青蒿素产量影响因素的研究进展

青蒿素(artemisinin)是抗疟特效药,其原料植物黄花蒿Artemisia annua的生产是亟需解决的问题.从黄花蒿的分布、种质资源,以及气候因素、土壤条件、人工栽培措施、采集时间、采集方式等方面对影响青蒿素产量的因素研究进行综述.不同地理环境中的青蒿素产量高低存在差异,气候、种质对其有影响,而土壤的影响则不显著;采集方式以及人工栽培措施的改进,可以提高青蒿素的量.并对今后研究方向予以展望.     

黄花蒿不同发育期和不同分枝青蒿素含量和产量的动态变化

目的 为黄花蒿最佳收获期和品种选育过程中最佳取样期的确定提供依据。方法 任选黄花蒿15株,分别于营养生长后期、花芽分化期、盛蕾期和开花期剪取枝条,测定青蒿素含量。每次取样时,割取同一发育时期的黄花蒿10株,测定收获物的产量。另外,分别于花芽分化期和盛蕾期割取黄花蒿5株,测定1级、2级、3级分枝收获物的产量和青蒿素含量。结果 从营养生长后期到开花期收获物的青蒿素含量逐步降低。收获物和青蒿素的产量由高到低依次为：盛蕾期＞花芽分化期＞开花期＞营养生长后期。同一单株不同发育期青蒿素含量存在显著正相关(r = 0.494 4~0.791 1)。在花芽分化期和盛蕾期,各级分枝的青蒿素产量由高到低依次为：第3级分枝＞第2级分枝＞第1级分枝。结论 第三级分枝充分发育的现蕾期为最佳收获期;在育种中,营养生长后期为最佳取样期。     

青蒿素治疗疟疾

论文内容简介 这是一篇综论(review),把近年来,对青蒿素的相关研究,做了详细的回顾。 本文首先说明中国大陆的研究者,如何在1970年代,由中药青蒿,发现青蒿素(qinghaosu亦名artemisinin)能治疗疟疾的经过。 其次说明青蒿的栽培,青蒿素的抽取,以及青蒿素的合成衍生物,如二氢青蒿素(dihydro-     

现代生物技术结合传统栽培方法在黄花蒿种植中的应用

目的：探讨应用组织培养及扩繁等现代生物技术将优良黄花蒿品种迅速扩大到露地大面积栽培的有效方法和途径．为黄花蒿的标准化、现代化栽培,提高其产量与质量提供依据。方法：以黄花蒿花序为外植体分别进行愈伤组织诱导及芽和根的分化得黄花蒿组培苗;利用黄花蒿组培苗进行继代生根培养。并依次完成温室移栽和露地栽培。通过高效液相色谱法对组培苗、温室苗及大田苗的青蒿素含量进行动态测定．并与对照药材、野生药材相比较。结果：黄花蒿愈伤组织诱导率为100％．茅分化率为100％．根分化率可达75％;黄花蒿组培苗生根率和成活率高．均在95％以上,且生长性状稳定：不同培养期的黄花蒿中青蒿素的含量均高于野生黄花蒿。结论：此方法成本低廉、简便易行．适合用于迅速扩大黄花蒿优良品种的大面积标准化种植。     

青蒿素对骨关节炎大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α表达的影响

目的探讨青蒿素对骨关节炎大鼠肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的影响。方法 32只骨关节炎模型大鼠随机分为对照组和青蒿素高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组,每组各8只,对照组给予生理盐水20 mL灌胃,每日1次,青蒿素高、中、低剂量组分别给予青蒿素400、300、200 mg.kg-1(均溶于20 mL生理盐水)灌胃,每日1次,连续7周,实验结束后右心房取血,放射免疫法检测血清TNF-α水平,反转录聚合酶链式反应、蛋白质印迹检测关节软骨组织中TNF-α的表达。结果青蒿素低、中、高剂量组血清TNF-α水平均较对照组下调(P<0.05),低剂量组水平高于中、高剂量组(P<0.05),中剂量组水平高于高剂量组(P<0.05);低剂量组组织mRNA水平与中剂量组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),高剂量组的组织mRNA水平低于低、中剂量组和对照组(P<0.05);组织TNF-α蛋白水平中剂量组与高剂量组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但均低于对照组和低剂量组(P<0.05)。结论青蒿素可降低关节炎大鼠TNF-α的表达,有效控制炎症反应进程。     

恶性疟原虫对青蒿素的抗性与延缓抗性的建议

抗疟药可以起到治疗病人、保护人群、消灭传染源和阻断传播的作用,是疟疾防治的重要武器。疟原虫为生存繁殖与抗疟药开展殊死斗争,主要表现是产生抗性。本文就疟原虫对当前治疗恶性疟的一线青蒿素类药物抗性研究现状加以评述,提出延缓抗性建议。研究发现恶性疟原虫对青蒿素的敏感性已经下降,柬埔寨、泰柬、泰缅、缅甸、越南等地发现ACTs治愈率下降,治疗失败病例增加;目前的研究结果,还缺乏证实恶性疟原虫对青蒿素产生了抗性的充分的证据;治疗失败不等于抗性(可能包含抗性病例),多数病例都是通过青蒿素延长疗程增加剂量而获得治愈。青蒿素治疗指数高,提高1~2倍剂量也是安全的,建议增加剂量,疗程延长至4~5 d,以提高治愈率,延缓抗性。重点地区重点人群开展疗效评价和抗性监测;全程足量规范使用青蒿素类药物;线索追踪,清点拔源;防止输入性青蒿素抗性恶性疟扩散等对策可以有效延缓和遏制恶性疟原虫对青蒿素的抗性。建议继续推广应用,并不断完善。     

青蒿素的组织化学定位及其含量相关性研究

目的 确定青蒿素储存部位并为高青蒿素含量黄花蒿植株筛选提供选择指标。方法 应用组织化学方法确定青蒿素的储存结构，应用统计学方法确定储存结构腺毛状分泌腺密度与青蒿素含量的相关性。结果 青蒿素储存于腺毛状分泌腺(BGT)和T-型网状分泌腺(NTFT)中，在叶中腺毛状分泌腺的密度与青蒿素含量正相关。结论 腺毛状分泌腺密度可作为高青蒿素含量黄花蒿育种筛选指标。     

青蒿素组合生物合成的研究进展

青蒿素是来自菊科艾属植物青蒿Artemisia annua中的一种抗疟有效成分,近年国际市场对其需求量快速增长。组合生物合成法将成为制备青蒿素的主要有效手段,在该研究领域也取得了重要进展。综述了青蒿素生物合成途径、高产青蒿素工程菌的构建以及青蒿素组合生物合成的基因调控等方面的最新研究进展,分析了该领域目     

青蒿素类衍生物抗炎免疫抑制活性研究进展

青蒿素类衍生物具有抗炎和免疫抑制活性。临床研究结果表明，青蒿素类衍生物对各类红斑狼疮、皮炎及关节炎有效；研究表明，青蒿素类衍生物在多种疾病动物模型上具有抗炎和免疫抑制活性。为了研究和获得免疫抑制活性更高的化合物，一系列经过结构改造后合成的新型青蒿素类化合物相继被报道。但到目前为止，有关青蒿素类衍生物免疫抑制活性的作用机制尚不清楚。本文主要综述了近年来青蒿素类衍生物抗炎和免疫抑制药理作用及其作用机制的研究进展。     

青蒿素对人皮肤瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的抑制作用及相关机制初探

目的：探讨青蒿素对人皮肤瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的抑制作用及相关机制。方法：进行人瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞的原代分离、培养和传代。不同浓度青蒿素分别预处理人瘢痕疙瘩成纤维细胞,每隔24 h用CCK?8法测定细胞增殖情况,连续测定5 d,观察药物处理的最佳浓度。后续实验分为空白组、青蒿素组、青蒿素+IL?6组、青蒿素+AG490组,流式细胞术检测各组早期细胞凋亡率,real?time PCR法检测各组基质金属蛋白酶（matrix metalloproteinase,MMP）2、MMP9、STAT3 mRNA的表达水平,Western blot法检测各组MMP2、MMP9、STAT3、p?STAT3蛋白的表达水平。结果：根据CCK?8实验结果选择150 μg/mL青蒿素作用48 h的细胞为后续实验干预浓度和时间。流式细胞术结果显示,青蒿素组、青蒿素+IL?6组、青蒿素+AG490组早期凋亡细胞百分比明显高于空白组,青蒿素+IL?6组的早期凋亡细胞百分比低于青蒿素组和青蒿素+AG490组（P < 0.01）。real?time PCR检测结果显示,与空白组比较,青蒿素组、青蒿素+IL?6组、青蒿素+AG490组中MMP2、MMP9 mRNA的表达均显著降低（P < 0.01）;MMP2、MMP9 mRNA在青蒿素组、青蒿素+AG490组的表达较青蒿素+IL?6组显著降低（P < 0.01）。Western blot检测结果显示,与空白组比较,青蒿素组、青蒿素+IL?6组、青蒿素+AG490组中STAT3、p?STAT3、MMP2、MMP9蛋白的表达均明显降低（P < 0.01）,p?STAT3、MMP2、MMP9蛋白在青蒿素组、青蒿素+AG490组中的表达低于在青蒿素+IL?6组中的表达（P < 0.01）。结论：青蒿素对瘢痕疙瘩起抑制作用,其机制可能通过抑制p?STAT3的过度激活来抑制MMP2、MMP9的表达。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.