螺旋CT血管造影诊断交通伤并发DVT及PTE效果评价

采用CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）联合间接性螺旋CT静脉造影（CTV）诊断交通伤并发深静脉血栓（DVT）及肺栓塞（PTE）患者53例。结果53例患者均获确诊,其中严重PTE 12例,中度PTE 14例,轻度PTE 27例。均有DVT形成,其中18例为双下肢DVT,单一下肢DVT患者8例,二段或以上DVT患者45例。认为螺旋CT血管造影技术可发现PTE及DVT的直接证据,并可无创、安全、准确、快捷、廉价,可以作为诊断肺段以上PTE的一线检查方法。     

下肢深静脉血栓形成与肺动脉血栓栓塞症影像诊断及临床评价

目的 探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)与肺动脉血栓栓塞症(PTE)行64排螺旋CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)联合间接性螺旋CT静脉造影(CTV)的临床应用价值.方法 对2009年6月至2011年12月连续130例临床可疑PTE患者进行CTPA联合间接性CTV检查,对64排螺旋CT结果进行盲法评价并进行前瞻性观察.结果 共69例患者存在DVT,其中PTE单独存在15例,8例单独存在DVT,46例二者并存.与最终临床确诊结果相比,64排螺旋CTPA的敏感性为96.7％(95％可信区间:93.0％ -99.1％),特异性为98.6％(95％可信区间:95.9％ ～99.9％),CTV的敏感性为90.7％(95％可信区司:84.6％ ～94.8％),特异性为96.1％(95％可信区间:92.1％ ～98.7％).结论 64排螺旋CTPA联合CTV作为一次性联合检查为DVT并发PTE提供了快速准确的诊断方案.     

应用放射性核素显像对下肢深静脉病变和肺血栓栓塞症的临床观察

目的　探讨下肢深静脉血栓形成与肺动脉血栓栓塞症之间的关系。方法　病例选择为1997年 9月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月临床诊断高度怀疑肺动脉血栓栓塞症患者 140例 (男 79例 ,女 6 1例 ) ,平均年龄为 39± 18岁。所有患者均行肺灌注、肺通气显像及下肢深静脉显像。其中 2 6例患者同时进行肺动脉造影 ,11例行X线下肢静脉造影检查 ,36例行下肢血管超声检查 ,18例行下肢容积血流阻抗图检查。结果　 140例肺血栓栓塞患者中有下肢静脉病变者为 12 0例 ,占 85 7%。近端病变 113例(80 0 % )。下肢深静脉显像与X线下肢静脉造影、下肢容积阻抗图及下肢血管超声检查符合率分别为 90 9% ,72 2 % ,80 0 %。结论　研究证实下肢静脉病变和血栓形成是肺动脉血栓栓塞症的主要致病因素 ,栓子主要来源于近端静脉血栓。放射性核素肺灌注 /肺通气、下肢静脉显像是诊断肺血栓栓塞症和下肢深静脉病变的有效方法。     

CT诊断肺血栓栓塞症-深静脉血栓形成的临床应用进展

临床实践证明CT诊断肺血栓栓塞症 (PTE)和深静脉血栓形成 (DVT)的敏感性及特异性较高 ,本文综述了CT肺动脉造影 (CTPA)和间接性CT静脉造影 (CTV)的临床应用、比较影像学及发展前景。CTPA CTV可作为诊断PTE DVT的首选检查方法。CT肺血流灌注技术 ,可以在微血管水平定量研究肺血流灌注 ,评价肺血流灌注功能 ,用于指导治疗、评价疗效     

CT诊断肺血栓栓塞症—深静脉血栓形成的临床应用进展

临床实践证明CT诊断肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)和深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的敏感性及特异性较高，本文综述了CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)和间接性CT静脉造影(CTV)的临床应用、比较影像学及发展前景。CTPA—CTV可作为诊断PTE—DVT的首选检查方法。CT肺血流灌注技术，可以在微血管水平定量研究肺血流灌注，评价肺血流灌注功能，用于指导治疗、评价疗效。     

心电图和超声心动图在急性肺栓塞诊断中的价值

目的探讨如何利用心电图、超声心动图等常用的辅助检查结果判断急性肺动脉血栓栓塞症(APTE)的患病风险。方法回顾性调查2009年1月至2012年12月于该院就诊的疑诊APTE患者425例,以CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)结果分为APTE组确诊组(161例)及APTE排除组(264例),分析疑诊APTE患者的临床易患因素以及心电图异常(V1~V4导联T波倒置或SIQIIITIII)和超声心动图(右心室内径增大或三尖瓣中度以上的返流或估测肺动脉收缩压升高)异常的发生率,采用多元Logistic回归分析心电图、超声心动图异常患者的APTE患病风险。结果对于疑诊APTE的患者,与排除组比较,确诊组中存在APTE或下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)病史的比例明显增加,近期手术或制动病史比例明显增加,咯血比例明显增加,下肢DVT征象比例明显增加,心电图异常比例明显增加,心脏彩超异常比例明显增加(均P<0.05)。结论对于疑诊APTE的患者,提示右心室负荷增加的心电图和超声心动图异常具有较高的APTE患病风险。     

急性肺栓塞合并深静脉血栓患者不同治疗方案临床分析

目的 通过分析急性中危肺血栓栓塞症合并下肢深静脉血栓形成患者的临床资料,分析不同治疗方案的治疗效果,探讨对该类人群合理的治疗方案.方法 采用回顾性研究方法,收集2006年1月至2011年5月于我院连续收治、临床疑诊肺栓塞并经CT肺动脉造影及心脏彩超、下肢血管超声或CT血管造影确诊为急性中危肺栓塞合并下肢深静脉血栓患者的临床资科.根据治疗方案的不同分为单纯抗凝组和溶栓联合抗凝组.结果 73例急性中危肺栓塞合并下肢深静脉血栓患者最主要的危险因素是外伤手术(50.7％),其次是下肢静脉曲张(35.6％);最常见的临床表现是呼吸困难(95.9％),最常见的体征是双下肢不对称肿胀(79.5％);治疗前两组患者年龄、性别及临床表现分布差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组D-二聚体及心超估测肺动脉收缩压(PASP)明显升高,动脉血氧分压(PaO2)明显下降(P＜0.05),但两组之间指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后两组D-二聚体及PaO2较治疗前均有明显改善,但溶栓联合抗凝组PASP明显低于单纯抗凝组(P＜0.05).所有患者治疗后未出现重要部位出血.结论 溶栓联合抗凝治疗能够明显改善患者肺动脉收缩压,进而改善患者右心功能和临床症状,疗效显著优于单纯抗凝治疗.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重合并肺栓塞相关危险因素分析

目的 研究AECOPD合并肺栓塞（PE）的危险因素.方法 200例无明显原因的AECOPD患者,入院后行螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）检查,根据CTPA结果将患者分为合并肺栓塞和不合并肺栓塞两组,分别检测患者动脉血气、D-二聚体（D-dimer）、内皮素-1（ET-1）的含量.结果 两组间卧床≥7天,下肢不等粗≥1 cm,有无深静脉血栓形成,心电图示SIQⅢTⅢ征,PaCO2下降≥5的患者数目及患者的D-dimer和ET-1的含量有明显差异,经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 卧床≥7天,下肢不等粗≥1 cm,心电图示SIQⅢTⅢ,PaCO2下降≥5,深静脉血栓形成及D-dimer与ET-1含量的升高是AECOPD合并PE的相关危险因素.     

74例肺栓塞诊治分析

目的提高对肺栓塞诊疗的认识，减低肺栓塞漏、误诊率。方法回顾性分析2000年6月至2006年11月我院住院诊治的74例肺栓塞患者临床表现、实验室检查、螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）等临床资料。结果易发肺栓塞的因素为下肢深静脉血栓、恶性肿瘤、外科手术及创伤、长期卧床〉1周、高龄等。在诊断过程中，螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）是常用的确诊手段，治疗时积极溶栓、抗凝治疗可降低病死率。结论临床医师只要对疑似肺栓塞病例有高度警惕性，规范化诊断治疗，可明显改善其预后。     

29例急性肺栓塞临床分析

目的分析急性肺栓塞的临床特点,探讨早期诊断、治疗方法。方法分析我院2001年6月-2009年8月收治的29例确诊肺动脉栓塞的临床表现、基础疾病、诊断、治疗经过及结果。结果 29例患者均经CTPA确诊;其中有16例行溶栓、抗凝治疗,9例行单纯抗凝治疗,8例行经静脉导管血栓旋切消融术;死亡4例,死于呼吸循环衰竭;25例治愈或好转。结论 （1）肺动脉栓塞缺乏特异性的临床表现,容易误诊,早期诊断至关重要。（2）心电图、血气分析、D一二聚体、超声心动图、多层螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）、下肢深静脉多普勒超声等检查都具有各自特点,应合理应用。（3）溶栓及抗凝介入治疗能安全有效地治疗肺动脉栓塞。     

Indirect CT venography following CT pulmonary angiography: spectrum of CT findings

SUMMARY: Pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) represent two manifestations of the same syndrome, venous thromboembolism. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) angiography is a practical, efficient alternative to conventional imaging for PE. Following the pulmonary examination, the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the iliac, femoral, and popliteal veins can be studied with CT without additional intravenous contrast administration. Indirect CT venography (CTV) after CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) simplifies and shortens venous thromboembolism work-up. Initial studies indicate that CTV is comparable to ultrasound in the evaluation of femoral/popliteal DVT. CTV has the advantage of evaluating the iliac veins and inferior vena cava, vessels poorly seen on sonography and venography. Combining CTV with CTPA increases confidence in withholding treatment when results for both the pulmonary arteries and leg veins are negative and increases the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism by 25% over CTPA alone. This pictorial essay will review the normal venous anatomy, CTV technique, and the findings of acute and chronic DVT. Interpretive pitfalls and alternative diagnoses are also reviewed.     

High prevalence of detectable deep venous thrombosis in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Because specific studies are unavailable, the exact prevalence of detectable "residual" deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is unknown. DESIGN: Review of clinical records and radiologic documents of consecutive patients. SETTING: Pulmonary diseases and radiology departments at a university hospital. PATIENTS: All patients hospitalized in the Department of Pulmonary Diseases with a diagnosis of acute PE during a 5-year period (1984 to 1988). During this period, the diagnosis of PE was based exclusively on pulmonary angiography, and bilateral lower limb venography was routine in patients with proven acute PE. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Among 228 consecutive patients with angiography-proven PE, 213 underwent bilateral lower limb venography within 48 h of the diagnosis. Venography demonstrated DVT in 174 patients (81.7%; 95% confidence interval, 76.5 to 86.9%), including 128 patients (60%) with proximal DVT. Signs or symptoms of DVT were present in only 72 patients (42%) with DVT. The prevalence of detectable DVT was significantly lower in patients with recent pelvic surgery or delivery (6 of 12, 50%) than in the other patients, whatever their individual risk factors (p < 0.05). The mean pulmonary vascular obstruction was significantly lower in patients with normal venography than in patients with detectable DVT (37.6 +/- 20.9% vs 48.4 +/- 21.7%; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Lower limb venography demonstrates a high prevalence (82%) of residual DVT in patients with angiography-proven PE. These data should be taken into account in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with suspected or proven PE.     

Multidetector-row computed tomography management of acute pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and safety of multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) pulmonary angiography and indirect venography management of acute pulmonary embolism (PE), including indication for inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. METHODS AND RESULTS: Seventy-one consecutive patients who were clinically suspected of PE and underwent 16-slice MDCT pulmonary angiography and indirect venography were enrolled. Management included indication of IVC filter for patients with extensive deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in submassive or massive PE. A right ventricular to left ventricular short-axis diameter by MDCT>1.0 was judged as submassive PE. All patients were followed for 1 year. MDCT identified 50 patients with venous thromboembolism and 47 patients had acute PE: 4 were judged as massive, 14 as submassive, and 29 as non-massive by MDCT; 3 patients had DVT alone and 7 patients had caval or iliac DVT. Only 1 patient with massive PE and DVT near the right atrium died of recurrence. No other patients died of PE. CONCLUSION: Management based on MDCT pulmonary angiography combined with indirect venography is considered to be safe and reliable in patients with suspected acute PE.     

Real-time ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity

One hundred twenty-six patients with clinically suspected acute deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity (DVT) were examined comparatively with ultrasound and venography. In total, 174 lower extremity venograms were obtained. Ultrasonic examinations were performed on patients in the supine position. The venous segments were evaluated almost exclusively with transversal scanning. In the thigh, the only criterion for DVT was the reduced or absent compressibility of the venous lumen when gently compressed with the transducer. In the calf, normal unobstructed veins can usually not be viewed in the supine patient, whereas thrombotic veins appear as sonolucent, incompressible channels. Eight-three of the 174 lower extremity venograms were positive for DVT. In the majority of cases (53 of 83) the thrombotic process had involved two or more segments in combination. The sites of involvement of the different venous segments were distributed as follows: 24 occlusions of the common femoral vein, 52 of the superficial femoral vein, 56 of the popliteal vein, and 71 of the calf veins. Ultrasound had a sensitivity of 100% for thrombosis of the common femoral vein, 96% for the superficial femoral veins, 98% for the popliteal vein, and 93% for the calf veins. For the entire lower extremity, in regard to the diagnosis of thrombosis, the overall sensitivity was 95%. In 90% the extension of the occlusion was foreseen correctly. In no cases were false-positive results reported. Thus the overall specificity was 100%. The authors conclude that real-time ultrasound is a highly accurate method for the diagnosis of DVT of the lower extremity. It is the only indirect method capable of evaluating the venous system of the thigh, as well as that of the calf, with high accuracy. It should be the first choice of diagnostic imaging method in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity.     

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a significant cause of mortality in the elderly. More than 90% of pulmonary emboli originate from a thrombus in the deep veins of the legs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are thus essential to prevent PE. Diagnosis of new or recurrent DVT is based on the results of one or more tests, including impedance plethysmography (IPG) or duplex venous scan; venography can often be avoided, based on results of initial testing. For suspected PE, perfusion lung scanning is the initial test of choice, followed by IPG/duplex or venography. Pulmonary angiography is indicated for patients with decreased cardiorespiratory reserve. Decisions governing prophylaxis of DVT are based on individual relative risk; prophylactic therapies include intermittent compression, low-dose heparin, and oral anticoagulants. Management of thromboembolism requires IV and oral anticoagulant therapy.     

Assessment of total thrombus load in symptomatic patients with venous thromboembolism.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) and Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are separate but related aspects of the same dynamic process termed as venous thrombembolism (VTE). The existing Asian literature has shown a wide variation in the prevalence of VTE, with very limited data from the Indian subcontinent. Between January 2001 and July 2004, 1,552 patients with clinically suspected lower limb DVT underwent a combined ascending radionuclide venogram and lung perfusion scan for assessment of the total thrombus burden. Of 744 patients with radionuclide venography proven DVT, 294 (40%) had a high probability lung scan. Nearly half of these patients were asymptomatic for pulmonary embolism. The high prevalence of PE in patients with DVT suggests the need for evaluation of thrombus load in the venous as well as pulmonary circulation. A combination radionuclide ascending venography with lung perfusion scan is a useful and reliable single test for this purpose.     

可回收式下腔静脉滤器预防肺栓塞临床效果分析

目的评价可回收式下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)在预防下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)导致肺栓塞中的的临床作用。方法46例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者为预防肺栓塞置入可回收式下腔静脉滤器,随访观察无滤器并发症发生及肺栓塞的出现。结果35例在放置12～14天取出,11例患者因滤器周围血栓形成,下腔静脉置管溶栓5～7天,5例血栓消失,滤器成功回收,另6例溶栓效果不佳,长期留置滤器。在取出的40例中,12例肉眼可见絮状血栓。结论下腔静脉滤器置入术能安全、有效预防肺栓塞,是治疗下肢深静脉血栓的重要方法之一。     

Three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography used as a "one-stop shop'' imaging procedure for venous thromboembolism: a pilot study

Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis are individual manifestations of a single entity, venous thromboembolic disease. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of 3-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography used as an "one-stop shop' imaging procedure visualizing both the pulmonary arteries and the deep lower venous system within a single investigation. The inclusion criterion was a proven or excluded venous thromboembolism. Diagnosis was based on an imaging work-up for pulmonary embolism including either perfusion lung scan or contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography, or both, and an imaging work-up for deep venous thrombosis including either venous color-coded duplex sonography or ascending phlebography, or both. A gadolinium-enhanced "one-stop shop' magnetic resonance angiography was performed within 24 hours of completed diagnostic imaging work-up for pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in 20 patients. Results of pulmonary magnetic resonance angiography were concordant with perfusion lung scan and/or computed tomography in 90% of patients. Magnetic resonance angiography results of the deep lower venous system were concordant with venous duplex sonography and/or phlebography in 75% of patients and seemed to be more precise in 25% of patients. The "one-stop shop' imaging procedure using gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography was feasible and proved to offer a reliable and rapid diagnostic approach in thromboembolic disease, sparing patients' exposure to ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast media.     

The significance of venography in the management of patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism

The accurate diagnosis of pulmonary embolism causes many problems. Clinical signs are non-specific, and ventilation-perfusion lung scanning has high sensitivity but variable specificity. In more than 90% of cases a pulmonary embolus is derived from deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities. We have performed a prospective study to evaluate venography in the management of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. A total of 169 patients were included in the study, and a ventilation-perfusion scan was performed in all cases. Forty-four (26%) patients had a normal scan and treatment was not given (group A). The other 125 (74%) patients, who had an abnormal scan, underwent bilateral venography. Venous thrombosis was demonstrated in 63 patients, and they were treated with oral anticoagulants for 3 months (group B). The remaining 62 patients, who showed no venous thrombosis, did not receive anticoagulant therapy (group C). During follow-up, 1 patient in group A, 3 patients in group B and 1 patient in group C developed a new deep venous thrombosis. One patient in group B suffered a pulmonary embolus. It is concluded that venography of the lower extremities can be of additional value in the management of patients with pulmonary embolism when the lung scan does not provide sufficient information.