１５～３０ｍｌ，在开始注入造影剂６～１０ｓ后用螺旋ＣＴ行全肝扫描。结果：所有肿瘤病灶均显著增强，肿瘤的实体部分ＣＴ值为１０５～４１３ＨＵ，明显高于邻近肝组织。ＨＣＣ灶多呈不均匀增强，转移灶多呈环形增强，而直径为３～１０ｍｍ的病灶呈均匀增强。结论：与常规肝脏ＣＴ增强扫描相比，ＳＣＴＡＬ可发现更多的多血供病灶，能真实显示肝肿瘤的肝动脉血供情况。     

肝脏双期增强螺旋CT检查及肿瘤的检测

近年来,肝脏双期增强螺旋ＣＴ已成为一项倍受欢迎的肝脏肿瘤的检查方法。它不但可提高肝脏肿瘤的检出率,而且在某种程度上,易于显示肝肿瘤的血供特征,从而更有效地进行诊断和鉴别诊断。动态增强的肝动脉期（ＨＡＰ）扫描时间窗很短,仅２０～３０秒,普通ＣＴ不能在如此短的时间内扫描全肝,大多数扫描层面往往落在门静脉期（ＰＶＰ）内。而在ＰＶＰ时,富血管性肿瘤增强很快并达到与正常肝实质相似的强化程度,从而不能被很好地对比显示。螺旋ＣＴ拥有较大热容量球管并能进行快速容积式扫描,完全能在ＨＡＰ时扫描全肝和在ＰＶＰ时重复…     

Hepatic transit time of ultrasound contrast in biopsy characterized liver disease

PURPOSE: To study the hepatic transit time of an ultrasound contrast agent in patients with liver disease, and to evaluate the mechanism(s) of the well-established shorter cubital vein to hepatic vein transit time in cirrhosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients scheduled for Menghini liver biopsy were studied by ultrasound after injection of 2.5 g Levovist (Schering, Berlin, Germany) into an arm vein. The time from injection until the first appearance of contrast echoes in the hepatic artery and hepatic veins was registered. Hepatic transit time was the difference between the two. RESULTS: Biopsy showed cirrhosis in 9 patients, other diffuse hepatic pathology in 23 patients, and normal liver in 2 patients. Mean hepatic vein arrival time was earlier in cirrhosis than in other liver disease (19.4 s versus 26.0 s; P = 0.013), and hepatic transit time was shorter (6.6 s versus 11.6 s; P = 0.024). A hepatic transit time <10 s was found in all patients with cirrhosis, but also in 10 of 23 patients with other liver pathology. CONCLUSION: Hepatic transit time measurement could not be used to distinguish between cirrhosis and other hepatic pathology, but a transit time = 10 s excluded cirrhosis. The earlier hepatic vein arrival time in cirrhosis is apparently mainly caused by intrahepatic shunting rather than by early arrival of contrast to the liver.     

Haemodynamic parameters of the hepatic artery and vein can detect liver metastases: assessment using contrast-enhanced ultrasound

This study was to assess the changes in the haemodynamic parameters of the hepatic artery and vein in the diagnosis of liver metastases by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). 52 patients with proven liver metastases (patient group) and 23 normal volunteers (control group) were recruited in this study. Each subject was administered an intravenous bolus injection of SonoVue (0.6 ml). The arrival time in the hepatic artery (AT HA), time to peak in the hepatic artery (TTP HA), peak intensity of the hepatic artery (PI HA), arrival time in the hepatic vein (AT HV), time to peak in the hepatic vein (TTP HV) and peak intensity of the hepatic vein (PI HV) were measured with the use of time-intensity curve software. The hepatic artery to vein transit time (HAVTT) was calculated as the difference between the arrival times in the hepatic artery and the hepatic vein. AT HA, TTP HA, AT HV, TTP HV and HAVTT in the patient group were significantly shorter than those of the control group (P<0.01). PI HA and PI HV in the patient group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.01). These results suggest that CEUS assessment of changes in the haemodynamic parameters of the hepatic artery and vein help to diagnose liver metastases. This functional imaging technique may contribute to the early detection of micrometastases in the liver.     

Citrin缺陷所致新生儿肝内胆汁淤积症的99Tcm-EHIDA肝胆动态显像

目的 研究citrin缺陷导致的新生儿肝内胆汁淤积症(NICCD)99Tcm-EHIDA肝胆动态显像特点及临床价值.方法 分别对NICCD组(12例)和NICCD阴性对照组(5例,4例婴儿肝炎综合征和1例脂类代谢异常)患儿[年龄分别为(127±27)d和(164±15)d]进行99Tcm-EHIDA肝胆动态显像,观察注射显像剂后肝脏及肠道放射性分布,并采用秩和检验比较2组肝影持续时间及肠道显影时间.结果 NICCD组肠道显影时间和肝影持续时间均在180～1440min(中位数均为360min),而对照组肠道显影时间在15～30min(中位数为15min),肝影持续时间在60～180min(中位数为60min).NICCD患儿肝影持续时间及肠道显影时问均明显延长(Z=-3.20和-3.17,P均＜0.05).3例NICCD患儿肝显影不清晰,其中1例NICCD患儿胆囊及肠道在24h内始终未见显影,治疗后该患儿肝胆动态显像示肝摄取及排泄功能明显改善,15min肠道显影.结论 99Tcm-EHIDA肝胆动态显像示NICCD患儿肝脏摄取和排泄功能降低,提示99Tcm-EHIDA肝胆动态显像在NICCD诊断中可作为辅助检查手段.     

Therapeutic embolization of the hepatic artery

We have performed therapeutic embolization of the hepatic artery and its branches in 15 patients, 14 with metastatic neoplasm and one with postoperative hepatobiliary hemorrhage. In the latter patient, bleeding ceased on embolization of the right hepatic artery and did not recur. The median survival time of the 14 patients who had hepatic embolization was six months. The mean survival time in our three patients with metastatic gastric leiomyosarcoma was 24 months, whereas our five patients with metastases from carcinoma of the colon had a mean survival time of only five months. On the basis of this experience we conclude that hepatic artery embolization is advisable in patients with hormonal effects of metastatic disease and in patients with massive hepatomegaly related to metastases from gastric leiomyosarcomas, and may be indicated in patients with hepatic artery hemorrhage.     

超声造影评价肝纤维化血流灌注特征的初步研究

目的:探讨超声造影评价肝纤维化血流灌注特征的临床应用价值。方法:肝纤维化组15例,均经超声引导下肝组织活检病理证实,选取健康志愿者15例为正常对照组。所有研究对象经肘静脉团注对比剂SonoVue 2.4ml,行实时灰阶超声造影检查,记录对比剂肝动脉到达时间(hepatic artery arrival time,HAAT)、门静脉到达时间(portal vein arrival time,PVAT)、肝静脉到达时间(hepatic vein arrival time,HVAT)及相应血管灌注强度参数(peak intensity,PI),同时计算肝动-静脉渡越时间(hepatic artery to hepatic vein transit time,HA-HVTT)、门静脉-肝静脉渡越时间(portal vein to hepatic vein transittime,PV-HVTT)及门静脉-肝动脉间隔时间(PVAT-HAAT,VVT),分析2组间上述各参数差异有无统计学意义。结果:肝纤维化组PVAT较正常对照组缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),肝纤维化组HVAT、HA-HVTT、PV-HVTT及VVT较正常对照组缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);2组HAAT、HA-PI、PV-PI及HV-PI差异均无统计学意义。结论:超声造影定量参数PVAT、HVAT及PV-HVTT可反映肝纤维化微循环及血流动力学改变,有望成为无创评价肝纤维化的定量指标。     

Dynamic CT scanning of the normal canine liver: interpretation of time density curves resulting from an intravenous bolus injection of contrast material

Seven adult male mongrel dogs were monitored by electromagnetic flow probes and string occluders around the hepatic artery and portal vein. Then, time density curves of the liver, aorta and portal vein were recorded using dynamic CT scanning following the bolus injection of contrast material into a peripheral vein (n = 7) and a mesenteric vein branch (n = 5). Information on total hepatic blood flow could not be obtained from the mesenteric vein injection. The hepatic time density curve could, however, be broken into its two components, hepatic arterial and portal venous flow contribution, by selective ligation of the hepatic artery or portal vein. It could be demonstrated that the arterial component of liver enhancement reached its peak at the end of the aortic wash-out of contrast material. Thus, the hepatic time-density curve could be broken in its two components by superimposing the aortic time density curve onto the hepatic curve. An attempt was made to estimate relative portal venous blood flow by using the slopes or the peaks of both components of the hepatic curve. Using the slopes of the hepatic curve resulted in a consistent underestimation of portal venous blood flow, whereas the peaks gave an estimate of portal venous flow with an accuracy within +/- 8%.     

多层螺旋CT双通路注射法行肝门静脉系统成像的研究

目的:确定多层螺旋CT肝门静脉系统检查的合理延迟时间及双通路注射对比剂法的可行性。方法:分为2个步骤研究:①随机选择无腹部及心血管疾患的患者53例,以3 ml/s速率注射造影剂20 ml,行同层动态扫描,计算腹主动脉、肝门静脉、下腔静脉、肝实质的对比剂时间密度曲线,及它们的相关性。②47例需门静脉检查的患者,行MDCT肝区移床式、动态扫描,在右肘部静脉及下肢静脉同时注入对比剂,对比剂总量1.5~2 ml/kg。扫描时使用对比剂自动示踪软件,设动脉血管阈值为120 HU启动扫描,动脉期扫描完成后延时20.1±5.54 s行门静脉扫描,分别评价肝门静脉、肝静脉、下腔静脉的显示率及程度。结果:①20 ml对比剂注射同层动态扫描肝门层面腹主动脉达峰时间为18.5±4.81 s,肝门静脉达峰时间是38.61±6.59 s,下腔静脉达峰时间是55.44±12.16 s,肝实质的达峰时间是56±5.7 s。②肝门静脉显示率达100%,肝门静脉主干等显示程度平均评分2.50~2.93;相关小分支静脉显示率为87%~98%,显示平均评分2.25~2.63。结论:MDCT右肘部静脉及下肢静脉同时注入对比剂,在动脉期扫描完成后,延时20.1±5.54 s行肝门静脉检查,肝门静脉系统成像效果良好。     

Effective contrast use in CT angiography and dual-phase hepatic CT performed with a subsecond scanner

OBJECTIVE: To deduce an optimal injection protocol for CT angiography and fast dual-phase hepatic CT. METHODS: Fifty-two patients underwent fast dual-phase hepatic CT using one of three different injection protocols: A (0.9 g/sec iodine injection rate, 36 g dose); B (1.35 g/sec, 30 g); C (1.6 g/sec, 40 g). Aortic attenuation time curves as well as aorta-to-liver contrast and hepatic enhancement time curves obtained by region of interest measurements along the helical axis were analyzed. RESULTS: Protocol C revealed a significantly higher peak in aortic attenuation and hepatic enhancement than the other protocols. Approximately 50 seconds after the bolus injection, hepatic enhancement declined to a plateau similar to that seen with the other protocols. In terms of the areas under the curves of the aorta-to-liver contrast and hepatic enhancement dynamics, protocol C was significantly superior to the other protocols. CONCLUSIONS: A high iodine injection rate realized by a high iodine concentration in conjunction with fast dual-phase scanning (total scan time < 50 seconds) promises to enhance CT angiography and contrast of liver lesions.     

多层面螺旋CT对肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄肝灌注的研究

目的　利用动态单层CT扫描对原位肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄肝灌注与未行肝移植、无肝脏病变者进行比较。资料与方法　对 30例肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄患者选取肝门 (包括肝、门静脉、主动脉和脾 )层面行动态单层CT扫描。高压注射器经肘静脉注射非离子型对比剂欧乃派克 4 0ml,流率 3ml/s,注射对比剂时即进行扫描 ,每间隔1s扫 1层 ,共扫描 35层。通过每一层面选定的ROI作CT值测量 ,绘制出时间 密度曲线 ,从而计算出相应灌注值并与未行肝移植、无肝脏病变者进行对照。结果　肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄 <5 0 %组 ,肝动脉灌注 (t=0 .5 ,P >0 .0 5 )、门静脉灌注 (t=1 ,P >0 .0 5 )与对照组间无显著差异 ;肝动脉狭窄≥ 5 0 % ,肝动脉灌注与对照组存在差异 (t =2 .1 4 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,低于对照组 ,门静脉灌注与对照组有差异 (t=2 .6 3,P <0 .0 5 ) ,高于对照组。结论　肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄≥ 5 0 % ,肝动脉灌注降低而门静脉灌注升高。动态单层CT扫描对于评价肝移植术后肝脏灌注是有帮助的     

Hepatic iron concentration: noninvasive estimation by means of MR imaging techniques.

PURPOSE: To identify a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging method sufficiently sensitive and specific in the estimation of hepatic iron content to obviate liver biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients underwent percutaneous needle biopsy of the liver with chemical measurement of the hepatic iron concentration and hepatic MR imaging with several spin-echo and gradient-recalled-echo (GRE) techniques. Correlations between MR imaging parameters and the hepatic iron concentration were determined. RESULTS: Inverse curvilinear relationships were noted between several MR parameters and hepatic iron concentrations. GRE sequences with short repetition and echo times were more accurate and precise than spin-echo sequences for the estimation of hepatic iron concentration. A GRE sequence with a repetition time of 18 msec, an echo time of 5 msec, and a flip angle of 10 degrees showed close correlation between the hepatic iron concentration and the natural logarithm of the ratio of the signal intensity of liver to the SD of background noise (r = -0.94) and low coefficient of variation (12%). CONCLUSION: MR imaging with these parameters is a rapid, noninvasive, and accurate modality for estimation of hepatic iron concentration; it is sufficiently accurate and precise to obviate liver biopsy for the purpose of measuring hepatic iron concentration.